ITC Investigation 731-TA-3820 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan; Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) from Japan. It's in the preliminary phase and currently in completed status. No AD/CVD order has been issued from this investigation yet — the case will appear here once Commerce publishes a final determination.
Phase, parties, documents, and full text from USITC IDS
Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan; Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary)
Pending ITC investigation (preliminary/completed) on "Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs)".
Parties
Documents
Full text (679,437 chars)
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#ay�Մ�word/settings.xmlPK-!Gi����word/_rels/settings.xml.relsPK-!��$�O�customXml/item1.xmlPK-!uܽ �UW�customXml/itemProps1.xmlPK-!��. ����word/numbering.xmlPK-!:�H�����word/styles.xmlPK-!x1d ���word/webSettings.xmlPK-!:������word/fontTable.xmlPK-!$+`YC$�docProps/core.xmlPK-!��O4+��docProps/app.xmlPK-!I���l�docProps/custom.xmlPK-!t?9z�(4�customXml/_rels/item1.xml.relsPK\:� ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === D-Grids Spec Sheet === D-GRIDs references (i.e., for use with the D-GRIDs tool) for: Lattice-boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) from Japan (JP) Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 Preliminary D-GRIDs spec sheet, p. 1 Question D-GRID number Columns Rows PRO Question II-3a (Overall machinery capacity) 111 3 3 PRO Question II-8 (Production, shipment, and inventory data) 162 3 12 PRO Question II-9 (US shipments by channel) 201 3 3 PRO Question II-10 (US shipments by product type) 210 3 12 PRO Question II-11 (Employment) 247 3 3 PRO Question II-13 (Purchases) 261 3 4 PRO Question II-14 (Subject purchases by importer) see note 276 4 15 PRO Question III-9a (Profitability data) 416 3 13 PRO Question III-9g (Depreciation expense) 486 3 1 PRO Question III-10a (Nonrecurring items) 490 3 7 PRO Question III-12a (Assets) 526 3 1 PRO Question III-13a (CapEx and R&D) 530 3 2 PRO Question IV-2b (Pricing products US) 577 6 12 PRO Question VI-1a (Processor: Purchases/imports) 910 3 6 PRO Question VI-2 (Processor: Trade data) 931 3 12 PRO Question VI-3 (Processor: US shipments by channel) 970 3 3 PRO Question VI-4 (Processor: US shipments by product type) 979 3 12 PRO Question VI-5 (Processor: Employment) 1016 3 3 PRO Question VI-6a (Processor: Profitability data) 1026 3 16 PRO Question VI-6b (Processor: Depreciation expense) 1076 3 1 PRO Question VI-7a (Processor: Assets) 1080 3 1 PRO Question VI-8a (Processor: CapEx and R&D) 1084 3 2 Note: In relation to the tables on purchases of imports from subject sources by importer in the U.S. producers’ questionnaire (PRO II-14), the data begins on the 2nd column of data entry fields and any text information from the first column (importer of record) within MS Word has to be included in the D-GRIDS interaction with that data table (thus 4 columns not just the 3 relating to the numeric data) but the text information in the first column will not be overwritten when data are pushed into Word using the D-GRIDs tool. Question D-GRID number Columns Rows IMP Question I-8b (FTZ and bonded warehouse) 81 1 4 IMP Question I-8c (TIB) 89 1 2 IMP Question II-3a (Arranged imports) 103 4 2 IMP Question II-3b (Negligibility imports) 113 2 2 IMP Question II-5a (Imports JP) 118 3 14 IMP Question II-5b (US shipments by channel JP) 164 3 3 IMP Question II-5c (US shipments by product type JP) 173 3 12 D-GRIDs references (i.e., for use with the D-GRIDs tool) for: Lattice-boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) from Japan (JP) Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 Preliminary D-GRIDs spec sheet, p. 2 Question D-GRID number Columns Rows IMP Question II-6a (Imports AOS) 210 3 14 IMP Question II-6b (US shipments by channel AOS) 256 3 3 IMP Question II-6c (US shipments by product type AOS) 265 3 12 IMP Question II-7a (Out-of-scope imports POI) 302 3 4 IMP Question II-7b (Out-of-scope imports negligibility period) 316 1 2 IMP Question III-2b (Pricing products JP) 326 6 12 PUR Question 1 (purchases and imports) 18 3 6 FOR Question II-3a (Overall capacity) 100 3 3 FOR Question II-9 (Trade data) 144 5 8 FOR Question II-10 (Resales exported to the United States) 187 5 1 General note: Columns and Rows numbers relate to data entry fields only. D-GRIDs does not work with rows containing calculated fields. Legend PRO = U.S. producers' questionnaire IMP = U.S. importers' questionnaire PUR = U.S. purchasers' questionnaire FOR = Foreign producers' /exporters' questionnaire The D-GRIDs tool is a custom MS Excel application that allows USITC questionnaire respondents (and/or their APO counsel) to extract numeric data from the standard USITC questionnaire forms in MS Word as well as populate numeric data into the standard USITC questionnaire in MS Word. 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Formal requests for additional plans and instruments must be requested in writing. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 requires: written comments and/or suggestions from the public and affected agencies are invited to address one or more of the following points: (1) Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the function of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) The accuracy of the agency’s estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) Ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (4) Ways to minimizes the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or other forms of information technology. Proposed Collection Title: Electronic Application for NIH Certificates of Confidentiality (CoC E-application System), 0925–0689, REVISION, exp., date 04/30/2025. Office of Extramural Research (OER), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Need and Use of Information Collection: The purpose of this electronic system is to submit and process requests for NIH to issue discretionary Certificates of Confidentiality (CoC) to research organizations requesting CoCs from NIH that align with the NIH research mission. As described in the authorizing legislation (Section 301(d) of the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. 241(d)), CoCs are issued by the agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), including NIH, to authorize researchers to protect the privacy of human research subjects by prohibiting them from releasing names and identifying characteristics of research participants to anyone not connected with the research, except in limited circumstances specified in the statute. At NIH, the issuance of CoCs has been delegated to the NIH Office of Extramural Research (OER) in the NIH Office of the Director. The NIH has been using an online CoC system to review requests and issue discretionary CoCs since 2015. The current CoC online request form includes 27 questions to collect information from research organizations and six Institutional Assurance statements to be affirmed by the Institutional Official. The information provided is used to determine eligibility for a discretionary CoC and to determine eligibility for issuance of the CoC to the requesting organization. Eligible requesting organizations that provide legally binding affirmations that they will abide by the terms of the CoC are issued a Certificate of Confidentiality. This system has increased efficiency and reduced burden for both requesters and NIH staff who currently process these requests. NIH received 915 requests for CoCs from January 2023 through December 2023 and expects to receive approximately the same number of requests in subsequent years. OMB approval is requested for three years. There are no costs to respondents other than their time. The total estimated annualized burden hours are 1,373. ESTIMATED ANNUALIZED BURDEN HOURS Type of respondent Number of respondents Number of responses per respondent Average time per response (in hours) Total annual burden hours Individuals ........................................................................................ 915 1 90/60 1,373 Total .......................................................................................... ............................ 915 ............................ 1,373 Dated: April 10, 2025. Matthew J. Memoli, Principal Deputy Director, National Institutes of Health. [FR Doc. 2025–06441 Filed 4–15–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4140–01–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731–TA–1742 (Preliminary)] Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) From Japan; Institution of Antidumping Duty Investigation and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigation AGENCY : United States International Trade Commission. ACTION : Notice. SUMMARY : The Commission hereby gives notice of the institution of an investigation and commencement of preliminary phase antidumping duty investigation No. 731–TA–1742 (Preliminary) pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’) to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of lattice-boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) from Japan, provided for in subheading 8426.49.00 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value. Unless the Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) extends the time for initiation, the Commission must reach a preliminary determination in antidumping duty investigation in 45 days, or in this case by May 27, 2025. The Commission’s views must be transmitted to Commerce within five business days thereafter, or by June 3, 2025. DATES : April 10, 2025. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Laurel Schwartz ((202) 205–2398), Office of Investigations, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436. Hearing-impaired persons can obtain information on this matter by contacting the Commission’s TDD terminal on 202– 205–1810. Persons with mobility impairments who will need special assistance in gaining access to the Commission should contact the Office VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:33 Apr 15, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00041 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\16APN1.SGM 16APN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES 15990 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 72 / Wednesday, April 16, 2025 / Notices 1 According to Agency records, Registrant’s registration expired on October 31, 2024. The fact that a registrant allows his registration to expire during the pendency of an OSC does not impact the Agency’s jurisdiction or prerogative under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) to adjudicate the OSC to finality. Jeffrey D. Olsen, M.D., 84 FR 68474, 68476–79 (2019). of the Secretary at 202–205–2000. General information concerning the Commission may also be obtained by accessing its internet server (https:// www.usitc.gov). The public record for this investigation may be viewed on the Commission’s electronic docket (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Background.—This investigation is being instituted, pursuant to section 733(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1673b(a)), in response to a petition filed on April 10, 2025, by The Manitowoc Company, Inc., Milwaukee, WI. For further information concerning the conduct of this investigation and rules of general application, consult the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, part 201, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 201), and part 207, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 207). Participation in the investigation and public service list.—Persons (other than petitioners) wishing to participate in the investigation as parties must file an entry of appearance with the Secretary to the Commission, as provided in §§ 201.11 and 207.10 of the Commission’s rules, not later than seven days after publication of this notice in the Federal Register. Industrial users and (if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level) representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to this investigation upon the expiration of the period for filing entries of appearance. Limited disclosure of business proprietary information (BPI) under an administrative protective order (APO) and BPI service list.—Pursuant to § 207.7(a) of the Commission’s rules, the Secretary will make BPI gathered in this investigation available to authorized applicants representing interested parties (as defined in 19 U.S.C. 1677(9)) who are parties to the investigation under the APO issued in the investigation, provided that the application is made not later than seven days after the publication of this notice in the Federal Register. A separate service list will be maintained by the Secretary for those parties authorized to receive BPI under the APO. Conference.—The Office of Investigations will hold a staff conference in connection with the preliminary phase of this investigation beginning at 9:30 a.m. on Thursday, May 1, 2025. Requests to appear at the conference should be emailed to preliminaryconferences@usitc.gov (DO NOT FILE ON EDIS) on or before noon on Tuesday, April 29, 2025. Please provide an email address for each conference participant in the email. Information on conference procedures, format, and participation, including guidance for requests to appear as a witness via videoconference, will be available on the Commission’s Public Calendar (Calendar (USITC) | United States International Trade Commission). A nonparty who has testimony that may aid the Commission’s deliberations may request permission to participate by submitting a short statement. Please note the Secretary’s Office will accept only electronic filings during this time. Filings must be made through the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov). No in-person paper- based filings or paper copies of any electronic filings will be accepted until further notice. Written submissions.—As provided in §§ 201.8 and 207.15 of the Commission’s rules, any person may submit to the Commission on or before 5:15 p.m. on May 6, 2025, a written brief containing information and arguments pertinent to the subject matter of the investigation. Parties shall file written testimony and supplementary material in connection with their presentation at the conference no later than 4:00 p.m. on April 30. All written submissions must conform with the provisions of § 201.8 of the Commission’s rules; any submissions that contain BPI must also conform with the requirements of §§ 201.6, 207.3, and 207.7 of the Commission’s rules. The Commission’s Handbook on Filing Procedures, available on the Commission’s website at https://www.usitc.gov/documents/ handbook_on_filing_procedures.pdf, elaborates upon the Commission’s procedures with respect to filings. In accordance with §§ 201.16(c) and 207.3 of the rules, each document filed by a party to the investigation must be served on all other parties to the investigation (as identified by either the public or BPI service list), and a certificate of service must be timely filed. The Secretary will not accept a document for filing without a certificate of service. Certification.—Pursuant to § 207.3 of the Commission’s rules, any person submitting information to the Commission in connection with this investigation must certify that the information is accurate and complete to the best of the submitter’s knowledge. In making the certification, the submitter will acknowledge that any information that it submits to the Commission during this investigation may be disclosed to and used: (i) by the Commission, its employees and Offices, and contract personnel (a) for developing or maintaining the records of these or related investigations or reviews, or (b) in internal investigations, audits, reviews, and evaluations relating to the programs, personnel, and operations of the Commission including under 5 U.S.C. Appendix 3; or (ii) by U.S. government employees and contract personnel, solely for cybersecurity purposes. All contract personnel will sign appropriate nondisclosure agreements. Authority: This investigation is being conducted under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930; this notice is published pursuant to § 207.12 of the Commission’s rules. By order of the Commission. Issued: April 11, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–06451 Filed 4–15–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Henry-Norbert O. Ndekwe, M.D.; Decision and Order On July 3, 2024, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA or Government) issued an Order to Show Cause (OSC) to Henry-Norbert O. Ndekwe, M.D., of Lawton, Oklahoma (Registrant). Request for Final Agency Action (RFAA), at 6, 8. The OSC proposed the revocation of Registrant’s Certificate of Registration No. BN5794587, alleging that Registrant’s registration should be revoked because Registrant is ‘‘currently without authority to prescribe, administer, dispense, or otherwise handle controlled substances in the State of Oklahoma, the state in which [he is] registered with DEA.’’ Id. at 2 (citing 21 U.S.C. 824(a)(3)). 1 The OSC notified Registrant of his right to file a written request for hearing, and that if he failed to file such a request, he would be deemed to have waived his right to a hearing and be in VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:33 Apr 15, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00042 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\16APN1.SGM 16APN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === Document === PK!�J��1[Content_Types].xml �(�ĖMO�0��H��*W�f| �u�8 q�w�ȗؿ�]� 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ëword/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!�q���%�ʲword/settings.xmlPK-!{�����word/_rels/settings.xml.relsPK-!��$��customXml/item1.xmlPK-!۷W[�U�customXml/itemProps1.xmlPK-!딁�� �]�word/numbering.xmlPK-!�y'���Z�word/styles.xmlPK-!������6word/webSettings.xmlPK-!:����Yword/fontTable.xmlPK-!����C�docProps/core.xmlPK-!��)�MpdocProps/app.xmlPK-!t?9z�(�customXml/_rels/item1.xml.relsPK�� ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === USITC Determination - Preliminary === 23364 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 104 / Monday, June 2, 2025 / Notices 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 15989 (April 16, 2025). please explain why and provide alternative definitions. Authority: This proceeding is being conducted under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930; this notice is published pursuant to § 207.61 of the Commission’s rules. By order of the Commission. Issued: May 27, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–09830 Filed 5–30–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731–TA–1742 (Preliminary)] Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) From Japan Determination On the basis of the record 1 developed in the subject investigation, the United States International Trade Commission (‘‘Commission’’) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of lattice-boom crawler cranes (‘‘LBCCs’’) from Japan, provided for in subheading 8426.49.00 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (‘‘LTFV’’). 2 Commencement of Final Phase Investigation Pursuant to § 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigation. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in § 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) of an affirmative preliminary determination in the investigation under section 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determination is negative, upon notice of an affirmative final determination in that investigation under section 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigation need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigation. Any other party may file an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigation after publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigation. As provided in § 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigation to parties to the investigation, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov), for comment. Background On April 10, 2025, the Manitowoc Company, Inc., Milwaukee, WI filed a petition with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of LTFV imports of LBCCs from Japan. Accordingly, effective April 10, 2025, the Commission instituted antidumping duty investigation No. 731–TA–1742 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigation and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of April 16, 2025 (90 FR 15989). The Commission conducted its conference on May 1, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. The Commission made this determination pursuant to section 733(a) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1673b(a)). It completed and filed its determination in this investigation on May 27, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 5634 (June 2025), entitled ‘‘Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan: Investigation No. 731–TA–1742 (Preliminary).’’ By order of the Commission. Issued: May 27, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–09861 Filed 5–30–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–626 and 731– TA–1452 (Review)] Certain Collated Steel Staples From China; Institution of Five-Year Reviews AGENCY : United States International Trade Commission. ACTION : Notice. SUMMARY : The Commission hereby gives notice that it has instituted reviews pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), as amended, to determine whether revocation of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on certain collated steel staples from China would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury. Pursuant to the Act, interested parties are requested to respond to this notice by submitting the information specified below to the Commission. DATES : Instituted June 2, 2025. To be assured of consideration, the deadline for responses is July 2, 2025. Comments on the adequacy of responses may be filed with the Commission by August 13, 2025. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Alec Resch (202–708–1448), Office of Investigations, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436. Hearing- impaired persons can obtain information on this matter by contacting the Commission’s TDD terminal on 202– 205–1810. Persons with mobility impairments who will need special assistance in gaining access to the Commission should contact the Office of the Secretary at 202–205–2000. General information concerning the Commission may also be obtained by accessing its internet server (https:// www.usitc.gov). The public record for this proceeding may be viewed on the Commission’s electronic docket (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Background.—On July 20, 2020, the Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) issued antidumping and countervailing duty orders on imports of certain collated steel staples from China (85 FR 43813 and 43815). The Commission is conducting reviews pursuant to section 751(c) of the Act, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1675(c)), to determine whether revocation of the orders would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury to the domestic industry within a reasonably foreseeable time. Provisions concerning the conduct of this proceeding may be found in the Commission’s Rules of Practice and VerDate Sep<11>2014 19:00 May 30, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00056 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\02JNN1.SGM 02JNN1 ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === Publication 5634 === Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan Investigation No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) Publication 5634 June 2025 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 COMMISSIONERS Amy A. Karpel, Chair David S. Johanson Jason E. Kearns Catherine DeFilippo Director of Operations Staff assigned Laurel Schwartz, Investigator Dixie Downing, Industry Analyst Tana von Kessler, Economist Zahra Bekkal, Financial Analyst Aboubakari Kpeitoni, Statistician Sarah Kramer, Attorney Misha Preheim, Attorney Mary Beth Jones, Supervisory Investigator U.S. International Trade Commission Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan Investigation No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) U.S. International Trade Commission Publication 5634 June 2025 CONTENTS Page i Determination ................................................................................................................................. 1 Views of the Commission ............................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 1.1 Statutory criteria ...................................................................................................................... 1.2 Organization of report.............................................................................................................. 1.3 Market summary ...................................................................................................................... 1.4 Summary data and data sources .............................................................................................. 1.4 Previous and related investigations ......................................................................................... 1.5 Nature and extent of alleged sales at LTFV.............................................................................. 1.5 Alleged sales at LTFV ............................................................................................................ 1.5 The subject merchandise ......................................................................................................... 1.6 Commerce’s scope ............................................................................................................... 1.6 Tariff treatment .................................................................................................................... 1.9 The product ............................................................................................................................ 1.10 Description and applications .............................................................................................. 1.10 Manufacturing processes ................................................................................................... 1.14 Domestic like product issues.................................................................................................. 1.17 CONTENTS Page ii Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market ....................................................... 2.1 U.S. market characteristics....................................................................................................... 2.1 Impact of section 232 and new or modified tariffs.................................................................. 2.2 Channels of distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.2 Geographic distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.3 Supply and demand considerations ......................................................................................... 2.4 U.S. supply ............................................................................................................................ 2.4 U.S. demand ......................................................................................................................... 2.7 Substitutability issues............................................................................................................. 2.13 Factors affecting purchasing decisions............................................................................... 2.13 Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported LBCCs .......................................................... 2.14 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment .................................... 3.1 U.S. producers .......................................................................................................................... 3.1 U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization .................................................................. 3.3 Alternative products ........................................................................................................... 3.11 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports .......................................................................... 3.12 U.S. producer and processors’ inventories ............................................................................ 3.19 U.S. producer and processors’ imports from subject source ................................................ 3.20 U.S. producer’s purchases of imports from subject source ................................................... 3.21 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity ........................................................................... 3.22 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares .............................. 4.1 U.S. importers........................................................................................................................... 4.1 U.S. imports .............................................................................................................................. 4.2 Negligibility ............................................................................................................................... 4.7 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares ...................................................................... 4.8 Quantity ................................................................................................................................ 4.8 CONTENTS Page iii Part 5: Pricing data ......................................................................................................... 5.1 Factors affecting prices ............................................................................................................ 5.1 Raw material costs ............................................................................................................... 5.1 Transportation costs to the U.S. market .............................................................................. 5.3 U.S. inland transportation costs ........................................................................................... 5.3 Pricing practices ....................................................................................................................... 5.4 Pricing methods .................................................................................................................... 5.4 Sales terms and discounts .................................................................................................... 5.5 Price data.................................................................................................................................. 5.5 Price trends......................................................................................................................... 5.13 Price comparisons .............................................................................................................. 5.14 Lost sales and lost revenue .................................................................................................... 5.15 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers and processors ......................................... 6.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 6.1 Operations on LBCCs ................................................................................................................ 6.1 Net sales ............................................................................................................................. 6.10 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss......................................................................... 6.11 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss................................................................... 6.15 All other expenses and net income or loss ........................................................................ 6.16 Capital expenditures, R&D expenses, assets and ROA .......................................................... 6.17 Capital and investment .......................................................................................................... 6.19 CONTENTS Page iv Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries .......................... 7.1 The industry in Japan ............................................................................................................... 7.3 Changes in operations .......................................................................................................... 7.4 Installed and practical overall capacity ................................................................................ 7.5 Constraints on capacity ........................................................................................................ 7.6 Operations on LBCCs ............................................................................................................ 7.7 Alternative products ............................................................................................................. 7.9 Exports ................................................................................................................................ 7.10 U.S. inventories of imported merchandise ............................................................................ 7.12 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders........................................................................................ 7.13 Third-country trade actions ................................................................................................... 7.14 Information on nonsubject countries .................................................................................... 7.15 Appendixes A. Federal Register notices.................................................................................................. A.1 B. List of staff conference witnesses .................................................................................. B.1 C. Summary data ................................................................................................................. C.1 D. Semi-finished product analysis narrative responses ...................................................... D.1 E. Sufficient production related activities and U.S. processor data ................................... E.1 F. Link-Belt price data as import source ............................................................................. F.1 G. Link-Belt price data as producer source ......................................................................... F.1 Note.—Information that would reveal confidential operations of individual firms may not be published. Such information is identified by brackets ([ ]) in confidential reports and is deleted and replaced with asterisks (***) in public reports. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as em dashes (—) in tables. If using a screen reader, we recommend increasing the verbosity setting. 1 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Investigation No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan DETERMINATION On the basis of the record1 developed in the subject investigation, the United States International Trade Commission (“Commission”) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (“the Act”), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports lattice-boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) from Japan, provided for in subheading 8426.49.00 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”).2 COMMENCEMENT OF FINAL PHASE INVESTIGATION Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigation. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in section 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of an affirmative preliminary determination in the investigation under § 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determination is negative, upon notice of an affirmative final determination in that investigation under § 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigation need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigation. Any other party may file an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigation after publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping investigation. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigation. As 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 15989 (April 16, 2025). 2 provided in section 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigation to parties to the investigation, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https://edis.usitc.gov), for comment. BACKGROUND On April 10, 2025, The Manitowoc Company, Inc., Milwaukee, WI filed a petition with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of LTFV imports of lattice-boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) from Japan. Accordingly, effective April 10, 2025, the Commission instituted antidumping duty investigation No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigation and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of April 16, 2025 (90 FR 15989). The Commission conducted its conference on May 1, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. 3 Views of the Commission Based on the record in the preliminary phase of this investigation, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of lattice boom crawler cranes (“LBCC”) from Japan that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”). The Legal Standard for Preliminary Determinations The legal standard for preliminary antidumping duty determinations requires the Commission to determine, based upon the information available at the time of the preliminary determinations, whether there is a reasonable indication that a domestic industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that the establishment of an industry is materially retarded, by reason of the allegedly unfairly traded imports.1 In applying this standard, the Commission weighs the evidence before it and determines whether “(1) the record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury or threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation.”2 Background The petition in this investigation was filed on April 10, 2025, by The Manitowoc Company, Inc. (“Manitowoc” or “Petitioner”), a domestic producer of LBCCs.3 Petitioner participated in the staff conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a postconference brief.4 1 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a) (2000); see also American Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d 994, 1001–04 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Aristech Chem. Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 353, 354–55 (1996). No party argues that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by the allegedly unfairly traded imports. 2 American Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001; see also Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United States, 35 F.3d 1535, 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1994). 3 See Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping Duties, EDIS Doc. 848346 (Apr. 10, 2025) (“Petition”); Confidential Staff Report, Memorandum INV-XX-064 (May 19, 2025) (“CR”) at 1.1; Public Staff Report, Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes from Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5634 (June 2025) (“PR”) at 1.1. 4 See Transcript of Preliminary Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 7, 2025) (“Conf. Tr.”) at 3; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 850548 (May 6, 2025) (“Pet. Postconference Br.”). 4 Several respondent entities participated in this investigation. Link-Belt Cranes, L.P., LLLP (“Link-Belt”), a U.S. importer and domestic processor of LBCCs, and an affiliated Japanese producer, Sumitomo Heavy Industries Construction Cranes Co., Ltd. (“Sumitomo”),5 appeared at the conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a joint postconference brief.6 Kobelco Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. (“KCM”), a Japanese producer, and Kobelco Construction Machinery U.S.A., Inc., a U.S. importer of LBCCs from Japan (collectively, “Kobelco”), also appeared at the conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a postconference brief.7 U.S. industry data are based on the questionnaire responses of one firm that accounted for all known U.S. production of LBCCs during 2024.8 U.S. imports are based on the questionnaire responses of three firms that accounted for all subject imports from Japan in 2024 and *** units of nonsubject imports, as well as estimated nonsubject import figures provided by the Petitioner that indicate a low coverage of nonsubject imports in the questionnaire responses.9 The Commission received responses to its questionnaires from two producer/exporters of LBCCs in Japan, accounting for approximately *** percent of production of subject merchandise in Japan in 2024.10 Domestic Like Product In determining whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of the subject merchandise, the Commission first defines the “domestic like product” and the 5 When referring to their brief and the arguments made therein, we refer to Link-Belt and Sumitomo collectively as “Link-Belt.” 6 Link-Belt Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 850564 (May 6, 2025) (“Link-Belt Postconference Br.”); Conf. Tr. at 4. 7 Kobelco Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 850550 (May 6, 2025) (“Kobelco Postconference Br.”); Conf. Tr. at 4. 8 CR/PR at 3.1. The Commission also received a domestic producer questionnaire response from Link-Belt, who accounted for all known U.S. processing of LBCCs in 2024. Id. Thus, of these two firms, one is a domestic producer of LBCCs (Manitowoc) and one is a U.S. importer and processor of LBCCs (Link-Belt). 9 CR/PR at 4.1, Tables 4.2 note, 4.4; Pet. Postconference Br. at 27. The quantity of subject imports includes data from Link-Belt, which imported *** units from Japan in 2024. CR/PR at 4.2 n.4. 10 CR/PR at 7.1. 5 “industry.”11 Section 771(4)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (“the Tariff Act”), defines the relevant domestic industry as the “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”12 In turn, the Tariff Act defines “domestic like product” as “a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation.”13 By statute, the Commission’s “domestic like product” analysis begins with the “article subject to an investigation,” i.e., the subject merchandise as determined by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”).14 Therefore, Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value is “necessarily the starting point of the Commission’s like product analysis.”15 The Commission then defines the domestic like product in light of the imported articles Commerce has identified.16 The decision regarding the appropriate domestic like product(s) in an investigation is a factual determination, and the Commission has applied the statutory standard of “like” or “most similar in characteristics and uses” on a case-by-case basis.17 No single factor is 11 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 12 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 13 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). 14 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). The Commission must accept Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value. See, e.g., USEC, Inc. v. United States, 34 F. App’x 725, 730 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“The ITC may not modify the class or kind of imported merchandise examined by Commerce.”); Algoma Steel Corp. v. United States, 688 F. Supp. 639, 644 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1988), aff’d, 865 F.3d 240 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 919 (1989). 15 Cleo Inc. v. United States, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see also Hitachi Metals, Ltd. v. United States, 949 F.3d 710, 717 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (the statute requires the Commission to start with Commerce’s subject merchandise in reaching its own like product determination). 16 Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1298 n.1 (“Commerce’s {scope} finding does not control the Commission’s {like product} determination.”); Hosiden Corp. v. Advanced Display Mfrs., 85 F.3d 1561, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (the Commission may find a single like product corresponding to several different classes or kinds defined by Commerce); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 748–52 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (affirming the Commission’s determination defining six like products in investigations where Commerce found five classes or kinds). 17 See, e.g., Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1299; NEC Corp. v. Dep’t of Commerce, 36 F. Supp. 2d 380, 383 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 CIT 450, 455 (1995); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 749 n.3 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“every like product determination ‘must be made on the particular record at issue’ and the ‘unique facts of each (Continued…) 6 dispositive, and the Commission may consider other factors it deems relevant based on the facts of a particular investigation.18 The Commission looks for clear dividing lines among possible like products and disregards minor variations.19 The Commission may, where appropriate, include domestic articles in the domestic like product in addition to those described in the scope.20 A. Scope Definition In its notice of initiation, Commerce defined the imported merchandise within the scope of the investigation as follows: The merchandise covered by this investigation consists of lattice boom crawler cranes, and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies. Lattice boom crawler cranes combine the assemblies defined below, among other components, including a lower carriage assembly fitted with tank-link crawler tracks, an upper carriage housing the operator cab, engine, and hydraulics, and a boom made of steel pipe welded together in a distinctive lattice pattern. The scope of this investigation covers lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies, whether assembled or unassembled, and whether or not the lattice boom crawler crane contains any additional features that provide for functions beyond case’”). The Commission generally considers a number of factors including the following: (1) physical characteristics and uses; (2) interchangeability; (3) channels of distribution; (4) customer and producer perceptions of the products; (5) common manufacturing facilities, production processes, and production employees; and, where appropriate, (6) price. See Nippon, 19 CIT at 455 n.4; Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F. Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 18 See, e.g., S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 90–91 (1979). 19 See, e.g., Nippon, 19 CIT at 455; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748–49; see also S. Rep. No. 96- 249 at 90–91 (Congress has indicated that the like product standard should not be interpreted in “such a narrow fashion as to permit minor differences in physical characteristics or uses to lead to the conclusion that the product and article are not ‘like’ each other, nor should the definition of ‘like product’ be interpreted in such a fashion as to prevent consideration of an industry adversely affected by the imports under consideration.”). 20 See, e.g., Pure Magnesium from China and Israel, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-403 & 731-TA-895–896 (Final), USITC Pub. 3467 (Nov. 2001) at 8 n.34; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748–49 (holding that the Commission is not legally required to limit the domestic like product to the product advocated by the petitioner, co-extensive with the scope). 7 the primary lifting function. All lattice boom crawler cranes are included in the scope regardless of maximum lift capacity, lattice boom length, jib configuration, or other added features. Subject merchandise includes, but is not limited to, the following lattice boom crawler crane assemblies which can be imported in isolation or combined in different configurations at the time of import: • Lattice boom assemblies and pieces thereof. Lattice boom assemblies are formed of interlocking sections of welded high- strength steel pipe, that form the lifting attachment of the crane. A lattice boom is formed by welding main chords together with lacing pipes typically arranged in a “W” or “V” pattern. Lattice boom assemblies consist of a boom butt (also known as a boom bottom or boom base), which attaches to the upper carriage assembly, and a boom head (also known as a boom tip or boom hat), which forms the other end of the boom structure. In between the boom butt and boom head, boom inserts of various lengths can be inserted to reach the desired boom height and load bearing capability. Lattice boom assemblies may be imported with boom butt, boom tip, and boom inserts together, but boom butt, boom tip, and boom inserts imported alone are also covered by the scope. • Lower carriage assembly. The lower carriage assembly (also may be referred to as a carbody or lower works) is constructed with high-strength steel components and forms the base of the crawler crane. The lower carriage assembly typically includes various motors, drive mechanisms, and hydraulics. The lower carriage 8 assembly may also include a set of counterweights to provide backward stability for the assembled crane. The lower carriage typically has a circular center that is connected to the upper carriage assembly with a bearing. The lower and upper carriage assemblies may or may not be connected by a bearing at the time of importation. Steel arms extend from the center of the lower carriage and connect to the front and rear of the crawler assemblies that are positioned on both sides of the lower carriage assembly. The lower carriage assembly may also contain a hydraulic system that allows for the extension and retraction of the crawler assemblies to create a wider base. A lower carriage assembly may be imported with or without crawler assemblies. • Crawler assembly. Each lattice boom crawler crane contains at least two crawler assemblies, which are continuous tracks that provide mobility and distribute the crane's weight evenly across the ground. The tracks of a lattice boom crawler crane consist of steel track shoes, which are interlocking steel plates that form the tread of the tracks and make direct contact with the ground, a track chain, which is a continuous loop of interconnected steel links, and a crawler body and track rollers, which support the track shoes and track chain. Typically, drive motors mounted on the lower carriage assembly connect to crawler-mounted drive sprockets, which engage the track chain and allow the LBCC to move forward and backward. • Upper carriage assembly. The upper carriage assembly, also known as the upper works, typically includes the operator’s cab, hydraulic systems, engine, boom hoist, mast, and a turntable base 9 with swing drive mechanism that connects to the lower carriage assembly and allows the upper carriage to pivot on the lower carriage assembly. The upper and lower carriage assemblies may or may not be connected by a bearing at the time of importation. The upper carriage assembly may also include a separate counterweight tray and counterweights, which allow the crane to maintain balance while lifting heavy loads, as well as a gantry, which helps lift the boom and counterweights during installation, although the counterweight tray, counterweights, and gantry are not required to be attached for the upper carriage assembly to be a subject assembly. The boom butt may or may not be attached to the upper carriage assembly at the time of entry. • Hoisting assembly. The hoisting assembly, housed within the upper carriage assembly and lattice boom assembly, powers the lifting and lowering of loads and typically consists of a hoisting line of high strength steel cable, a hoist motor, hoist brakes, hoisting drums, and a hook block formed from steel sheaves, which helps distribute the load on the hoisting line and increases lifting capacity. The main hoisting line typically runs from the hoist drums, housed in the upper carriage assembly, up through the lattice boom (which may or may not house additional hoist drums) and hook block. • Jib assemblies. Jib assemblies are optional components that can be added to the top end of the boom to provide the crane with greater reach. Similar to lattice boom assemblies, jib assemblies typically consist of interlocking sections of welded steel pipe, arranged in a “V” or “W” lattice pattern. Jib assemblies can consist 10 of either fixed jib, which extends from the main lattice boom at a fixed angle, or a luffing jib, which can be raised or lowered by the operator through a separate set of controls. Importation of any of these assemblies, whether assembled or unassembled, constitutes unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes for purposes of this investigation. Inclusion of other components not identified as comprising the finished or unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies do not remove the products from the scope. Processing of lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies such as welding, joining, bolting, painting, coating, finishing, or assembly, either in the country of manufacture of the in-scope product or in a third country does not remove the product from the scope. Lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies subject to this investigation include those that are produced in the subject country whether assembled with other components in the subject country or in a third country. Processing or completion of finished and unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes and the covered lattice boom crawler crane assemblies either in the subject country or in a third country does not remove the product from the scope. Lattice boom crawler cranes and assemblies are classified in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) under statistical reporting numbers 8426.49.0010, 8426.49.0090, and 8431.49.1090. LBCCs imported from Japan enter the United States market at a column 1-general duty rate of 0 percent ad valorem. LBCC assemblies are imported under HTS statistical reporting numbers 8487.90.0080 and 11 8425.19.0000. LBCCs assemblies imported from Japan enter the United States market at a column 1-general duty rate of 3.9 percent ad valorem for HTS statistical reporting number 8487.90.0080 and 0 percent ad valorem for HTS statistical reporting number 8425.19.0000. Decisions on the tariff classification and treatment of imported goods are within the authority of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Certain steel components of LBCCs are subject to trade actions under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. As of February 10, 2025, HTS subheadings 8431.49.10 and 8431.49.90 are subject to 25 percent duties upon the value of steel content. 21 LBCCs are gas-powered cranes used for lifting, lowering, and moving heavy loads at extended reach capacities.22 LBCCs are primarily used in the construction and heavy-lifting industries for construction projects, including ports, bridges, and industrial buildings.23 With lift capacities ranging from 70 tons to 2,300 tons, LBCCs are designed to lift varying weights of cargo at different heights.24 If an LBCC is rented out, the life expectancy is 15 to 20 years, and if the LBCC is bought and maintained by an end user, the life expectancy is between 50 and 60 years.25 A used LBCC can be refurbished and last for up to another 20 years.26 Included within the scope are the six primary assemblies used to produce LBCCs, including the lattice boom assemblies, lower carriage assembly, crawler assembly, upper carriage assembly, hoisting assembly, and jib assembly.27 21 CR/PR at 1.6-1.9; see also Lattice Boom Crawler Cranes From Japan: Initiation of Less-Than- Fair-Value Investigation, 90 Fed. Reg. 19270 (May 7, 2025). 22 CR/PR at 1.10. 23 CR/PR at 1.10. 24 CR/PR at 1.10. 25 CR/PR at 1.10. 26 CR/PR at 1.10. 27 CR/PR at 1.10. 12 The manufacturing process for LBCCs involves multiple steps at the manufacturing facility and the job site.28 Since LBCCs can vary widely in terms of size and lift capacities, manufacturing timelines vary from product to product and range from 40 to 150 days.29 High strength steel plates are laser cut to specific shapes, which are then joined together through laser welding or fastened with bolts to create the structure of various assemblies.30 Additional components including electronics, hydraulics, and motors are then added to the assemblies.31 The lattice boom and jib assemblies are welded from high strength structural steel pipe.32 A manufacturer may produce all assemblies itself or, as in Link-Belt’s case, import all assemblies but the lattice boom and jib.33 Once the assemblies are completed (or imported), they are joined together to create the final LBCC, which is then sent off for inspection and testing.34 LBCCs are often disassembled before shipment, which can require between 3 and 50 truckloads of parts and assemblies depending on the size of the LBCC, and then reassembled at the job site.35 B. Arguments of the Parties Petitioner’s Arguments. Petitioner argues that the Commission should apply its semifinished product analysis and define a single domestic like product, coextensive with the scope.36 Petitioner contends that all LBCCs have the same physical characteristics and end uses; share the same production processes and manufacturing facilities using the same employees; are sold through the same channels of distribution; and are perceived as a single product category by producers and consumers.37 Petitioner also contends that although prices of LBCCs may differ based on lifting capacity and the options a purchaser selects, LBCCs fall on a continuum of prices with considerable overlap.38 28 CR/PR at 1.14. 29 CR/PR at 1.14. 30 CR/PR at 1.14. 31 CR/PR at 1.14. 32 CR/PR at 1.14. 33 Conference Trans. at 144-45 (Collins). 34 CR/PR at 1.15. 35 CR/PR at 1.15. 36 Pet. Postconference Br. at 5-12. 37 Pet. Postconference Br. at 5-12. 38 Pet. Postconference Br. at 8. 13 Respondents’ Arguments. Link-Belt contends that the Commission should apply its semifinished product analysis and find that LBCC assemblies should be defined as a separate domestic like product from finished LBCCs.39 Link-Belt agrees that upstream assemblies are generally dedicated to the production of downstream LBCCs.40 It argues, however, that assemblies and finished LBCCs operate in different markets, have different physical characteristics and functions, and differ in terms of costs and value. It also maintains that the manufacturing process used to convert assemblies into finished LBCCs is substantial.41 C. Analysis We consider below whether in-scope assemblies should be included in the same domestic like product as finished LBCCs. Based on an analysis of the semifinished domestic like product factors, we define a single domestic like product consisting of all in-scope assemblies and LBCCs, coextensive with the scope of the investigation.42 Extent of Processes Used to Transform Downstream Product into Upstream Product. Manitowoc and one of three responding importers reported that the processes used to transform assemblies into finished LBCCs are not intensive, while Link-Belt, who is also an importer, and another responding importer reported that such processes are intensive.43 Petitioner reported that the processes used to transform the assemblies into finished LBCCs ***.44 Responding Japanese producer Kobelco also reported that ***.45 On the other hand, 39 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 13-15. 40 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 14. 41 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 13-15. 42 In a semifinished products analysis, the Commission examines the following: (1) the significance and extent of the processes used to transform the upstream into the downstream articles; (2) whether the upstream article is dedicated to the production of the downstream article or has independent uses; (3) differences in the physical characteristics and functions of the upstream and downstream articles; (4) whether there are perceived to be separate markets for the upstream and downstream articles; and (5) differences in the costs or value of the vertically differentiated articles. See, e.g., Fluid End Blocks from China, Germany, India, and Italy, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-632–635 and 731-TA- 1466–1468 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5017 (Feb. 2020) at 10–12. 43 CR/PR at Table 1.2. 44 Manitowoc questionnaire response at VII-1. 45 KCM questionnaire response at IV-1. Tadano America Corporation (“Tadano”) did not answer this question. Tadano questionnaire response at IV-1. 14 Link-Belt indicated that because the LBCC assemblies ***.46 Accordingly, Link-Belt reported that the process ***.47 Dedication for Use. All responding market participants reported that there are no uses for LBCC assemblies other than construction of an LBCC.48 Differences in Physical Characteristics and Functions of the Upstream and Downstream Articles. Manitowoc, Link-Belt, and two of three responding importers reported that there are differences in physical characteristics and functions between assemblies and finished LBCCs, while one responding importer reported that there are no differences.49 Each of the six assemblies have distinctive physical characteristics that correspond to a different function when assembled into a finished LBCC. Nevertheless, all six assemblies contribute to the functionality of a finished LBCC and thus ultimately have the same end use as finished LBCCs, which is to lift and move heavy objects, generally on construction sites. Furthermore, because the assembly process does not significantly alter the physical characteristics of any individual assembly, the six assemblies and finished LBCCs share the same essential physical characteristics. Separate Markets. All responding market participants reported that there are not separate markets for in-scope assemblies and finished LBCCs.50 Differences in Value. *** both reported that there are significant differences in the costs or value of individual LBCC assemblies and finished LBCCs.51 Two of three importers stated that there are no significant differences.52 When combined, however, LBCC assemblies constitute *** of the value of a finished LBCC.53 Petitioner indicated that there are not 46 Link-Belt questionnaire response at IV-1. 47 Link-Belt questionnaire response at IV-1. 48 CR/PR at 1.2; Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 14. 49 CR/PR at Table 1.2. 50 CR/PR at Table 1.2. Link-Belt, however, argues in its postconference brief that assemblies and finished LBCCs operate in separate markets because the assemblies are only bought by manufacturers of LBCCs while finished LBCCs can be bought or rented by various purchasers. Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 14. 51 Manitowoc questionnaire response at VII-1; Link-Belt producer questionnaire response at VII- 1. 52 CR/PR at Table 1.2. 53 CR/PR at Table 3.6; Manitowoc questionnaire response at VII-1. 15 significant production and material costs beyond the cost of the assemblies; *** indicated that there are such additional costs.54 Conclusion. The record indicates that the processes used to transform the six in-scope assemblies into finished LBCCs are not significant or particularly labor or capital intensive, notwithstanding the need for ***. The record also shows that assemblies are dedicated to the production of finished LBCCs and account for all or almost all of the value of finished LBCCs. Although each assembly has distinct physical characteristics corresponding to a unique function, all six assemblies contribute to the functionality of a finished LBCC and thus share the same end use. The record also indicates that there are not separate markets for assemblies and finished LBCCs, as all assemblies are used to produce LBCCs. Based on the record of the preliminary phase of the investigation, we define a single domestic like product consisting of LBCCs, including in-scope assemblies, coextensive with the scope. Domestic Industry The domestic industry is defined as the domestic “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”55 In defining the domestic industry, the Commission’s general practice has been to include in the industry producers of all domestic production of the like product, whether toll-produced, captively consumed, or sold in the domestic merchant market. This investigation potentially raises two sets of domestic industry issues. The first concerns whether Link-Belt’s domestic processing activities (which consists of assembling lattice booms and jibs that it produces domestically with other subassemblies imported from Japan into finished LBCCs) are sufficient to qualify it as a domestic producer. The second concerns whether appropriate circumstances exist to exclude any domestic producers from the domestic industry under the related parties provision of the statute. 54 Manitowoc questionnaire response at VII-1; Link-Belt producer questionnaire response at VII- 1. Link Belt described the *** Link-Belt producer questionnaire response at VII-1. 55 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 16 A. Sufficient Production-Related Activities In deciding whether a firm qualifies as a domestic producer of the domestic like product, the Commission generally analyzes the overall nature of a firm’s U.S. production-related activities, although production-related activity at minimum levels could be insufficient to constitute domestic production.56 1. Arguments of the Parties Petitioner’s Arguments. Petitioner does not address whether, under the six-factors the Commission typically examines, Link-Belt engages in sufficient production-related activities to qualify as a domestic producer. Petitioner asserts that because Link-Belt is a U.S. producer of the in-scope lattice boom and jib assemblies, it is unnecessary to determine whether Link-Belt otherwise engages in sufficient production-related activities to qualify as a domestic producer.57 Respondents’ Arguments. Link-Belt contends that its operations are sufficient for it to be considered a member of the domestic industry.58 Link-Belt describes its domestic production activities as ***.59 Among other claims under the six factors the Commission typically considers, Link-Belt asserts that it has made significant investments in its domestic production facilities and has expanded its production capabilities eleven times.60 It also contends that its domestic production activities, including research and development (R&D) and testing, all add substantial value to the imported assemblies and that its domestic production of the lattice boom can account for *** percent to *** percent of the value of the 56 The Commission generally considers six factors: (1) source and extent of the firm’s capital investment; (2) technical expertise involved in U.S. production activities; (3) value added to the product in the United States; (4) employment levels; (5) quantity and type of parts sourced in the United States; and (6) any other costs and activities in the United States directly leading to production of the like product. No single factor is determinative and the Commission may consider any other factors it deems relevant in light of the specific facts of any investigation. Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells and Modules from China, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-481 and 731-TA-1190 (Final), USITC Pub. 4360 at 12-13 (Nov. 2012). 57 Pet. Postconference Br. at 17 n.62. 58 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 5-12. 59 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 10. 60 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 9. 17 completed LBCC.61 Finally, Link-Belt asserts that it employs over 700 workers at its Lexington facility and an additional 150 employees at its two affiliated distributors.62 2. Analysis We consider below whether Link-Belt’s production-related activities are sufficient to qualify it as a domestic producer. Source and Extent of Capital Investment. Link-Belt reported that the greenfield replacement cost of its U.S. production facility is $***, while Manitowoc’s reported greenfield replacement cost is $***.63 During the 2022 to 2024 period of investigation (“POI”), Link-Belt reported capital investments of $*** and Manitowoc reported capital investments of $***.64 On the other hand, Link-Belt’s assets ranged from $*** to $*** during the POI, while Manitowoc’s assets ranged from $*** to $***.65 Technical Expertise Involved. Link-Belt asserts that its domestic production operations involve a high level of technical expertise and skill, including welders, machine operators, and design engineers.66 Link-Belt reported that its annual research and development (“R&D”) expenses ranged from $*** to $*** during the POI, and that its average hourly wages ranged from $*** to $***.67 Manitowoc also reported that its domestic operations involve a high level of expertise and reported that its annual R&D expenses ranged from $*** to $*** during the POI, and that its average hourly wages ranged from $*** to $***.68 Value Added. The value added annually by Link-Belt’s processing operations ranged from *** percent to *** percent during the POI.69 By comparison, the value added annually during the same period by Manitowoc’s operations ranged from *** to *** percent.70 61 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 8. 62 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 9. 63 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 64 CR/PR at Tables 6.9, 6.11. 65 CR/PR at Tables 6.9, 6.11. 66 CR/PR at Table 3.10; Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 9. 67 CR/PR at Tables 3.26, 6.11. 68 CR/PR at Tables 3.10, 3.25, 6.9. 69 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 70 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 18 Employment Levels. The average annual number of production and related workers (“PRWs”) involved in Link-Belt’s operations was *** for each year of the POI.71 The average annual number of PRWs involved in Manitowoc’s operations ranged from *** during the POI. 72 Quantity and Type of Parts Sourced in the United States. The record indicates that Link- Belt sourced *** percent of its parts domestically.73 In contrast, Petitioner sourced *** percent of its parts domestically.74 Conclusion. While Link-Belt’s capital investments during the POI were significant, they were considerably lower than *** and the value added by Link-Belt’s processing operations was ***. Furthermore, Link-Belt sources a *** portion of its inputs from import sources. On the other hand, Link-Belt’s employment levels were appreciable, and its net sales quantity was *** than Manitowoc’s throughout the POI. On the basis of the available evidence in this preliminary phase investigation, we cannot conclude that Link-Belt’s production-related activities are not sufficient to qualify it as a domestic producer, and we intend to examine the issue further in any final phase of the investigation.75 In any case, as explained below, even assuming Link-Belt’s production-related activities are sufficient to qualify it as a domestic producer, we find that appropriate circumstances exist to exclude Link-Belt from the domestic industry as a related party. 71 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 72 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 73 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 74 CR/PR at Table 3.9. 75 Commissioner Kearns finds that the record is sufficient to find that Link-Belt does not engage in sufficient production-related activities to be included in the domestic industry definition. Along with the value added by Link-Belt’s processing operations being *** and Link-Belt sourcing a *** portion of its inputs from import sources, Link Belt’s assets and estimated greenfield replacement costs were ***. Indeed, Link Belt’s net sales quantity was *** than Manitowoc’s throughout the POI, but its assets and estimated greenfield replacement costs were nonetheless much *** than Manitowoc’s. CR/PR at Tables 3.9, 6.1, 6.3. Its employment levels, while appreciable, are also ***. Accordingly, Commissioner Kearns defines the domestic industry as consisting only of Manitowoc and does not join the related parties discussion concerning Link-Belt. Because the majority finds that appropriate circumstances exist to exclude Link-Belt from the domestic industry definition as a related party, Commissioner Kearns ultimately has the same domestic industry definition as the majority. 19 B. Related Parties We must determine whether any producer of the domestic like product should be excluded from the domestic industry pursuant to Section 771(4)(B) of the Tariff Act. This provision allows the Commission, if appropriate circumstances exist, to exclude from the domestic industry producers that are related to an exporter or importer of subject merchandise or which are themselves importers.76 Exclusion of such a producer is within the Commission’s discretion based upon the facts presented in each investigation.77 U.S. processor Link-Belt qualifies as a related party because it is related to a subject producer and exporter of subject merchandise through a common parent company, and because it imported subject LBCC assemblies from Japan during the POI.78 1. Arguments of the Parties Petitioner’s Arguments. Petitioner argues that Link-Belt is subject to the related parties provision by virtue of its relationship to a subject producer/exporter and because it imports subject merchandise.79 Petitioner argues that the Commission should find that appropriate circumstances exist to exclude Link-Belt from the domestic industry because subject imported 76 See Torrington Co. v. United States, 790 F. Supp. 1161, 1168 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1992), aff’d without opinion, 991 F.2d 809 (Fed. Cir. 1993); Sandvik AB v. United States, 721 F. Supp. 1322, 1331-32 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1989), aff’d mem., 904 F.2d 46 (Fed. Cir. 1990); Empire Plow Co. v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1348, 1352 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1987). 77 The primary factors the Commission has examined in deciding whether appropriate circumstances exist to exclude a related party include the following: (1) the percentage of domestic production attributable to the importing producer; (2) the reason the U.S. producer has decided to import the product subject to investigation (whether the firm benefits from the LTFV sales or subsidies or whether the firm must import in order to enable it to continue production and compete in the U.S. market); (3) whether inclusion or exclusion of the related party will skew the data for the rest of the industry; (4) the ratio of import shipments to U.S. production for the imported product; and (5) whether the primary interest of the importing producer lies in domestic production or importation. Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co. v. USITC, 100 F. Supp.3d 1314, 1326-31 (Ct. Int’l. Trade 2015) aff’d, 879 F.3d 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2018); see also Torrington Co. v. United States, 790 F. Supp. at 1168. 78 CR/PR at 3.2, Tables 3.2, 7.2; Conf. Tr. at 109 (Shultz). Specifically, Link-Belt is related to Sumitomo Heavy Industries Construction Crane Co., Ltd, a U.S. importer and foreign producer and exporter of subject merchandise from Japan through their common parent. Id. 79 Pet. Postconference Br. at 16. 20 assemblies account for most of the value of its LBCCs and benefitted its domestic production operations. Petitioner contends that during the POI, the value of Link-Belt’s subject imported LBCC assemblies represented between *** percent and *** percent of the value of its U.S. commercial shipments of completed LBCCs.80 It also contends that Link-Belt’s ratio of subject imports to U.S. production is at least 100 percent.81 Petitioner further argues that Link-Belt’s financial performance was helped by its imports of dumped subject LBCC assemblies ***.82 Specifically, Petitioner claims that Link- Belt’s reliance on subject imported LBCC assemblies *** on its LBCC sales.83 Petitioner also contends that Link-Belt’s inclusion in the domestic industry would skew the industry data because Link-Belt’s ***.84 Because Link-Belt’s primary interest lies in importation, Petitioner argues, the Commission should exclude Link-Belt from the domestic industry.85 Respondents’ Arguments. Link-Belt asserts that the Commission should include it in the domestic industry because it is one of only two domestic producers and its interest lies in domestic production.86 It emphasizes that all subject imported assemblies are for internal consumption to support further U.S. manufacturing of LBCCs.87 Claiming that its global supply chain is not unique within the domestic crane industry, Link-Belt alleges that Petitioner also imports large parts and components used in the production of LBCCs, including engines from China.88 It also asserts that its U.S. production facility is capable of developing and producing entire LBCCs, and has done so in the recent past.89 Finally, Link-Belt argues that while the lattice boom attachment constitutes approximately *** of the total unit cost of an LBCC, this calculation overlooks the significant 80 Pet. Postconference Br. at 18. 81 Pet. Postconference Br. at 18. 82 Pet. Postconference Br. at 19. 83 Pet. Postconference Br. at 19. 84 Pet. Postconference Br. at 20. 85 Pet. Postconference Br. at 20. 86 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 6. 87 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 7. 88 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 7. 89 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 8. 21 additional domestic value added through the labor-intensive operations necessary to assemble a finished LBCC.90 2. Analysis Link-Belt accounted for 100 percent of U.S. processing in 2024.91 It opposes the Petition.92 Link-Belt imported subject LBCC assemblies from Japan during the POI, including *** units in 2022, *** units in 2023, and *** units in 2024, for processing into LBCCs.93 The ratio of Link-Belt’s subject imports to its U.S. processing declined irregularly during the POI, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 before declining to *** percent in 2024.94 Link-Belt explained that ***.95 Link-Belt’s financial performance was *** stronger than Manitowoc’s throughout the POI.96 Link-Belt’s domestic processing operations appear to have benefitted from its importation of subject assemblies. In particular, Link-Belt used subject subcomponents to produce completed LBCCs. Link-Belt’s ratio of subject imports to production during the POI was high. Thus, Link-Belt’s *** stronger financial performance compared to Manitowoc appears to have resulted, at least in part, from its use of subject imports which as discussed below significantly undersold the domestic like product. Thus, inclusion of Link-Belt in the domestic industry would risk skewing the domestic industry data and masking injury to the domestic industry. For these reasons, based on the record of the preliminary phase of the investigation, we find that appropriate circumstances exist to exclude Link-Belt from the domestic industry. Accordingly, we define the domestic industry to include all domestic producers of in- scope assemblies and LBCCs (i.e., Manitowoc), but not U.S. processor Link-Belt. 90 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at Attachment 1, Question 3. 91 CR/PR at Table 3.1. 92 Conf. Tr. at 13. 93 CR/PR at Table 3.23. 94 CR/PR at Table 3.23. 95 CR/PR at 5.6 n. 8; 6.1 n.3; Link-Belt Postconference Br. at Attachment 1, Question 3. 96 CR/PR at Table 6.3. Link-Belt’s operating income to net sales ratio was *** percent in 2022, *** percent in 2023, and *** percent in 2024. Id. In contrast, Petitioner’s operating income to net sales ratio was *** percent in 2022, *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024. Id. at Table 6.1. 22 Negligible Imports Pursuant to section 771(24) of the Tariff Act, imports from a subject country of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product that account for less than three percent of all such merchandise imported into the United States during the most recent 12 months for which data are available preceding the filing of the petition shall be deemed negligible.97 During the 12-month period preceding the filing of the petitions (April 2024 through March 2025), imports of LBCCs from Japan accounted for *** percent of total imports.98 Because subject imports exceed the three percent negligibility threshold, we find that imports from Japan subject to the antidumping duty investigation are not negligible. Reasonable Indication of Material Injury by Reason of Subject Imports A. Legal Standard In the preliminary phase of antidumping duty investigations, the Commission determines whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of the imports under investigation.99 In making this determination, the Commission must consider the volume of subject imports, their effect on prices for the domestic like product, and their impact on domestic producers of the domestic like product, but only in the context of U.S. production operations.100 The statute defines “material injury” as “harm which is not inconsequential, immaterial, or unimportant.”101 In assessing whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is materially injured by reason of subject imports, we consider all relevant 97 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a), 1677(24)(A)(i). The exceptions to the general three percent rule are not applicable to this investigation. 98 CR/PR at Table 4.7. This calculation relies on the limited data concerning nonsubject imports reported by responding importers. Even based on Petitioner’s estimate of nonsubject import volume during the 12 months preceding the filing of the petition, 86 units, subject imports from Japan would have accounted for *** percent of total imports during the period. CR/PR at Table 4.7 note, Table 4.4. 99 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 100 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). The Commission “may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination” but shall “identify each {such} factor … and explain in full its relevance to the determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). 101 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(A). 23 economic factors that bear on the state of the industry in the United States.102 No single factor is dispositive, and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.”103 Although the statute requires the Commission to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is “materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of” unfairly traded imports,104 it does not define the phrase “by reason of,” indicating that this aspect of the injury analysis is left to the Commission’s reasonable exercise of its discretion.105 In identifying a causal link, if any, between subject imports and material injury to the domestic industry, the Commission examines the facts of record that relate to the significance of the volume and price effects of the subject imports and any impact of those imports on the condition of the domestic industry. This evaluation under the “by reason of” standard must ensure that subject imports are more than a minimal or tangential cause of injury and that there is a sufficient causal, not merely a temporal, nexus between subject imports and material injury.106 In many investigations, there are other economic factors at work, some or all of which may also be having adverse effects on the domestic industry. Such economic factors might include nonsubject imports; changes in technology, demand, or consumer tastes; competition among domestic producers; or management decisions by domestic producers. The legislative history explains that the Commission must examine factors other than subject imports to 102 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 103 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 104 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 105 Angus Chemical Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1478, 1484–85 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“{T}he statute does not ‘compel the commissioners’ to employ {a particular methodology}.”), aff’g 944 F. Supp. 943, 951 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 106 The Federal Circuit, in addressing the causation standard of the statute, observed that “{a}s long as its effects are not merely incidental, tangential, or trivial, the foreign product sold at less than fair value meets the causation requirement.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. USITC, 345 F.3d 1379, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2003). This was further ratified in Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 542 F.3d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 2008), where the Federal Circuit, quoting Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 722 (Fed. Cir. 1997), stated that “this court requires evidence in the record ‘to show that the harm occurred “by reason of” the LTFV imports, not by reason of a minimal or tangential contribution to material harm caused by LTFV goods.’” See also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n v. USITC, 266 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 24 ensure that it is not attributing injury from other factors to the subject imports, thereby inflating an otherwise tangential cause of injury into one that satisfies the statutory material injury threshold.107 In performing its examination, however, the Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfairly traded imports.108 Nor does the “by reason of” standard require that unfairly traded imports be the “principal” cause of injury or contemplate that injury from unfairly traded imports be weighed against other factors, such as nonsubject imports, which may be contributing to overall injury to an industry.109 It is clear that the existence of injury caused by other factors does not compel a negative determination.110 107 SAA at 851–52 (“{T}he Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.”); S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 75 (1979) (the Commission “will consider information which indicates that harm is caused by factors other than less- than-fair-value imports.”); H.R. Rep. No. 96-317 at 47 (1979) (“in examining the overall injury being experienced by a domestic industry, the ITC will take into account evidence presented to it which demonstrates that the harm attributed by the petitioner to the subsidized or dumped imports is attributable to such other factors”; those factors include “the volume and prices of nonsubsidized imports or imports sold at fair value, contraction in demand or changes in patterns of consumption, trade restrictive practices of and competition between the foreign and domestic producers, developments in technology and the export performance and productivity of the domestic industry”); accord Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877. 108 SAA at 851–52 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports.”); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n, 266 F.3d at 1345 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports . . . Rather, the Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” (emphasis in original)); Asociacion de Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile AG v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1375 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2002) (“{T}he Commission is not required to isolate the effects of subject imports from other factors contributing to injury” or make “bright-line distinctions” between the effects of subject imports and other causes.); see also Softwood Lumber from Canada, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-414 & 731-TA-928 (Remand), USITC Pub. 3658 at 100–01 (Dec. 2003) (Commission recognized that “{i}f an alleged other factor is found not to have or threaten to have injurious effects to the domestic industry, i.e., it is not an ‘other causal factor,’ then there is nothing to further examine regarding attribution to injury” (citing Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722 (the statute “does not suggest that an importer of LTFV goods can escape countervailing duties by finding some tangential or minor cause unrelated to the LTFV goods that contributed to the harmful effects on domestic market prices.”))). 109 S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 74–75; H.R. Rep. No. 96-317 at 47. 110 See Nippon Steel Corp., 345 F.3d at 1381 (“{A}n affirmative material-injury determination under the statute requires no more than a substantial-factor showing. That is, the ‘dumping’ need not be the sole or principal cause of injury.”). 25 Assessment of whether material injury to the domestic industry is “by reason of” subject imports “does not require the Commission to address the causation issue in any particular way” as long as “the injury to the domestic industry can reasonably be attributed to the subject imports.”111 The Commission ensures that it has “evidence in the record” to “show that the harm occurred ‘by reason of’ the LTFV imports,” and that it is “not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.”112 The Federal Circuit has examined and affirmed various Commission methodologies and has disavowed “rigid adherence to a specific formula.”113 The question of whether the material injury threshold for subject imports is satisfied notwithstanding any injury from other factors is factual, subject to review under the substantial evidence standard.114 Congress has delegated this factual finding to the Commission because of the agency’s institutional expertise in resolving injury issues.115 B. Conditions of Competition and the Business Cycle The following conditions of competition inform our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports. 111 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876, 878; see also id. at 873 (“While the Commission may not enter an affirmative determination unless it finds that a domestic industry is materially injured ‘by reason of’ subject imports, the Commission is not required to follow a single methodology for making that determination . . . {and has} broad discretion with respect to its choice of methodology.” (citing U.S. Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1996); S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 75)). In its decision in Swiff-Train v. United States, 793 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2015), the Federal Circuit affirmed the Commission’s causation analysis as comporting with the Court’s guidance in Mittal. 112 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873, 877–79 (quoting Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722). One relevant “other factor” may involve the presence of significant volumes of price-competitive nonsubject imports in the U.S. market, particularly when a commodity product is at issue. In appropriate cases, the Commission collects information regarding nonsubject imports and producers in nonsubject countries in order to conduct its analysis. 113 Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414 F.3d 1331, 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 879 (“Bratsk did not read into the antidumping statute a Procrustean formula for determining whether a domestic injury was ‘by reason’ of subject imports.”). 114 We provide in our discussion below a full analysis of other factors alleged to have caused any material injury experienced by the domestic industry. 115 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873; Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1350 (citing U.S. Steel Group, 96 F.3d at 1357); S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 75 (“The determination of the ITC with respect to causation is . . . complex and difficult, and is a matter for the judgment of the ITC.”). 26 1. Demand Conditions Domestic demand for LBCCs is largely driven by general economic conditions and non- residential construction, including infrastructure spending.116 Between January 2022 and December 2024, total U.S. nonresidential construction spending and total U.S. public construction spending increased by 40.9 percent and 39.4 percent, respectively.117 The U.S. real gross domestic product also increased in nearly every quarter of the POI, with the exception of a decline in the first quarter of 2022.118 Petitioner and two of the three responding importers reported that demand for LBCCs is subject to business cycles, including non-residential construction activity, infrastructure spending, the oil and gas market, and changes in interest rates.119 Demand for LBCCs can also be influenced by the replacement cycle, with most large rental companies replacing LBCCs about every 15 years and contractors every 20 to 25 years.120 Most firms reported an increase in demand since January 1, 2022.121 Petitioner reported that overall U.S. demand for LBCCs has increased significantly since 2022 while U.S. importers reported that demand has steadily increased or fluctuated upward.122 Apparent U.S. consumption of LBCCs increased from *** units in 2022 to *** units in 2023 and *** units in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent during the POI.123 2. Supply Conditions The domestic industry was the third largest source of LBCCs in the U.S. market throughout the POI.124 The industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption increased from *** 116 CR/PR at 2.8. 117 CR/PR at Tables 2.6, 2.7. 118 CR/PR at Table 2.5. 119 CR/PR at 2.9. 120 CR/PR at 2.9. 121 CR/PR at 2.9. 122 CR/PR at 2.9, Table 2.4. 123 CR/PR at Tables 4.8 & C.1. 124 CR/PR at Tables 4.8, 4.9. 27 percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 before declining to *** percent in 2024, for an overall decline of *** percentage points.125 The domestic industry reported excess capacity throughout the POI.126 Its practical LBCC capacity was flat at *** units during the POI.127 The industry’s practical LBCC capacity utilization rate increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percentage points.128 Subject imports were the largest source of LBCCs in the U.S. market throughout the POI.129 Subject imports’ share of apparent U.S. consumption increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percentage points.130 Nonsubject imports were the second-largest source of LBCCs in the United States throughout the POI.131 Their share of apparent U.S. consumption decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percentage points.132 The primary sources of nonsubject imports were Germany, Austria, and China.133 Manitowoc reported that it did not experience supply constraints during the POI.134 However, both responding U.S. importers reported experiencing supply constraints during the period.135 Kobelco stated that it stopped producing LBCCs with Hino engines in 2021 because Hino failed EPA emission standards, which led Kobelco to transition to Isuzu motors.136 It claims that this issue required it to curtail its production of LBCCs manufactured in Japan from 125 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 126 CR/PR at Tables 3.3, 3.4. 127 CR/PR at Table 3.3. 128 CR/PR at Table 3.3. 129 CR/PR at Tables 4.8 & C.1. 130 CR/PR at Tables 4.8 & C.1. U.S. importers’ U.S. shipments from Japan include Link-Belt’s assemblies and Kobelco’s finished units. 131 CR/PR at Tables 4.8 & C.1. 132 CR/PR at Tables 4.8 & C.1. 133 Pet. Postconference Br. at Exhibit 4. 134 CR/PR at 2.8. 135 CR/PR at 2.8. 136 CR/PR at 2.8. 28 2021-2023, with the most serious supply constraints occurring in 2022, although it was able to maintain some level of production using properly certified engines. According to Kobelco, its production and exports did not normalize until 2024.137 *** reported that a domestic producer of chord lugs (boom connecting pins) had financial difficulties and was unable to obtain sufficient quantities of raw material to meet *** production schedule in 2022.138 *** claims that this issue caused a reduction in its production during the first half of 2023.139 3. Substitutability and Other Conditions Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between subject imports and domestically produced LBCCs. The responding domestic producer reported that LBCCs from Japan were always interchangeable with the domestic like product while all responding U.S. importers reported that LBCCs from Japan were sometimes interchangeable.140 Differences in non-price purchasing factors, such as reliability and after-sales technical support, may limit substitutability to some extent.141 We also find that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions for LBCCs, among other important factors. Of the two responding purchasers, purchaser *** reported price, availability, and support as its top three purchasing factors and purchaser *** reported “assigned territory based on dealer agreement.”142 The responding domestic producer reported that differences other than price are never significant in sales of the domestic like product and LBCCs from Japan, while three responding U.S. importers reported that differences other than price are always significant.143 Importer *** reported that after sales-service, including parts supply, is very important, as is ease of maintenance, less LBCC downtime, and 137 CR/PR at 2.8; Kobelco’s Postconference Br. at 4. Two of Kobelco’s customers reported resuming their purchasers from the firm in early-to mid-2023. Kobelco’s Postconference Br. at Ex. 20. 138 CR/PR at 2.8. 139 CR/PR at 2.8; Link-Belt’s Postconference Br. at 2. 140 CR/PR at Table 2.9. 141 CR/PR at 2.14. 142 CR/PR at 2.15. 143 CR/PR at Table 2.10. 29 quality.144 Importer *** reported that the competitive environment is based on product quality, service and support, and customized product offerings, and that customers often assess competing products not only by considering up-front cost, but also total cost (including maintenance) during the life of the LBCC.145 We intend to further investigate the importance of factors other than price in any final phase of the investigation. Petitioner and respondents reported selling LBCCs to distributors/dealers, and end users, with the vast majority sold to distributors/dealers.146 The domestic producer reported that *** percent of its commercial shipments were produced to order, with lead times averaging *** days, while *** percent were from inventory, with lead times averaging *** days. Responding importers reported selling exclusively from inventory, with lead times of *** days from foreign inventory and *** days from U.S. inventory.147 During the POI, the domestic producer sold LBCCs via spot sales, while subject importers sold LBCCs through a mix of spot sales and annual contracts.148 The domestic producer and importers reported setting prices using *** and one importer also reported selling on a transaction-by-transaction basis and via contracts.149 The domestic producer and U.S. importers reported that they typically quote prices on an f.o.b. basis and also offer discounts.150 The primary raw material used in the production of LBCCs is high strength steel plate, specifically hot-rolled coil and carbon grade cut-to-length (“CTL”) plate.151 According to data from ***, worldwide prices for hot-rolled coil and CTL plate declined irregularly by *** percent 144 CR/PR at 2.17. 145 CR/PR at 2.17. 146 CR/PR at Table 2.1. 147 CR/PR at 2.14, 2.15. 148 CR/PR at Table 5.4. 149 CR/PR at Table 5.3. 150 CR/PR at 5.5. Petitioner stated that it provides distributors a discount off the list price and that it generally looks to offer the same prices to all of its customers. Importer *** reported quantity and total volume discounts while *** reported that additional discounts are limited and granted on a case-by-case basis depending on the specific transaction. Importer *** reported discounts based on customer category. We intend to explore sale practices further in any final phase of the investigation. 151 CR/PR at 5.1. 30 and *** percent, respectively, from January 2022 to April 2025.152 Nevertheless, Petitioner reported that raw material costs had fluctuated up, stating that the cost of raw materials, parts, and components has generally increased.153 The domestic industry’s raw material costs increased as a share of its total cost of goods sold (“COGS”) from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.154 Importers Kobelco and Link-Belt also reported that raw material costs had steadily increased during the POI.155 *** reported that there are no substitutes for LBCCs.156 *** reported that there are substitutes, including telescopic crawlers or rough terrain cranes for bridge construction, telescopic boom crawler cranes for construction, and hydraulic truck cranes or rough terrain cranes for the oil and gas industry. Importer *** stated that customers typically buy LBCCs for their intended use, so the price of the substitutes does not impact the price of LBCCs.157 Certain steel components of LBCCs are subject to trade actions under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962.158 Specifically, effective February 10, 2025, imports under HTS subheadings 8431.49.10 and 8431.49.90 became subject to 25 percent duties upon the value of their steel content.159 The President, effective April 5, 2025, increased the tariff on imports of LBCCs from Japan by an additional 10 percent under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.160 152 CR/PR at 5.1. Hot-rolled coil prices declined by *** percent from January 2022 to December 2024 before increasing by *** percent the first four months of 2025. Id. at 5.1-5.2. Similarly, CTL plate prices declined by *** percent from January 2022 to December 2024 before increasing by *** percent the first four months of 2025. Id. 153 CR/PR at 5.1. 154 CR/PR at Table 6.1. 155 CR/PR at 5.1. 156 CR/PR at 2.14. 157 CR/PR at 2.14 158 CR/PR at 1.9. 159 CR/PR at 1.9. 160 CR/PR at 1.9. 31 C. Volume of Subject Imports Section 771(7)(C)(i) of the Tariff Act provides that the “Commission shall consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States, is significant.”161 The volume of subject imports increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** units in 2022 to *** units in 2023 and *** units in 2024.162 Subject imports as a share of apparent U.S. consumption increased by *** percentage points over the POI, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.163 The ratio of subject imports to U.S. production increased irregularly by *** percentage points over the POI, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, then decreasing to *** percent in 2024.164 Based on the record in the preliminary phase of this investigation, we find that the volume of subject imports is significant in absolute terms and relative to consumption and production in the United States, and that the increase in that volume is significant in absolute terms and relative to consumption and production in the United States. D. Price Effects of the Subject Imports Section 771(7)(C)(ii) of the Tariff Act provides that, in evaluating the price effects of subject imports, the Commission shall consider whether – (I) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and (II) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.165 161 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(i). 162 CR/PR at 4.2, Table 4.2. 163 CR/PR at 4.7, Table 4.8. 164 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 3.3, 4.2. 165 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii). 32 As discussed in section VI.B.3 above, we find that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between subject imports and domestically produced LBCCs and that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions, among other important factors. The Commission collected quarterly pricing data from the responding domestic producer and U.S. importers for the total quantity and f.o.b. value of three pricing products shipped to unrelated customers during the POI.166 The domestic producer and one U.S. importer provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters.167 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for *** percent of U.S. shipments of domestically produced LBCCs and *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Japan.168 Subject imports undersold the domestic like product in all nine quarterly comparisons, corresponding to reported subject import sales of *** units, at margins ranging from *** to *** percent and averaging *** percent.169 166 The three pricing products are as follows: Product 1.—Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. Product 2.—Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. Product 3.—Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. CR/PR at 5.5. 167 CR/PR at 5.6. 168 CR/PR at 5.6. Pricing coverage is based on U.S. shipments reported in responses to the Commission’s questionnaires. Id. at 5.6 n.9. We invite the parties to comment on the pricing product definitions, or on how the pricing data coverage could be improved, in their comments on the draft questionnaires in any final phase of the investigation. 169 CR/PR at Table 5.9. We have also considered purchasers’ responses to the Commission’s lost sales/lost revenue survey. Commission staff contacted two purchasers identified by domestic producers and received responses to the survey from both, which reported purchasing *** domestically produced LBCCs during January 2022 to December 2024. CR/PR at 5.15 and Table 5.11. Both reported that, since 2022, they had not purchased imported LBCCs from Japan instead of U.S. produced LBCCs. Id. However, one of these purchasers, ***, reported that it lost sales on behalf of the domestic producer to subject imports during the POI. Id. at 5.16. 33 Given the moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between subject imports and the domestic like product, the importance of price in purchasing decisions, and the pricing data showing subject import underselling in all nine quarterly comparisons, we find subject import underselling to be significant. As subject imports undersold the domestic like product, subject imports gained *** percentage points of market share from domestic producers from 2022 to 2024, with intensified underselling in 2024 leading to subject imports gaining *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry from 2023 to 2024.170 We find based on the record in this preliminary phase of the investigation that the underselling led to a shift in market share from the domestic industry to subject imports during the 2023-2024 period. We have also examined price trends during the POI. Between the first and last quarters of the POI, domestic prices increased *** percent for product 1.171 Prices for imports of product 1 from Japan also increased by *** percent over the same period.172 In response to the lost sales/lost revenue survey, purchaser ***, estimated that the domestic producer reduced prices by *** percent due to competition from lower-priced subject imports.173 We have also examined whether subject imports prevented price increases which otherwise would have occurred to a significant degree. The domestic industry’s COGS-to-net- sales was high throughout the POI, declining from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percentage points.174 Although this ratio and the industry’s unit COGS declined over the POI, the domestic industry’s net sales AUV also declined and was below its unit COGS in every year of the POI.175 The domestic industry’s 170 CR/PR at Table 4.8. 171 CR/PR at Table 5.8. Domestic prices for product 3 increased irregularly by *** percent between the first and last quarters for which data are available. Id. at 5.13 n.10, Table 5.7, and Figure 5.4. The U.S. producer did not report any shipments of product 2 during this period. Id. at 5.13. 172 CR/PR at Table 5.8. Price trends are not available for imports of products 2 and 3 from Japan due to insufficient data. Id. at. 5.13. 173 CR/PR at 5.15. *** also stated that “***.” Id. Another responding purchaser indicated that it did not know whether the domestic producer reduced prices to compete with low-priced subject imports. Id. We recognize that Manitowoc sells LBCCs to other purchasers in addition to ***, id., and intend to investigate the question of lost sales and revenues further in any final phase of the investigation. 174 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 175 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 34 unit COGS decreased over the POI from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024, for an overall decrease of $***, or *** percent.176 At the same time, the AUVs of the domestic industry’s net sales decreased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024, for an overall decrease of $***, or *** percent.177 Given the domestic industry’s high ratio of COGS to net sales during the POI, the industry would have had a strong economic incentive to capitalize on the *** percent increase in apparent U.S. consumption from 2022 and 2024 by raising prices sufficiently to cover its costs. Furthermore, although the industry’s unit raw material costs declined during the POI, Manitowoc and responding importers reported that raw material costs generally increased during the period and the industry’s raw material costs increased as a share of its total COGS from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.178 Despite strong demand and increasing raw material costs, however, the domestic industry was unable to increase its prices to an economic level over the POI, while competing with increasing volumes of low-priced subject imports. Accordingly, we find that subject imports suppressed prices for the domestic like product to a significant degree.179 In sum, based on the record in the preliminary phase of this investigation, we find that subject imports significantly undersold the domestic like product during the POI. This underselling led to a shift in market share from the domestic industry to subject imports from 2023 to 2024, and low-priced subject imports also suppressed prices for the domestic like 176 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. The domestic industry’s unit raw material costs decreased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024, for an overall decrease of $*** per unit, or *** percent. Id. at Table 6.1. 177 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 178 CR/PR at 5.1, Table 6.1. 179 Chair Karpel does not join in this finding. She observes that Manitowoc’s unit COGS declined by *** per unit between 2022 and 2024, which outpaced the decline in its net sales AUV at ***. CR/PR at Table 6.1. This led to an “improvement” in the firm’s COGS-to-net-sales ratio, which decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percentage points. Id. However, Manitowoc’s COGS-to-net-sales ratio was over *** percent throughout the POI, and thus despite an improvement in its ratio over the POI, the increasing volume of subject import which universally undersold the domestic like product, may have contributed to Manitowoc’s cost-price squeeze that persisted throughout the POI. Chair Karpel intends to further investigate in any final phase investigation the extent to which subject imports contributed to this. For these reasons, Chair Karpel cannot conclude, based on the available evidence in this preliminary phase investigation, that subject imports did not prevent price increases that would have otherwise occurred. 35 product to a significant degree. We therefore find that subject imports had significant adverse price effects. E. Impact of the Subject Imports180 Section 771(7)(C)(iii) of the Tariff Act provides that the Commission, in examining the impact of the subject imports on the domestic industry, “shall evaluate all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry.” These factors include output, sales, inventories, capacity utilization, market share, employment, wages, productivity, gross profits, net profits, operating profits, cash flow, return on investment, return on capital, ability to raise capital, ability to service debt, research and development (“R&D”), and factors affecting domestic prices. No single factor is dispositive, and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.”181 The domestic industry’s trade, employment, and financial indicators improved over the POI as apparent U.S. consumption increased *** percent. As subject imports took market share from the domestic industry between 2023 and 2024 and suppressed domestic prices, however, the industry was unable to fully capitalize on strong demand growth during the period. The domestic industry’s practical LBCC capacity, *** units, did not change between 2022 and 2024.182 Its LBCC production increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** units in 2022 to *** units in 2023 and *** units in 2024.183 The domestic industry’s practical LBCC capacity utilization increased by *** percentage points over the POI, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.184 The domestic industry’s employment indicators improved over the POI. The number of production and related workers (“PRWs”) increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** 180 Commerce initiated the antidumping duty investigation based on an estimated dumping margin of 157.43 percent for subject imports from Japan. Lattice Boom Crawler Cranes From Japan: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigation, 90 Fed. Reg. 19270 (May 7, 2025). 181 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 182 CR/PR at 3.3, Tables 3.3, 3.11. 183 CR/PR at 3.3, Tables 3.3, 3.11. 184 CR/PR at 3.3, Tables 3.3, 3.11. 36 PRWs in 2022 to *** PRWs in 2023 and *** PRWs in 2024.185 The industry’s total hours worked increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** hours in 2022 to *** hours in 2023 and *** hours in 2024.186 Hourly wages paid increased by *** percent over the POI, from $*** per hour in 2022 to $*** per hour in 2023 and $*** per hour in 2024.187 Productivity increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** units per million hours in 2022 to *** units per million hours in 2023 and *** units per million hours in 2024.188 The domestic industry’s U.S. shipments increased by *** percent over the POI, from *** units in 2022 to *** units in 2023 and *** units in 2024.189 The industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption decreased irregularly by *** percentage points over the POI, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** in 2023, then decreasing to *** percent in 2024.190 The domestic industry’s end-of-period inventories decreased from *** unit in 2022 to *** units in 2023 and 2024.191 As a share of total shipments, the domestic industry’s end-of- period inventories decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and 2024.192 The domestic industry’s financial performance was better at the end than the beginning of the POI, although the industry experienced financial losses throughout the period. Its commercial sales value increased by *** percent over the POI, from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024.193 Its *** improved from *** in 2022 to *** in 2023 and *** in 2024.194 The industry’s operating and *** also improved irregularly during the POI, worsening from *** in 2022 to *** in 2023, then improving to *** in 2024.195 The industry’s operating and net losses as a ratio to net sales narrowed by *** percentage points over the POI, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.196 185 CR/PR at 3.20, Table 3.25. 186 CR/PR at 3.20, Table 3.25. 187 CR/PR at 3.20, Table 3.25. 188 CR/PR at 3.20, Table 3.25. 189 CR/PR at 3.12, Table 3.14. 190 CR/PR at 4.7, Table 4.8. 191 CR/PR at 3.18, Table 3.21. 192 CR/PR at 3.18, Table 3.21. 193 CR/PR at Table 6.1. 194 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 195 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 196 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 37 The domestic industry’s capital expenditures increased irregularly by *** percent over the POI, increasing from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, then decreasing to $*** in 2024.197 The industry’s R&D expenses increased irregularly by *** percent over the POI, decreasing from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, then increasing to $*** in 2024.198 The industry’s return on assets improved irregularly by *** percentage points over the POI, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, then decreasing slightly to *** percent in 2024.199 As discussed above, over the POI, the volume and market share of subject imports increased significantly as they undersold the domestic like product to a significant degree. Although the domestic industry’s performance improved by most measures during the POI, increasing volumes of low-priced subject imports took market share from the domestic industry and suppressed domestic prices to a significant degree,200 preventing the industry from fully capitalizing on the *** percent increase in apparent U.S. consumption during the period. As a result, the domestic industry’s production, U.S. shipments, net sales values, gross profits, operating and net income, and operating and net income margins were weaker than they would have been but for subject imports. Consequently, we find that subject imports had a significant adverse impact on the domestic industry.201 Respondents argue that the increase in subject imports and their market share gain resulted not from underselling but from Kobelco re-entering the U.S. market after addressing EPA compliance issues with its engines.202 They contend that subject import volumes did not have a significant impact on the domestic industry during the POI because they did not prevent Manitowoc from ***.203 Kobelco also argues that there is no correlation between subject 197 CR/PR at Tables 6.9 & C.1. 198 CR/PR at Tables 6.9 & C.1. 199 CR/PR at Table 6.9. 200 As noted above, Chair Karpel cannot conclude that subject imports did not prevent price increases that would have otherwise occurred. 201 Chair Karpel notes that there are several issues that require further investigation in any final phase investigation, including: the degree of competition between subject imports of LBCCs assemblies and finished LBCCs; the impact of the price of imported assemblies on the price of domestically- manufactured finished LBCCs; the impact of after-sales service and maintenance costs in purchasing decisions; and the nature of price negotiations and the degree of price transparency in this market. 202 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 20-21; Kobelco Postconference Br. at 10. 203 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 20-21; Kobelco Postconference Br. at 10. 38 imports and the domestic industry’s performance.204 All of respondents’ arguments, however, fail to account for the significant underselling by subject imports and their significant suppressing effects that prevented the domestic industry from increasing its prices above its costs during a period of increasing U.S. consumption – leaving the industry to operate at a *** throughout the POI. In any final phase of the investigation, we intend to explore further whether a reentry by Kobelco into the U.S. market to supply loyal customers explains the market share shift from the domestic industry to subject imports at the end of the POI. We have also considered whether there are other factors that may have had an impact on the domestic industry, to ensure that we are not attributing injury from such other factors to subject imports. As discussed in section VI.B.2 above, nonsubject imports’ share of apparent U.S. consumption declined from 33.6 percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and 23.4 percent in 2024. While the declining market share of nonsubject imports indicates that such imports do not explain the injury to the domestic industry during the POI, the record of this preliminary phase investigation contains limited information on nonsubject imports. Accordingly, in any final phase of the investigation, the Commission will seek to collect additional information on nonsubject imports. Link-Belt and Sumitomo argue that any harm Manitowoc suffered during the POI resulted from a large fine imposed by the EPA, Manitowoc’s LBCC marketing strategy, and tariffs on the imported components from China that Manitowoc utilizes to manufacture LBCCs.205 We intend to further investigate the role of these factors in any final phase of the investigation. Conclusion For the reasons stated above, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of LBCCs from Japan that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV. 204 Kobelco Postconference Br. at 16, 18-19. 205 Link-Belt Postconference Br. at 26-27. 1.1 Introduction Background This investigation results from a petition filed with the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (“USITC” or “Commission”) by The Manitowoc Company, Inc. (“Manitowoc”), Milwaukee, WI, on April 10, 2025, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured and threatened with material injury by reason of less-than-fair-value (“LTFV”) imports of lattice-boom crawler cranes (“LBCCs”)1 from Japan. Table 1.1 presents information relating to the background of this investigation.2 3 Table 1.1 LBCCs: Information relating to the background and schedule of this proceeding Effective date Action April 10, 2025 Petitions filed with Commerce and the Commission; institution of the Commission investigation (90 FR 15989, April 16, 2025) May 1, 2025 Commission’s conference May 7, 2025 Commerce’s notice of initiation (90 FR 19270, April 30, 2025) May 23, 2025 Scheduled date for the Commission’s vote May 27, 2025 Scheduled date for the Commission’s determination June 3, 2025 Scheduled date for the Commission’s views 1 See the section entitled “The subject merchandise” in Part 1 of this report for a complete description of the merchandise subject in this proceeding. 2 Pertinent Federal Register notices are referenced in appendix A and may be found at the Commission’s website (www.usitc.gov). 3 A list of witnesses appearing at the conference is presented in appendix B of this report. 1.2 Statutory criteria Section 771(7)(B) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (the “Act”) (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B)) provides that in making its determinations of injury to an industry in the United States, the Commission-- shall consider (Ⅰ) the volume of imports of the subject merchandise, (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of that merchandise on prices in the United States for domestic like products, and (Ⅲ) the impact of imports of such merchandise on domestic producers of domestic like products, but only in the context of production operations within the United States; and. . . may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of imports. Section 771(7)(C) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)) further provides that--4 In evaluating the volume of imports of merchandise, the Commission shall consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States is significant.. . .In evaluating the effect of imports of such merchandise on prices, the Commission shall consider whether. . .(Ⅰ) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.. . . In examining the impact required to be considered under subparagraph (B)(ⅰ)(Ⅲ), the Commission shall evaluate (within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry) all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry in the United States, including, but not limited to. . . (Ⅰ) actual and potential decline in output, sales, market share, gross profits, operating profits, net profits, ability to service debt, productivity, return on investments, return on assets, and utilization of capacity, (Ⅱ) factors affecting domestic prices, (Ⅲ) actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital, and investment, (Ⅳ) actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (Ⅴ) in {an antidumping investigation}, the magnitude of the margin of dumping. 4 Amended by PL 114-27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 1.3 In addition, Section 771(7)(J) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(J)) provides that—5 (J) EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY.—The Commission may not determine that there is no material injury or threat of material injury to an industry in the United States merely because that industry is profitable or because the performance of that industry has recently improved. Organization of report Part 1 of this report presents information on the subject merchandise, alleged dumping margins, and domestic like product. Part 2 of this report presents information on conditions of competition and other relevant economic factors. Part 3 presents information on the condition of the U.S. industry, including data on capacity, production, shipments, inventories, and employment. Parts 4 and 5 present the volume of subject imports and pricing of domestic and imported products, respectively. Part 6 presents information on the financial experience of U.S. producers. Part 7 presents the statutory requirements and information obtained for use in the Commission’s consideration of the question of threat of material injury as well as information regarding nonsubject countries. 5 Amended by PL 114-27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 1.4 Market summary LBCCs are generally used in the construction and repair of transportation systems (highways, bridges), dams, submarines, nuclear reactors, and wind towers.6 The leading U.S. producers of LBCCs are Manitowoc and Link-Belt Cranes (“Link-Belt”), while leading producers of LBCCs outside the United States include Kobelco Construction Machinery (“Kobelco”) and Sumitomo Heavy Industries Clean Construction Cranes Co., Ltd (“Sumitomo”) of Japan, Liebherr Crane Co (“Liebherr”) of Germany, and Sany International Development (“Sany”) of China.7 The leading U.S. importers of LBCCs from Japan are Kobelco and Link-Belt. Leading importers of LBCCs from nonsubject countries (primarily Austria, Germany, and China) include Liebherr and Sany. U.S. purchasers of LBCCs are firms that rent cranes, construction companies and distributors; the leading responding purchaser of LBCCs is ***. Apparent U.S. consumption of LBCCs totaled approximately *** units in 2024.8 Currently, one firm is known to produce LBCCs in the United States and one firm is known to process LBCCs in the United States. U.S. producer and processors’ U.S. shipments of LBCCs totaled *** units in 2024. The U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments of LBCCs totaled *** units (***) in 2024. The U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments of LBCCs totaled *** units (***) in 2024. The U.S. processor added *** in value to imports in 2024. Total apparent consumption of U.S. imports from subject sources totaled *** units (***) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. U.S. imports from nonsubject sources totaled *** in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. Summary data and data sources A summary of data collected in this investigation is presented in appendix C, table C.1. The Commission’s questionnaires collected data for the years 2022 to 2024. Except as noted, U.S. industry data are based on questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for virtually all U.S. production of LBCCs during 2024. U.S. imports are based on data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.9 6 Petition, p. 1. 7 Petition, exhibit 2. 8 Value of domestic apparent consumption is omitted from this report because the source of this data is limited to estimates presented in the petition. 9 Additional import data was collected via ***. Petition, p. 5. 1.5 Previous and related investigations LBCCs have not been the subject of prior antidumping duty investigations in the United States. Nature and extent of alleged sales at LTFV Alleged sales at LTFV On May 7, 2025, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the initiation of its antidumping duty investigation on LBCCs from Japan. Commerce has initiated antidumping duty investigations based on estimated dumping margins of 157.43 percent for LBCCs from Japan.10 10 90 FR 19270, May 7, 2025. 1.6 The subject merchandise Commerce’s scope In the current proceeding, Commerce has defined the scope as follows:11 The merchandise covered by this investigation consists of lattice boom crawler cranes, and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies. Lattice boom crawler cranes combine the assemblies defined below, among other components, including a lower carriage assembly fitted with tank-link crawler tracks, an upper carriage housing the operator cab, engine, and hydraulics, and a boom made of steel pipe welded together in a distinctive lattice pattern. The scope of this investigation covers lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies, whether assembled or unassembled, and whether or not the lattice boom crawler crane contains any additional features that provide for functions beyond the primary lifting function. All lattice boom crawler cranes are included in the scope regardless of maximum lift capacity, lattice boom length, jib configuration, or other added features. Subject merchandise includes, but is not limited to, the following lattice boom crawler crane assemblies which can be imported in isolation or combined in different configurations at the time of import: • Lattice boom assemblies and pieces thereof. Lattice boom assemblies are formed of interlocking sections of welded high-strength steel pipe, that form the lifting attachment of the crane. A lattice boom is formed by welding main chords together with lacing pipes typically arranged in a “W” or “V” pattern. Lattice boom assemblies consist of a boom butt (also known as a boom bottom or boom base), which attaches to the upper carriage assembly, and a boom head (also known as a boom tip or boom hat), which forms the other end of the boom structure. In between the boom butt and boom head, boom inserts of various lengths can be inserted to reach the desired boom height and load bearing capability. Lattice boom assemblies may be imported with boom butt, boom tip, and boom inserts together, but boom butt, boom tip, and boom inserts imported alone are also covered by the scope. • Lower carriage assembly. The lower carriage assembly (also may be referred to as a carbody or lower works) is constructed with high- strength steel components and forms the base of the crawler crane. The lower carriage assembly typically includes various motors, drive 11 90 FR 19270, May 7, 2025. 1.7 mechanisms, and hydraulics. The lower carriage assembly may also include a set of counterweights to provide backward stability for the assembled crane. The lower carriage typically has a circular center that is connected to the upper carriage assembly with a bearing. The lower and upper carriage assemblies may or may not be connected by a bearing at the time of importation. Steel arms extend from the center of the lower carriage and connect to the front and rear of the crawler assemblies that are positioned on both sides of the lower carriage assembly. The lower carriage assembly may also contain a hydraulic system that allows for the extension and retraction of the crawler assemblies to create a wider base. A lower carriage assembly may be imported with or without crawler assemblies. • Crawler assembly. Each lattice boom crawler crane contains at least two crawler assemblies, which are continuous tracks that provide mobility and distribute the crane’s weight evenly across the ground. The tracks of a lattice boom crawler crane consist of steel track shoes, which are interlocking steel plates that form the tread of the tracks and make direct contact with the ground, a track chain, which is a continuous loop of interconnected steel links, and a crawler body and track rollers, which support the track shoes and track chain. Typically, drive motors mounted on the lower carriage assembly connect to crawler-mounted drive sprockets, which engage the track chain and allow the LBCC to move forward and backward. • Upper carriage assembly. The upper carriage assembly, also known as the upper works, typically includes the operator’s cab, hydraulic systems, engine, boom hoist, mast, and a turntable base with swing drive mechanism that connects to the lower carriage assembly and allows the upper carriage to pivot on the lower carriage assembly. The upper and lower carriage assemblies may or may not be connected by a bearing at the time of importation. The upper carriage assembly may also include a separate counterweight tray and counterweights, which allow the crane to maintain balance while lifting heavy loads, as well as a gantry, which helps lift the boom and counterweights during installation, although the counterweight tray, counterweights, and gantry are not required to be attached for the upper carriage assembly to be a subject assembly. The boom butt may or may not be attached to the upper carriage assembly at the time of entry. • Hoisting assembly. The hoisting assembly, housed within the upper carriage assembly and lattice boom assembly, powers the lifting and lowering of loads and typically consists of a hoisting line of high strength steel cable, a hoist motor, hoist brakes, hoisting drums, and a hook block formed from steel sheaves, which helps distribute the load on the hoisting line and increases lifting capacity. The main hoisting line typically runs from the hoist drums, housed in the upper carriage 1.8 assembly, up through the lattice boom (which may or may not house additional hoist drums) and hook block. • Jib assemblies. Jib assemblies are optional components that can be added to the top end of the boom to provide the crane with greater reach. Similar to lattice boom assemblies, jib assemblies typically consist of interlocking sections of welded steel pipe, arranged in a “V” or “W” lattice pattern. Jib assemblies can consist of either fixed jib, which extends from the main lattice boom at a fixed angle, or a luffing jib, which can be raised or lowered by the operator through a separate set of controls. Importation of any of these assemblies, whether assembled or unassembled, constitutes unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes for purposes of this investigation. Inclusion of other components not identified as comprising the finished or unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies do not remove the products from the scope. Processing of lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies such as welding, joining, bolting, painting, coating, finishing, or assembly, either in the country of manufacture of the in-scope product or in a third country does not remove the product from the scope. Lattice boom crawler cranes and lattice boom crawler crane assemblies subject to this investigation include those that are produced in the subject country whether assembled with other components in the subject country or in a third country. Processing or completion of finished and unfinished lattice boom crawler cranes and the covered lattice boom crawler crane assemblies either in the subject country or in a third country does not remove the product from the scope. 1.9 Tariff treatment Lattice boom crawler cranes (LBCCs) and assemblies are classified in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) under statistical reporting numbers 8426.49.0010, 8426.49.0090, and 8431.49.1090. LBCCs imported from Japan enter the United States market at a column 1-general duty rate of 0 percent ad valorem. LBCC assemblies are imported under HTS statistical reporting numbers 8487.90.0080 and 8425.19.0000. LBCCs assemblies imported from Japan enter the United States market at a column 1-general duty rate of 3.9 percent ad valorem for HTS statistical reporting number 8487.90.0080 and 0 percent ad valorem for HTS statistical reporting number 8425.19.0000. Additionally, on April 5, 2025, the Trump Administration implemented an additional 10 percent tariff on all Japanese exports to the United States under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.12 Decisions on the tariff classification and treatment of imported goods are within the authority of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Certain steel components of LBCCs are subject to trade actions under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. As of February 10, 2025, HTS subheadings 8431.49.10 and 8431.49.90 are subject to 25 percent duties upon the value of steel content. 12 White House, “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security,” April 2, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-declares- national-emergency-to-increase-our-competitive-edge-protect-our-sovereignty-and-strengthen-our- national-and-economic-security/. 1.10 The product Description and applications Lattice boom crawler cranes are gas-powered cranes used for lifting, lowering, and moving heavy loads at extended reach capacities. LBCCs are primarily used in the construction and heavy-lifting industries on construction projects, including ports, bridges, industrial buildings, power plants, wind turbines, and other projects where heavy lifting is required.13 With lift capacities ranging from 70 tons to 2,300 tons, LBCCs are designed to lift varying weights of cargo at different heights.14 The life expectancy of a LBCC is dependent on the use of the product. If a LBCC is rented out, the life expectancy is 15 to 20 years, while if the LBCC is bought by an end user, the life expectancy is between 50 and 60 years.15 Additionally, an LBCC can be refurbished and released back into the market for up to 20 years.16 Since LBCCs range in size, larger parts like the crawler are not interchangeable with LBCCs of different sizes; however, smaller parts like valves can be salvaged for other types of LBCCs.17 While one LBCC includes thousands of materials and components, the assemblies can be broken up into the lattice boom assemblies, lower carriage assembly, crawler assembly, upper carriage assembly, hoisting assembly, and jib assemblies (figure 1.1).18 13 Petition, p. 11. 14 Petition, p. 11; Manitowac, “Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes,” https://www.manitowoc.com/manitowoc/lattice-boom-crawler-cranes, retrieved April 23, 2025. 15 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 35 (Konkle). 16 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 36 (Konkle). 17 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 41 (Konkle). 18 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025); Petition, pp. 8 to 10. 1.11 Figure 1.1. Key Assemblies of a Lattice Boom Crawler Crane Source: Petition, p. 12. The lattice-patterned boom assembly is the lifting attachment of the crane, and it is primarily fabricated from high strength steel pipe and interlocking sections.19 It is formed by welding the components together arranged in a “W” or “V” pattern.20 The boom butt is used to 19 Petition, pp. 8–9. 20 Petition, p. 8. 1.12 attach the upper carriage assembly and the boom head to form the boom structure.21 Between the boom butt and the boom head, boom inserts can be inserted to reach the desired length and load bearing capacity.22 Jib assemblies are optional components that can be added to the top of the crane to provide greater reach; these assemblies typically consist of interlocking sections of welded steel pipe, arranged in a “V” or “W” lattice pattern.23 The upper carriage assembly typically includes the operator’s cab, hydraulic systems, engine, boom hoist, mast, and a turntable base.24 This assembly may also include a separate counterweight tray and counterweights to ensure stability while the crane is lifting heavy loads.25 A gantry is used to help lift the counterweights for installation and removal. The upper carriage includes the circular swing drive mechanism or bearing that connects to the lower carriage assembly and allows the upper carriage to swivel 360 degrees.26 The lower carriage assembly is constructed using high strength steel components that form the base of the crane; this assembly includes various motors, drive mechanisms, and hydraulics.27 The lower carriage assembly may also include counterweights to further ensure stability.28 Extending from the center of the lower carriage assembly are steel arms which connect to the front and rear of the crawler assembly that are positioned on the left and right sides of the lower carriage assembly.29 The crawler assembly is composed of at least two continuous tracks that provide mobility and distribute the crane’s weight evenly. The tracks consist of steel track shoes forming the tread of the track, a track chain (a continuous loop of interconnected steel links), a crawler body, and track rollers which support the track shoes and train.30 Drive motors are located within the lower carriage assembly and connect to the crawler-mounted drive sprockets allowing the crane to move forward and backward.31 21 Petition, pp. 8 to 9. A boom butt is also known as a boom bottom or boom base, and the boom head is also known as a boom tip or boom hat. 22 Petition, pp. 8 to 9. 23 Jib assemblies can be either fixed jibs which extend from the lattice boom at a fixed angle, or luffing jib which can be raised or lowered using a separate set of controls. Petition, p. 10. 24 Petition, p. 9. 25 Petition, p. 9. 26 The lower carriage assembly is also called the car body. Staff conference; Petition, p. 9. 27 Petition, p. 9. 28 Petition, p. 9. 29 The lower carriage assembly may also include a hydraulic system for extending and retracting of the crawler assembly to create a wider base. Petition, p. 9. 30 Petition, p. 9. 31 Petition, p. 9. 1.13 Housed within the upper carriage assembly and the lattice boom assembly is the hoisting assembly.32 The hoisting assembly is used for lifting and lowering loads; it is made of the hook block, hoist motor, hoist brakes, hoisting drums, and hoisting line. The hook block is made of steel sheaves which helps to distribute the load and increase lifting capacity.33 The hoisting line is made of high-strength steel cable and runs through the hoist drum (located in the upper carriage) and through the lattice boom and hook block.34 Finally, LBCCs are typically transported to the project site in subassemblies which are assembled using other cranes or through self-assembly functions (figure 1.2).35 Figure 1.2. Lattice boom crawler crane Source: Manitowoc, “Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes,” https://www.manitowoc.com/manitowoc/lattice- boom-crawler-cranes, retrieved April 23, 2025. 32 Petition, p. 10. 33 Petition, p. 10. 34 The hook block connects the lattice boom to the load. Petition, p. 10; RIS, “The Way To Use A Crane Block,” January 4, 2024, https://www.valuecrane.com/the-way-to-use-a-crane-block/. 35 Self-assembly functions enable the crane to be assembled using its own parts. 1.14 Manufacturing processes Manufacturing facilities have adopted lean manufacturing principles to help eliminate waste and continuously improve the product.36 LBCC manufacturing includes the use of robotic welding to weld 85-90 percent of the product, and highly skilled welders weld the other 10-15 percent.37 Since LBCCs can greatly range in size and lift capacities, manufacturing timelines vary from product to product and range from 40 to 150 days.38 Producers start in the design and engineering process, where engineers use advanced technology to design the components to ensure proper lift capacity; it is common for customers to provide input during the design and engineering process.39 On the manufacturing side, high strength steel plates are laser cut to specific shapes; these components are then joined together through laser welding or fastened with bolts to create structures of various assemblies.40 Additional components including electronics, hydraulics, and motors are then added to the assemblies.41 For the crawler, the track chain, seen in figure 1.3, is forged using high strength alloy steel which is then shaped through multiple forging strokes and heat cycles before the chain links are cooled and cleaned.42 The upper and lower carriage assemblies are manufactured using high strength steel components and include various systems and electronics required to operate the crane.43 36 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 46 (Konkle); Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 107 (Collins). 37 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 45 (Konkle). 38 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 66 (Konkle). 39 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 20, 84 (Konkle). 40 These assemblies include the upper carriage assembly, lower carriage assembly, crawler assembly, and hoisting assembly; Petition, p. 13. 41 Petition, p. 13. 42 RIS, “How To Produce A Crawler Crane Track Chain?” January 18, 2024, https://www.valuecrane.com/how-to-produce-a-crawler-crane-track-chain/. 43 Petition, p. 9. 1.15 Figure 1.3. Crawler track chain Source: RIS, “How To Produce A Crawler Crane Track Chain?” January 18, 2024, https://www.valuecrane.com/how-to-produce-a-crawler-crane-track-chain/. Using steel products, workers will weld together pieces of the lattice boom and jib assemblies from high strength structural steel pipe.44 In order to form the pipes, the sides of a flat steel sheet are welded together or by piercing steel rods (figure 1.3).45 The assemblies are then sent off to painting and testing before joining upper carriage, lower carriage, crawler, and hoisting assemblies on the assembly line.46 Assemblies are then joined together to create the final LBCC, which is then sent off for inspection and testing. LBCCs are often disassembled before shipment, which can require between 3 and 50 truckloads depending on the size of the product; they are then reassembled at the job site.47 The manufacturing process for imported LBCC assemblies is labor-intensive and contains multiple steps at the manufacturing facility and the job site.48 44 Petition, p. 13. 45 Landwehr, “How cranes are made”, December 7, 2020, https://landwehrconstruction.com/how- cranes-are-made/. 46 Petition, p. 13. 47 Petition, p. 13. 48 The manufacturing process in the United States is very similar to the manufacturing process in Japan. Kobelco’s Postconference Brief, Appendix A, p. 8. 1.16 Figure 1.4. Lattice boom section of a crane Source: Crane Market, “Kobelco CK1600G 160-Ton Lattice Boom Crawler Crane For Sale or Rent,” retrieved April 28, 2025, https://cranemarket.com/kobelco-ck1600g-160-ton-lattice-boom-crawler-crane- for-sale-or-rent-id1600. 1.17 Domestic like product issues The petitioner proposes that the Commission should define a single domestic like product consisting of LBCCs, coextensive with the proposed scope of the investigations.49 Respondent Link-Belt proposes that the Commission finds that finished LBCCs and subassemblies are separate like products.50 U.S. producers and importers were asked to assess any differences between complete LBCCs and in-scope subassemblies of LBCCs based on factors the Commission considers in a semi-finished products analysis, including (1) whether the upstream article is dedicated to the production of the downstream article or has independent uses; (2) whether there are perceived to be separate markets for the upstream and downstream articles; (3) differences in the physical characteristics and functions of the upstream and downstream articles; (4) differences in the costs or value of the vertically differentiated articles; and (5) the significance and extent of the processes used to transform the upstream into the downstream articles. Responses provided by firms are summarized in table 1.2 below (where a ‘no’ response generally corresponds to indicating no differences or distinctions between complete LBCCs and in-scope subassemblies of LBCCs). Additional narratives on finished and unfinished merchandise can be found in Appendix D. Table 1.2 LBCCs: Count of firms’ responses regarding semi-finished product analysis comparing semi-finished LBCC subassemblies to finished LBCCs, by factor and firm type Count in number of firms reporting Firm type Factor No Yes U.S. producers and U.S. processors Other uses *** *** U.S. producers and U.S. processors Separate market *** *** U.S. producers and U.S. processors Differences in characteristics *** *** U.S. producers and U.S. processors Differences in costs *** *** U.S. producers and U.S. processors Transformation intensive *** *** Importers Other uses *** *** Importers Separate market *** *** Importers Differences in characteristics *** *** Importers Differences in costs *** *** Importers Transformation intensive *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Firm by firm narratives regarding semi-finished product analysis are available in appendix D. 49 Petitioner’s petition, p. 22. 50 Link-Belt postconference brief, p. 2. 1.18 2.1 Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market1 U.S. market characteristics LBCCs are a type of mobile heavy-duty crane that is characterized by a fixed lattice- boom and tank-like crawler tracks.2 The ultimate use of an LBCC is to lift and move large and heavy loads over a wide radius. They are commonly used in major construction projects such as those for large buildings, stadiums, power plants, refineries, wind farms, and infrastructure projects like bridges and highways. LBCCs are also rated to operate on barges and heavily used in off-shore and coastal environments.3 Purchasers can include large national rental companies, regional rental companies, general contractors, and entities such as the U.S. government.4 LBCCs can last 15 to 20 years for rental companies and 40 to 60 years for end users.5 LBCCs can also be refurbished, adding another 15 to 20 years of use.6 U.S. producer *** and importer *** stated that the LBCC market was not subject to distinctive conditions of competition. However, *** added that *** had regulatory issues with its engines and was not in the market from February 2021 until mid-2023, during which time Link-Belt increased its market share. Only importer *** indicated that the market was subject to distinctive conditions of competition. Specifically, it stated that the market is subject to public investment and government policies. Apparent U.S. consumption of LBCCs increased *** during 2022 to 2024. Overall, apparent U.S. consumption in 2024 was *** percent higher than in 2022. 1 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt responded to market conditions questions in both the U.S. producer’s and importer’s questionnaires. Unless otherwise stated, Link-Belt’s responses are categorized as importer responses to limit double counting of its responses. Importer *** responded to some market conditions questions. Unless otherwise noted, staff has not included its responses in this section because it did not sell into the U.S. market. 2 Conference transcript, p. 18 (Konkle). 3 Conference transcript, p. 22 (Konkle). 4 Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, Exhibit 1, p. 24. 5 Conference transcript, p. 35 (Konkle). 6 Conference transcript. P. 36 (Konkle). 2.2 Impact of section 232 and new or modified tariffs U.S. producers and importers were asked to report the impact of section 232 tariffs and new or modified tariffs associated with executive orders since January 1, 2025 on overall demand, supply, prices, or raw material costs.7 With respect to the section 232 tariffs, only *** reported an impact, stating that steel prices have been steadily increasing due to the section 232 tariffs, as well as increasing demand. It added that the Ukraine war in 2022 also caused disruption in the steel industry. U.S. producer *** and *** reported that there had been an impact from the new or modified tariffs as a result of executive orders since January 1, 2025; importer *** reported that it did not know. *** reported that it expects new tariffs to substantially increase costs of LBCC raw materials and components. *** reported that its domestic suppliers have raised prices regardless of whether the suppliers will experience any actual tariffs, and that the reciprocal and additional steel and aluminum tariffs are increasing production costs, which will eventually be passed along to customers. Channels of distribution Firms sold mainly to distributors, with a vast majority sold to unrelated distributors, as shown in table 2.1. Petitioner stated that it sells LBCCs mostly to distributors, which in turn sell its cranes to rental companies and end users, typically large construction contractors. Petitioner also sells directly to several “rental houses” which rent equipment including crawler cranes to construction companies. Certain distributors may also rent and sell used cranes.8 Petitioner also stated that distributors will order LBCCs based on their forecasted needs which are informed by the distributors’ interactions with rental companies and end users. It continued that purchasers generally understand their equipment needs well in advance given the significant advanced planning required for large construction projects.9 7 Firms were also asked about the impact of the section 301 tariffs; *** firms reported an impact. 8 Conference transcript, pp. 24-25 (Hull). 9 Conference transcript, p. 25 (Hull). 2.3 Respondent Kobelco stated that it has two primary sales channels in the United States: (1) dealers that resell, rent, or rent/lease-to-buy LBCCs to end users; and (2) direct sales to end users, such as construction companies. It added that it is not affiliated with any of its customers. 10 Respondent Link-Belt stated that its North American distribution network comprises approximately 32 distributors, of which two distributors, both operating for close to 25 years, are owned by Link-Belt, and all other dealer partners remain independently owned and operated.11 Table 2.1 LBCCs: Share of U.S. shipments by source, channel of distribution, and period Shares in percent Source Channel 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer End users *** *** *** U.S. producer Related distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** U.S. producer Unrelated distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** U.S. processor End users *** *** *** U.S. processor Related distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** U.S. processor Unrelated distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** Japan End users *** *** *** Japan Related distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** Japan Unrelated distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** Nonsubject sources End users *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Related distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Unrelated distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** All import sources End users *** *** *** All import sources Related distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** All import sources Unrelated distributors/dealers/rental *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 10 Respondent Kobelco’s postconference brief, Appendix A, p. 5. 11 Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, Exhibit 1, p. 23. 2.4 Geographic distribution U.S. producers reported selling LBCCs to all regions in the United States (table 2.2). Importers reported selling to all regions except other. U.S. producer Manitowoc estimated that *** percent of its LBCCs were shipped within 100 miles from its ***, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles.12 Importers sold *** percent within 100 miles of their U.S. point of shipment, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles. Table 2.2 LBCCs: Count of U.S. producer’s and U.S. importers’ geographic markets Region U.S. producer Japan Northeast *** *** Midwest *** *** Southeast *** *** Central Southwest *** *** Mountain *** *** Pacific Coast *** *** Other *** *** All regions (except Other) *** *** Reporting firms 1 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Other U.S. markets include AK, HI, PR, and VI. ***. Supply and demand considerations U.S. supply Table 2.3 provides a summary of the supply factors regarding LBCCs from the U.S. producer, U.S. processor, and Japanese producers. All supply sources showed high capacity utilization in 2024, although Japanese producers were more export-oriented than the U.S. producer. 12 Manitowoc ***. Staff email correspondence with Myles Getlan, Counsel for Manitowoc, May 8, 2025. 2.5 Table 2.3 LBCCs: Supply factors that affect the ability to increase shipments to the U.S. market, by country Quantity in units; ratio and share in percent; count in number of firms reporting Factor Measure U.S. producer U.S. processor Japan Capacity 2022 Quantity *** *** *** Capacity 2024 Quantity *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2022 Ratio *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2024 Ratio *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2022 Ratio *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2024 Ratio *** *** *** Home market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** Non-US export market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** Ability to shift production (firms reporting “yes”) Count *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Responding U.S. producer Manitowoc accounted for all of U.S. production of LBCCs, and U.S. processor Link-Belt accounted for all of U.S. processing of LBCCs in 2024. Responding foreign producer/exporter firms accounted for the vast majority of U.S. imports of LBCCs from Japan during 2024. For additional data on the number of responding firms and their share of U.S. production and of U.S. imports from each subject country, please refer to Parts 3 and 7. U.S. processor and Japanese producer capacities are not additive, as the U.S. processor is processing imported crawler assembles from Japan and domestically produced lattice booms to manufacture a finished LBCC. Domestic production Based on available information, U.S. producer Manitowoc has the ability to respond to changes in demand with moderate changes in the quantity of shipments of U.S.-produced LBCCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the availability of unused capacity or inventories and an ability to shift production to or from alternate products. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include limited availability of inventories and limited ability to shift shipments from alternate markets. U.S. producer Manitowoc’s practical capacity was *** from 2022 to 2024 as production increased, leading to an increase in capacity utilization. Inventories and export shipments were *** in 2024. Other products that producers reportedly can produce on the same equipment as LBCCs are rough terrain cranes, boom truck cranes, truck mounted cranes, and industrial cranes. Factors affecting U.S. producers’ ability to shift production include market conditions, including order volumes and market pricing. Manitowoc did not report any supply constraints since 2022. 2.6 Based on available information, U.S. processor Link-Belt has the ability to respond to changes in demand with small changes in the quantity of shipments of U.S.-produced LBCCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factor to this degree of responsiveness of supply is the ability to shift production to or from alternate products. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include limited availability of unused capacity and inventories and limited ability to shift shipments from alternate markets. U.S. processor Link-Belt’s practical capacity declined at a slower rate than production declined from 2022 to 2024, leading to a decrease in capacity utilization. Inventories declined to *** in 2024. Other products that it reportedly can produce on the same equipment as LBCCs are lattice structures for telescopic boom cranes. Link-Belt reported that the factors affecting U.S. producers’ ability to shift production were that ***. Subject imports from Japan Based on available information, producers of LBCCs from Japan have the ability to respond to changes in demand with moderate changes in the quantity of shipments of LBCCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the ability to shift shipments from alternate markets or inventories and some ability to shift production to or from alternate products. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include limited availability of unused capacity and inventories. 2.7 Japanese producers’ production increased at a slightly faster rate than practical capacity increased, leading to an increase in capacity utilization from 2022 to 2024. Inventories increased slightly but were less than *** percent during 2022 to 2024. Approximately one-third of Japanese producers’ shipments were exported to non-U.S. markets, including Western Europe, the Middle East, Oceania, Southeast Asia, South Korea, and Taiwan. Both Japanese producers reported that there are no third country trade actions on LBCCs. Other products that Japanese producer Sumitomo reportedly ***. Japanese producer Kobelco reported ***. Imports from nonsubject sources There were no imported LBCCs from nonsubject sources reported by questionnaire respondents during 2022 to 2024. Industry witnesses indicated that LBCCs are also produced in Germany and China.13 13 Conference transcript, p. 37 (Hull), pp. 100 to 101, and pp. 126 to 127 (Collins). See also Respondent Kobelco’s postconference brief, p. 9. 2.8 Supply constraints Both importers reported that they had experienced supply constraints since January 1, 2022, while U.S. producer Manitowoc reported that it had not. Importers Kobelco and Link-Belt reported supply constraints in 2022 and 2023, but no supply constraints in 2024. Importer Kobelco stated that it stopped producing LBCCs with Hino engines in 2021 because its LBCC engine supplier, Hino, failed EPA emission standards, and that it transitioned to Isuzu motors in 2022 and 2023, returning to the U.S. market in 2024.14 *** reported that a domestic producer of chord lugs (boom connecting pins) had financial difficulties and was unable to obtain sufficient quantities of raw material to meet *** production schedule in 2022. It added that the disruption continued into 2023, leading *** engineering team to re-design and convert to cast lugs sourced from a different domestic vendor.15 U.S. demand Based on available information, the overall demand for LBCCs is likely to experience small changes in response to changes in price. The main contributing factors are the somewhat limited range of substitute products. End uses and cost share U.S. demand for LBCCs is driven primarily by general economic conditions and non- residential construction spending, including infrastructure spending.16 Reported end uses include lifting and movement of materials, construction (bridge and general), and oil and gas industry. LBCCs are not used in any end-use products. 14 Conference transcript, p. 11 (Eppard), p. 116 (Hodges). See also Respondent Kobelco’s postconference brief, pp. 4 to 6, and Appendix A, p. 7. Kobelco noted ***. Id at Appendix A, p. 7. 15 See also Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, pp. 16 to 17. 16 Conference transcript, pp. 25-26 (Hull). 2.9 Business cycles U.S. producer Manitowoc and two of three importers indicated that the market was subject to business cycles. Specifically, *** reported that the LBCCs market follows macroeconomic conditions, with non-residential construction activity and infrastructure spending as primary drivers of demand. *** reported that the oil and gas market is a strong driver in the 110-130 tonnage class machines. It added that this market has been very strong, that increased infrastructure spending has also had a favorable impact on the business cycle, and that the LBCC industry is significantly impacted by changes in interest rates. Demand trends Most firms reported an increase in U.S. demand for LBCCs since January 1, 2022 (table 2.4). Petitioner stated that demand for LBCCs has increased significantly since 2022 due to a relatively strong economy in recent years as well as stimulus in the form of the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the CHIPS Act.17 Demand for LBCCs can be influenced by the replacement cycle, with most large rental companies replacing LBCCs in their fleet about every 15 years and contractors every 20 to 25 years.18 An industry witness for the petitioner stated that the largest, peak crane market in the world was in 2006 to 2008 and cranes purchased during that period may soon be due for replacement.19 Table 2.4 LBCCs: Count of firms’ responses regarding overall domestic and foreign demand, by firm type Market Firm type Steadily Increase Fluctuate Up No change Fluctuate Down Steadily Decrease Domestic demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Domestic demand Importers *** *** *** *** *** Foreign demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Foreign demand Importers *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 17 Conference transcript, p. 26 (Hull). 18 Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, Exhibit 1, pp. 12 to 13. 19 Petitioner postconference brief, p. 22. 2.10 Real gross domestic product (GDP) generally increased over the period, though the first quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2025 declined from the previous quarter (table 2.5 and figure 2.1). Both total nonresidential construction spending and total public construction spending increased by 40.3 percent and 39.7 percent, respectively, from January 2022 to March 2025 (tables 2.6 and 2.7, figure 2.2). The rig count, a proxy for oil and gas production, increased in 2022 and the first half of 2023, then declined in the second half of 2023 through March 2025, for an overall slight decline of 1.5 percent (table 2.8 and figure 2.3). Table 2.5 Real GDP: Percent change from preceding period, seasonally adjusted at annual rates, 2022 to 2024 Quarter 2022 2023 2024 2025 Q1 (1.0) 2.8 1.6 (0.3) Q2 0.3 2.4 3 NA Q3 2.7 4.4 3.1 NA Q4 3.4 3.2 2.4 NA Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, "Table 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product," https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product, accessed May 5, 2025. Figure 2.1 Real GDP: Percent change from preceding period, seasonally adjusted at annual rates, 2022 to 2024 Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, "Table 1.1.1. Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product," https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product, accessed May 5, 2025. -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 GDP change from preceding period (percent) 2.11 Table 2.6 Construction spending: Total nonresidential construction spending, monthly, seasonally adjusted, billions of dollars, January 2022 to March 2025 Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 888,350 1,066,812 1,206,831 1,252,896 February 905,108 1,087,027 1,208,252 1,253,424 March 912,632 1,107,380 1,211,846 1,246,592 April 937,724 1,134,962 1,213,820 NA May 940,399 1,139,236 1,215,061 NA June 952,471 1,147,474 1,220,340 NA July 984,914 1,142,315 1,221,997 NA August 990,846 1,159,850 1,227,007 NA September 1,007,570 1,166,763 1,238,485 NA October 1,013,855 1,182,437 1,242,391 NA November 1,033,422 1,200,999 1,247,949 NA December 1,052,240 1,204,109 1,251,392 NA Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Total Construction Spending: Nonresidential in the United States TLNRESCONS, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLNRESCONS, May 5, 2025. Table 2.7 Construction spending: Total public construction spending, monthly, seasonally adjusted, billions of dollars, January 2022 to March 2025 Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 363,749 411,273 478,203 508,965 February 369,992 421,310 480,395 509,201 March 371,309 429,297 485,488 508,090 April 375,146 437,776 486,849 NA May 371,762 444,607 487,104 NA June 376,389 450,969 485,921 NA July 389,187 447,772 492,691 NA August 389,811 454,126 494,540 NA September 393,057 462,829 502,947 NA October 394,667 476,064 506,694 NA November 398,105 479,940 507,220 NA December 403,063 482,887 506,928 NA Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Total Public Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States TLPBLCONS, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLPBLCONS, May 5, 2025. 2.12 Figure 2.2 Construction spending: Total nonresidential and public construction spending, monthly, seasonally adjusted, billions of dollars, January 2022 to March 2025 Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Total Construction Spending: Nonresidential in the United States TLNRESCONS, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLNRESCONS, May 5, 2025. U.S. Census Bureau, Total Public Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States TLPBLCONS, retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLPBLCONS, May 5, 2025. 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2022 2023 2024 2025 Construction spending (billions of dollars) Nonresidential Public 2.13 Table 2.8 Rig count: Baker Hughes North America Rig Count, average monthly, January 2022 to March 2025 Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 601 772 620 584 February 636 758 622 590 March 662 758 625 592 April 690 752 617 NA May 719 728 602 NA June 738 687 588 NA July 757 672 586 NA August 764 647 586 NA September 762 631 587 NA October 768 623 585 NA November 779 619 584 NA December 780 623 589 NA Source: Baker Hughes North America Rig Count, https://rigcount.bakerhughes.com/na-rig-count, accessed May 7, 2025. Note: Staff calculated the monthly average rig count from the weekly rig count data available. Figure 2.3 Rig count: Baker Hughes North America Rig Count, average monthly, January 2022 to March 2025 Source: Baker Hughes North America Rig Count, https://rigcount.bakerhughes.com/na-rig-count, accessed May 7, 2025. Note: Staff calculated the monthly average rig count from the weekly rig count data available. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2022 2023 2024 2025 Count (number of rigs) Total rig 2.14 Substitute products Substitutes for LBCCs are limited. *** reported that there were no substitutes while *** reported that there are substitutes. Reported substitutes include telescopic crawlers or rough terrain cranes for bridge construction, telescopic boom crawler cranes for construction, and hydraulic truck cranes or rough terrain cranes for the oil and gas industry. Importer *** stated that customers typically buy LBCCs for their intended use, so the price of the substitutes does not impact the price of LBCCs. Substitutability issues This section assesses the degree to which U.S.-produced LBCCs and imports of LBCCs from subject countries can be substituted for one another by examining the importance of certain purchasing factors and the comparability of LBCCs from domestic and imported sources based on those factors. Based on available data, staff believes that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between domestically produced LBCCs and LBCCs imported from subject sources.20 U.S. producer Manitowoc reported exclusively producing its LBCCs to order. It also indicated that LBCCs are interchangeable no matter the source and that there are never significant factors other than price. On the other hand, importers reported selling exclusively from inventory. They also reported that LBCCs are sometimes interchangeable and that there are always significant factors other than price. Industry witnesses testified to the importance of reliability and after-sale technical support to customers.21 20 The degree of substitution between domestic and imported LBCCs depends upon the extent of product differentiation between the domestic and imported products and reflects how easily purchasers can switch from domestically produced LBCCs to the LBCCs imported from subject countries (or vice versa) when prices change. The degree of substitution may include such factors as quality differences (e.g., grade standards, defect rates, etc.), and differences in sales conditions (e.g., lead times between order and delivery dates, reliability of supply, product services, etc.). 21 Conference transcript, p. 33 and pp. 38 to 39 (Poff); p. 122 (Schultz); and pp. 115 to 116 (Hodges). 2.15 Factors affecting purchasing decisions Most important purchase factors Purchasers responding to lost sales lost revenue allegations22 were asked to identify the main purchasing factors their firm considered in their purchasing decisions for LBCCs. Purchaser *** reported price, availability, and support as its top three purchasing factors and purchaser *** reported “assigned territory based on dealer agreement.” Industry representatives noted that customers in local regions know who their distributor is and every distributor in their own territory knows who their other competing distributors are.23 Lead times Domestically produced LBCCs are primarily produced-to-order while LBCCs imported from Japan are primarily sold from inventory. U.S. producer Manitowoc reported that *** percent of their commercial shipments were produced-to-order, with lead times averaging *** days. The remaining *** percent of their commercial shipments came from inventories, with lead times averaging *** days.24 Importers reported that they sold *** percent of their LBCCs imported from Japan from foreign inventory and *** percent from U.S. inventories, with lead times of *** days and *** days, respectively. Link-Belt stated that it maintains a build schedule that is synchronized with the delivery of Sumitomo-supplied boom attachments, so that domestic subassembly work and inbound logistics for the attachment align around the same target completion date. Lead-time variability is driven primarily by the specific attachment required; simpler attachments may arrive more quickly, while complex or custom attachments can extend the schedule. In practice, the interval from order placement to receipt of a fully assembled, tested lattice-boom crawler crane is approximately six months, which includes the time required for attachment fabrication in Japan, ocean freight transit, customs clearance, inland transport to Lexington, and the domestic processes needed to complete final assembly and quality inspection.25 22 This information is compiled from responses by purchasers identified by Petitioner to the lost sales lost revenue allegations. See Part 5 for additional information. 23 Conference transcript, p. 173 (Collins and Hodges). 24 ***. 25 Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, exhibit 1, p. 2. 2.16 Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported LBCCs In order to determine whether U.S.-produced LBCCs can generally be used in the same applications as imports from Japan, U.S. producers and importers were asked whether the products can always, frequently, sometimes, or never be used interchangeably. As shown in tables 2.9, Manitowoc reported that domestically produced LBCCs and LBCCs imported from all sources are *** interchangeable while both importers of LBCCs from Japan reported that they are *** interchangeable.26 Importer *** reported that there are different safety standards across the world. Importer *** reported that the design of its products has focused on lower cost of transportation and minimizing the number of loads that must be transported. It continued that the United States has a multitude of road regulations with different DOT regulations in each state, and its LBCCs deliver superior mobilization and demobilization features which aid in transporting its LBCCs. Table 2.9 LBCCs: Count of U.S. producers and importers reporting the interchangeability between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Firm type Always Frequently Sometimes Never U.S. vs. Japan Producer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. other Producer *** *** *** *** Japan vs. Other Producer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. Japan Importer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. other Importer *** *** *** *** Japan vs. Other Importer *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 26 Importer *** reported that domestically produced LBCCs and imported LBCCs are sometimes interchangeable due to “lift carts and/or crane features.” 2.17 In addition, U.S. producers and importers were asked to assess how often differences other than price were significant in sales of LBCCs from the United States, Japan, or nonsubject countries. As seen in table 2.10, Manitowoc reported that there are *** significant factors other than price between domestically produced LBCCs and LBCCs imported from all sources while *** importers reported that they are *** significant factors.27 Importer *** reported that after sales-service like parts supply is very important, as is ease of maintenance and less LBCC downtime. It added that Japanese quality is higher than that of any other country. Importer *** reported that the competitive environment is based on product quality, service and support and customized product offerings. It continued that customers often assess competing products not only by considering up-front cost, but also total cost (including maintenance) during the life of the LBCC. Table 2.10 LBCCs: Count of U.S. producers reporting the significance of differences other than price between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Firm type Always Frequently Sometimes Never U.S. vs. Japan Producer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. other Producer *** *** *** *** Japan vs. Other Producer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. Japan Importer *** *** *** *** U.S. vs. other Importer *** *** *** *** Japan vs. Other Importer *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 27 Importer *** reported that there are always significant factors other than price between domestically produced LBCCs and imported LBCCs, including service/parts/support, expertise, warranty, and durability. 3.1 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment The Commission analyzes a number of factors in making injury determinations (see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(7)(B) and 1677(7)(C)). Information on the dumping margins was presented in Part 1 of this report and information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Part 4 and Part 5. Information on the other factors specified is presented in this section and/or Part 6 and (except as noted) is based on the questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for virtually all U.S. production of LBCCs during 2024. U.S. producers and U.S. processors The Commission issued a U.S. producer questionnaire to all known firms based on information contained in the petition, and through staff research. Two firms provided usable data on their operations. Table 3.1 lists the U.S. producer and U.S. processor of LBCCs, their production locations, positions on the petition, and shares of total production. Table 3.1 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's position on the petition, location of production, and share of reported production / processing, 2024 Shares in percent Firm Position on petition Production location(s) Share of production Share of processing / assembly Link-Belt *** Lexington, KY — 100.0 Manitowoc Petitioner Shady Grove, PA Port Washington, WI 100.0 — All firms Various Various 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 3.2 Table 3.2 presents information on the U.S. producer’s and U.S. processor’s ownership, related and/or affiliated firms. Table 3.2 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's ownership, related and/or affiliated firms Reporting firm Relationship type and related firm Details of relationship *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. As indicated in table 3.2, the U.S. processor is related to foreign producers of the subject merchandise and the U.S. processor is related to U.S. importers of the subject merchandise.1 Producers in the United States were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of LBCCs since 2024. *** producers or processors indicated in their questionnaires that they had experienced such changes. 1 See Transcript of Preliminary Staff Conference, EDIS Doc. 850632 (May 1, 2025) 161 (Shultz). 3.3 U.S. producer’s and U.S. processor’s, capacity, and capacity utilization Table 3.3 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc’s installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment. From 2022 to 2024, installed overall capacity ***. Practical overall capacity *** from 2022 to 2024. Practical overall production increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Both installed and practical overall capacity utilization increased from 2022 to 2024 by *** percentage points and *** percentage points, respectively.2 Table 3.3 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's installed and practical capacity, production, and utilization on the same equipment as subject production, by period3 Capacity and production in units; utilization in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical LBCC Capacity *** *** *** Practical LBCC Production *** *** *** Practical LBCC Utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2 In addition to LBCCs, Manitowoc produces *** on the same equipment as subject production. 3 U.S. processor Link-Belt did not provide questionnaire data regarding installed overall capacity, practical overall capacity, or production of other products. 3.4 Table 3.4 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s reported narratives regarding practical capacity constraints. Table 3.4 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s reported capacity constraints since January 1, 2022 Item Firm name and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Production bottlenecks *** Production bottlenecks *** Existing labor force *** Existing labor force *** Supply of material inputs *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.5 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s narratives on their domestic activities. Table 3.5 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's narratives on their domestic activities Item Firm name and narrative response Link-Belt *** Manitowoc *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.5 Table 3.6 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s share of value inputs in 2024. Table 3.6 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's share of value of inputs in 2024 Capacity and production in units; utilization in percent Production/processing input type U.S. producer Manitowoc Sourcing U.S. processor Link-Belt Sourcing Lattice boom assembly *** Internally produce *** Internally produce Hoisting assembly *** Internally produce *** Import Lower carriage assembly *** Internally produce *** Import Crawler assembly *** Internally produce *** Import Upper carriage assembly *** Internally produce *** Import All other inputs to a complete LBCC *** Internally produce *** Import All inputs 100.0 Internally produce 100.0 Various Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. Table 3.7 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's estimated unit value of lattice boom assemblies versus all other assemblies in an average finished unit, based on 2024 data. Table 3.7 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's estimated unit value of lattice boom assemblies versus all other assemblies in an average finished unit, based on 2024 data Average unit value (AUV) in 1,000 dollars per unit; percent lower/(higher) in percent Production/processing input type U.S. producer Manitowoc AUV U.S. processor Link- Belt AUV Percent processor lower / (higher) Lattice boom assemblies *** *** *** All other subassemblies *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.6 Table 3.8 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s rating and narratives on the complexity and importance of operations. Table 3.8 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's reported complexity and importance of operations Ratings of 1 are minimally complex, intense, or important; Ratings of 5 are extremely complex, intense, or important Firm Rating Narrative response on complexity and importance rating Link-Belt *** *** Manitowoc *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.7 Table 3.9 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s reported domestic operations, by factor. Table 3.9 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's reported domestic operations, by factor Value in 1,000 dollars; value added in percent; employment in average number of PRWs Factor Link-Belt (processor) Manitowoc (producer) Capital investments: Greenfield *** million *** million Capital investments: Assets *** million *** million Capital investments: Capital expenditures *** million *** million Technical expertise: R & D expenses *** thousand *** thousand Value added *** percent *** percent Employment *** PRWs *** PRWs Quantity, type, and source of parts Domestic: *** percent, Imported *** percent Domestic: *** percent, Imported *** percent Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.8 Table 3.10 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's narratives on their domestic activities, by item. Table 3.10 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's and U.S. processor Link-Belt's narratives on their domestic activities, by item Item Firm name and narrative response Capital investments *** Capital investments *** Technical expertise *** Technical expertise *** Value added *** Value added *** Employment *** Employment *** Quantity, type, and source of parts *** Quantity, type, and source of parts *** Costs and activities *** Costs and activities *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.9 Table 3.11 and figure 3.1 present U.S. producer Manitowoc’s LBCC capacity, production, and capacity utilization. Practical LBCCs capacity *** from 2022 to 2024. Practical LBCCs production increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Capacity utilization increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. Table 3.11 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's practical capacity, production, and capacity utilization, by period Capacity and production in units; capacity utilization in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Practical capacity *** *** *** Production *** *** *** Capacity utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Figure 3.1 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's practical capacity, production, and capacity utilization, by period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.10 Table 3.12 and figure 3.2 present U.S. processor Link-Belt’s LBCC capacity, processing, and capacity utilization. Practical LBCC capacity decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 before increasing by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Practical LBCCs processing decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 before increasing by *** percent from 2023 to 2024 for an overall decrease of *** percent. Capacity utilization decreased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. Table 3.12 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's practical capacity, processing, and capacity utilization, by period Capacity and production in units; capacity utilization in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Practical capacity *** *** *** Processing *** *** *** Capacity utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Processing is when a firm purchases or otherwise procures in-scope LBCCs from another entity (i.e., either domestically manufactured or imported LBCCs subassemblies) in whole or in part, and conducts further processing of and/or assembly in the United States. The firm may or may not also produce one or more (but not all) LBCC subassemblies domestically using raw materials. Figure 3.2 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's practical capacity, processing, and capacity utilization, by period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.11 Alternative products As shown in table 3.13, LBCCs accounted for the smallest share of total production by U.S. producer Manitowoc ranging between *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Table 3.13 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's overall production on the same equipment as in- scope production, by product type and period Quantity in units; share in percent Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** LBCCs Share *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.12 U.S. producer’s and U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments and exports Table 3.14 presents the U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments, export shipments, and total shipments. The U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments, by quantity, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments, by value, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The average unit value of U.S. shipments decreased yearly from 2022 to 2024, ending *** percent lower in the same period. By quantity, export shipments accounted for a small share of U.S. producer’s total shipments in 2023 and 2024, and none were reported in 2022. Export shipments quantity and value decreased by *** percent, respectively from 2023 to 2024. The unit value of export shipments decreased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024. Table 3.14 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's total shipments, by destination and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per units; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Export shipments Value *** *** *** Total shipments Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Export shipments Unit value *** *** *** Total shipments Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Export shipments Share of value *** *** *** Total shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 3.13 Table 3.15 presents the U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments, export shipments, and total shipments. The U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments, by quantity, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments, by value, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The unit value of their U.S. shipments steadily rose from 2022 to 2024, increasing by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, ending *** percent higher overall. By quantity, export shipments accounted for *** share of the U.S. processor’s total shipments from 2022 to 2024. The unit value of its U.S. shipments steadily rose from 2022 to 2024, increasing by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, ending *** percent higher overall. Table 3.15 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's total shipments, by destination and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Export shipments Value *** *** *** Total shipments Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Export shipments Unit value *** *** *** Total shipments Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Export shipments Share of value *** *** *** Total shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 3.14 Table 3.16 presents the U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments, by type and period. The U.S. producer’s commercial U.S. shipments, by quantity, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. producer’s commercial U.S. shipments, by value, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. producer’s transfers to related firms, by quantity, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and was unchanged from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. producer’s transfers to related firms, by value, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and decreased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The average unit value of the U.S. producer’s U.S. commercial shipments decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Average unit value of transfers to related firms saw the most significant decrease in unit value from 2023 to 2024, increasing by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and decreasing by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent. Table 3.16 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S. shipments, by type and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per units; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.15 Table 3.17 presents the U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments, by type and period. The U.S. processor’s commercial U.S. shipments, by quantity, decreased *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s commercial U.S. shipments, by value, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s transfers to related firms, by quantity, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s transfers to related firms, by value, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The average unit value of the U.S. processor’s commercial U.S. shipments increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Unit value of transfers to related firms saw the most significant increase in unit value from 2023 to 2024, decreasing by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increasing by *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent. Table 3.17 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's U.S. shipments, by type and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per units; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.16 Table 3.18 presents the U.S. producer’s and processor’s U.S. shipments for use in apparent consumption, by period. The U.S. producer’s shipments for use in apparent consumption, by value, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s shipments for use in apparent consumption, by value added to imports, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Total value added to imports increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Table 3.18 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt's U.S. shipments, for use in apparent consumption, by period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producer Value *** *** *** U.S. processor: Value added to domestic Value *** *** *** U.S. producer and processor: Fully domestic Value *** *** *** U.S. processor: Valued added to imports Value *** *** *** U.S. producer and processor: Total Value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Quantity for U.S. shipments reflect only producers’ U.S. shipment quantities. Value for U.S. shipments reflect LBCCs sold in the United States from domestically manufactured LBCCs (including the value added by U.S. processors to domestic LBCCs, as well as the incremental value added by U.S. processors to imported LBCCs products. In measuring consumption and market share this methodology avoids reclassifying and/or double counting merchandise already reported as an import. Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 3.17 Table 3.19 presents the U.S. producer’s U.S. shipments in 2024, by product type. Table 3.19 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S. shipments in 2024, by product type Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per units; shares in percent Product type Quantity Value Unit value Share of quantity Share of value 70 to 250 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 251 to 500 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 501 to 750 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** All other max load capacities *** *** *** *** *** All complete units *** *** *** *** *** Carriage-related subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All other subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All in-scope LBCCs *** *** *** 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". See appendix E for additional data by product type across the period of investigation. Table 3.20 presents the U.S. processor’s U.S. shipments in 2024, by product type. Table 3.20 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s U.S. shipments in 2024, by product type Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per units; shares in percent Product type Quantity Value Unit value Share of quantity Share of value 70 to 250 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 251 to 500 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 501 to 750 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** All other max load capacities *** *** *** *** *** All complete units *** *** *** *** *** Carriage-related subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All other subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All in-scope LBCCs *** *** *** 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". See appendix E for additional data by product type across the period of investigation. 3.18 U.S. producer’s and U.S. processor’s inventories Table 3.21 presents the U.S. producer’s inventories and their ratio to select items, by period. The U.S. producer’s end-of-period inventory, by quantity, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and *** from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Table 3.21 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's inventories and their ratio to select items, by period Quantity in units; ratios in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 End-of-period inventory quantity *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. production *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. shipments *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". Table 3.22 presents the U.S. processor’s inventories and their ratio to select items, by period. The U.S. processor’s end-of-period inventory, by quantity, decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Table 3.22 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's inventories and their ratio to select items, by period Quantity in units; ratios in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 End-of-period inventory quantity *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. production *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. shipments *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.19 U.S. processor’s imports from subject source4 Information about the U.S. processor’s imports of subassemblies from the subject source are presented in tables 3.23 and 3.24. The U.S. processor reported U.S. processing, by quantity, decreased *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. The U.S. processor’s imports from Japan, by quantity, increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and decreased *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Table 3.23 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's U.S. processing, U.S. imports from Japan, and ratio to processing, by period Quantity in units; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. processing Quantity *** *** *** Imports from Japan Quantity *** *** *** Imports from Japan to U.S. processing Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.24 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's reason for imports Item Narrative response on reasons for importing Link-Belt's reason for importing *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4 The U.S. producer reported no purchases of LBCCs from 2022 to 2024. 3.20 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity Table 3.25 shows the U.S. producer’s employment-related data. The number of production and related workers (“PRWs”) reported by the U.S. producer increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Total hours worked increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024 for an overall increase of *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Total hours worked per PRW increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024 for an overall increase of *** percent from 2022 to 2024. From 2022 to 2023, hourly wages *** by *** percent and from 2023 to 2024 increased by *** percent for an overall increase between 2022 and 2024 of *** percent. Productivity increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent. Unit labor costs decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and decreased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent. Table 3.25 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's employment related information, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 Production and related workers (PRWs) (number) *** *** *** Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** Productivity (units per million hours) *** *** *** Unit labor costs (1,000 dollars per unit) *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.21 Table 3.26 shows the U.S. processor’s employment-related data. The number of processing and related workers (“PRWs”) reported by the U.S. processor was unchanged from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. Total hours worked and wages paid were unchanged from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. Total hours worked per PRW was unchanged from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. During the same period, hourly wages *** by *** percent. Productivity decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall decrease of *** percent. Unit labor costs increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and decreased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent. Table 3.26 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's employment related information, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 Production and related workers (PRWs) (number) *** *** *** Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** Productivity (units per million hours) *** *** *** Unit labor costs (1,000 dollars per unit) *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.27 shows the U.S. producer’s and U.S. processor’s combined employment- related information, by item and period. Employment related measures for U.S. producer Manitowoc combined with U.S. processor Link-Belt were *** in 2024 than in 2022. Table 3.27 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt's employment related information, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 Production and related workers (PRWs) (number) *** *** *** Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.22 4.1 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares U.S. importers The Commission issued importer questionnaires to two firms believed to be importers of subject LBCCs, as well as to all U.S. producers of LBCCs.1 Usable questionnaire responses were received from two companies, representing all of U.S. imports from Japan in 2024 under HTS subheadings 8426.49.0010 and 8426.49.0090, “basket” categories. Table 4.1 lists all responding U.S. importers of LBCCs from Japan and other sources, their locations, and their shares of U.S. imports, in 2024.2 Table 4.1 LBCCs: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of imports within each source, 2024 Shares in percent Firm Headquarters Japan Nonsubject sources All import sources Kobelco Katy, TX *** *** *** Link-Belt Lexington, KY *** *** *** Tadano Houston, TX *** *** *** All firms Various 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.3 Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—".a 1 The Commission issued questionnaires to those firms identified in the petition; staff research; and proprietary, Census-edited Customs’ import records. 2 Importer *** reported *** U.S. shipments because their total of *** units over the period of investigation that were either *** or ***. 3 Nonsubject importers from Germany/Austria (Liebherr) and China (Sany) did not provide a completed USITC U.S. importers’ questionnaire response. Petitioner’s post-conference brief, p. 2. 4.2 U.S. imports Table 4.2 and figure 4.1 presents data for U.S. imports of LBCCs from Japan and all other sources. Subject imports increased by *** percent by quantity from 2022 to 2024. Subject imports increased by *** percent by value from 2022 to 2024 and accounted for at least *** percent by quantity and at least *** percent by value of all imports during 2022 to 2024. The unit value of subject imports increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and *** percent from 2023 to 2024, with an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024.4 Table 4.2 LBCCs: U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; share and ratio in percent; ratio represents the ratio to U.S. production Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Japan Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** Japan Value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Value *** *** *** All import sources Value *** *** *** Japan Unit value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Unit value *** *** *** All import sources Unit value *** *** *** Japan Share of quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of quantity *** *** *** All import sources Share of quantity *** *** *** Japan Share of value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of value *** *** *** All import sources Share of value *** *** *** Japan Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Only one U.S. importer *** submitted a questionnaire response with nonsubject import data, none of which were consumed in the United States. These import volumes are shown above in this table. The petitioner estimates, however, that they are additional volumes of nonsubject import not captured in Commission questionnaire responses for import from Germany and China. The petitioner and all respondent parties relied on the petitioners estimated nonsubject import volumes, which are shown in table 4.4. 4 The quantity of subject imports includes data from the U.S. processor, which imported *** units from Japan in 2024. 4.3 Figure 4.1 LBCCs: U.S. import quantities and average unit values, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4.4 Table 4.3 LBCCs: Changes in U.S. imports, by source and period Changes (Δ) in percent (%) or percentage point (ppt) Source Measure 2022 to 2024 2022 to 2023 2023 to 2024 Japan %Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Quantity ▲*** *** ▲*** All import sources %Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Japan %Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** All import sources %Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Japan %Δ Unit value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Unit value *** ▲*** ▼*** All import sources %Δ Unit value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Japan ppt Δ Quantity ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Quantity ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources ppt Δ Quantity *** *** *** Japan ppt Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Value ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources ppt Δ Value *** *** *** Japan ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. Table 4.4 presents data for nonsubject U.S. imports, by period. Table 4.4 LBCCs: Estimated nonsubject U.S. imports, by period Quantity in units Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Estimated nonsubject import volumes Quantity *** *** *** Source: Petitioner's postconference brief, p. 27 and Kobelco’s postconference brief, exh. 1. 4.5 Table 4.5 and 4.6 present data for U.S. importers’ U.S. imports by product type. Table 4.5 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ U.S. imports from Japan in 2024, by product type Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; shares in percent Product type Quantity Value Unit value Share of quantity Share of value 70 to 250 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 251 to 500 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 501 to 750 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** All other max load capacities *** *** *** *** *** All complete units *** *** *** *** *** Carriage-related subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All other subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All in-scope LBCCs *** *** *** 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". See appendix E for additional data by product type across the period of investigation. Table 4.6 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ U.S. imports from nonsubject sources in 2024, by product type Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; shares in percent Product type Quantity Value Unit value Share of quantity Share of value 70 to 250 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 251 to 500 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** 501 to 750 ST max load capacity *** *** *** *** *** All other max load capacities *** *** *** *** *** All complete units *** *** *** *** *** Carriage-related subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All other subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All subassemblies *** *** *** *** *** All in-scope LBCCs *** *** *** 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". See appendix E for additional data by product type across the period of investigation. 4.6 Negligibility The statute requires that an investigation be terminated without an injury determination if imports of the subject merchandise are found to be negligible.5 Negligible imports are generally defined in the Act, as amended, as imports from a country of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product where such imports account for less than 3 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month period for which data are available that precedes the filing of the petition or the initiation of the investigation. However, if there are imports of such merchandise from a number of countries subject to investigations initiated on the same day that individually account for less than 3 percent of the total volume of the subject merchandise, and if the imports from those countries collectively account for more than 7 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States during the applicable 12-month period, then imports from such countries are deemed not to be negligible.6 Table 4.7 presents information on imports from Japan and nonsubject sources. Imports from Japan accounted for *** percent of total imports of LBCCs by quantity in the 12-month period preceding the filing of the petition (i.e. April 2024 through March 2025). Table 4.7 LBCCs: U.S. imports in the twelve-month period preceding the filing of the petition, period, April 2024 through March 2025 Quantity in units; share in percent Source of imports Quantity Share of quantity Japan *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** All import sources *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: The twelve-month period preceding the filing of the petition is April 2024 through March 2025. This table does not include missing questionnaire response data for the two largest importers from nonsubject sources as discussed above. However, Japan would still be above the three percent negligibility threshold were the nonsubject import quantities in the 12 months preceding the petition equal to the 2024 estimated nonsubject import quantity of 86 units (see table 4.4); in that scenario the Japan share would be *** percent. 5 Sections 703(a)(1), 705(b)(1), 733(a)(1), and 735(b)(1) of the Act (19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a)(1), 1671d(b)(1), 1673b(a)(1), and 1673d(b)(1)). 6 Section 771 (24) of the Act (19 U.S.C § 1677(24)). 4.7 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares Quantity Table 4.8 and figure 4.2 present data on apparent U.S. consumption and U.S. market shares by quantity for LBCCs. U.S. consumption, by quantity, *** by *** percent from 2022 to 2024. During the same period, U.S. producers’ market share *** from *** percent to *** percent, while the share of subject imports *** from *** percent to *** percent. Table 4.8 LBCCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on quantity, by source and period Quantity in units; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Japan Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Japan Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and the petitioner's postconference brief, p. 27. Note: This version of apparent consumption is the same for both scenarios for the definition of the domestic industry: Either defining Link-Belt as a U.S. producer or not. This is because the Commission's methodology for constructing apparent consumption for second level producers (such as U.S. processor Link-Belt) is to not reclassify volumes already included in imports of subject merchandise defined by Commerce. Quantity for U.S. shipments reflect only producers’ U.S. shipment quantities. In measuring consumption and market share this methodology avoids reclassifying and/or double counting merchandise already reported as an import when analyzing the domestic industry defined as both the U.S. producer and U.S. processor. 4.8 Figure 4.2 LBCCs: Apparent U.S. consumption based on quantity, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires Note: Only quantity data are show because the petitioner’s estimated nonsubject import volumes were used to construct apparent consumption. There is not adequate record evidence to estimate the missing value data for nonsubject import volumes. 5.1 Part 5: Pricing data1 Factors affecting prices Raw material costs Production of LBCCs begins with high strength steel plate that is cut into specific shapes and welded together to form the structures of the assemblies. Lattice-booms are made from structural steel tubes.2 Raw materials, as a share of U.S. producer Manitowoc’s cost of goods sold (COGS), increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. U.S. producer Manitowoc reported that raw material costs had fluctuated up, stating that costs of raw materials, parts, and components generally have increased. Importers Kobelco and Link-Belt reported that raw material costs had steadily increased. Importer *** stated that the increase in raw material costs affected price increases from 2022 to 2024. Importer *** reported that sales prices are more influenced by competitive pressures rather than fluctuations in material costs. As shown in tables 5.1 and 5.2, and figure 5.1, prices for hot-rolled coil and carbon grade cut-to-length (CTL) plate declined irregularly from January 2022 to April 2025. Hot-rolled coil prices declined by *** percent from January 2022 to December 2024 before increasing by *** percent the first four months of 2025. Similarly, CTL plate prices declined by *** percent from January 2022 to December 2024 before increasing by *** percent the first four months of 2025. Overall, hot-rolled coil and CTL plate prices declined by *** percent and *** percent, respectively, from January 2022 to April 2025. 1 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt responded to price setting questions in both the U.S. Producers’ and Importers’ questionnaires. Unless otherwise stated, Link-Belt’s responses are categorized as importer responses to limit double counting of its responses. Importer *** responded to price setting questions. Unless otherwise noted, staff has not included its responses in this section because it did not sell into the U.S. market. 2 Conference transcript, pp. 19, 21 (Konkle). 5.2 Table 5.1 Raw materials: Prices per short ton of hot-rolled coil, monthly, January 2022 to April 2025 Price in dollars per short ton Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January *** *** *** *** February *** *** *** *** March *** *** *** *** April *** *** *** *** May *** *** *** NA June *** *** *** NA July *** *** *** NA August *** *** *** NA September *** *** *** NA October *** *** *** NA November *** *** *** NA December *** *** *** NA Sources: ***. Table 5.2 Raw materials: Prices per short ton of cut-to-length carbon grade plate, monthly, January 2022 to April 2025 Price in dollars per short ton Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January *** *** *** *** February *** *** *** *** March *** *** *** *** April *** *** *** *** May *** *** *** NA June *** *** *** NA July *** *** *** NA August *** *** *** NA September *** *** *** NA October *** *** *** NA November *** *** *** NA December *** *** *** NA Sources: ***. 5.3 Figure 5.1 Raw materials: Prices per short ton of hot-rolled coil and cut-to-length carbon grade plate, monthly, January 2022 to April 2025 * * * * * * * Sources: *** and ***. Transportation costs to the U.S. market Transportation costs for LBCCs shipped from Japan to the United States averaged 3.4 percent during 2024. These estimates were derived from official import data and represent the transportation and other charges on imports.3 U.S. inland transportation costs U.S. producer Manitowoc and importer *** reported that their customers typically arrange transportation; importer *** reported that it arranges transportation. Importers reported that their U.S. inland transportation costs ranged from 1.1 (***) to 2.0 percent (***).4 3 The estimated transportation costs were obtained by subtracting the customs value from the c.i.f. value of the imports for 2024 and then dividing by the customs value based on the HTS statistical reporting numbers 8426.49.0010 and 8426.49.0090. 4 ***. 5.4 Pricing practices Pricing methods U.S. producer Manitowoc and both importers reported setting prices using *** (table 5.3). Importer *** also reported selling on a transaction-by-transaction basis and via contracts. Manitowoc generally prices LBCCs based on a list price which present a price for a base crane of a particular model, as well as prices for various options including different boom lengths, luffing jib options, and capacity maximizers.5 Table 5.3 LBCCs: Count of U.S. producers’ and importers’ reported price setting methods Method U.S. producer Importers Transaction-by-transaction *** *** Contract *** *** Set price list *** *** Other *** *** Responding firms 1 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: The sum of responses down may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was instructed to check all applicable price setting methods employed. U.S. producer Manitowoc and importer *** reported selling all of their LBCCs in the spot market while importer *** reported selling approximately *** percent under annual contracts and *** percent in the spot market in 2024 (summarized in table 5.4). Importer *** reported that its short-term and annual contracts fix price but allow for price renegotiation. Its short- term contracts average *** days. Table 5.4 LBCCs: U.S. producers’ and importers’ shares of commercial U.S. shipments by type of sale, 2024 Share in percent Type of sale U.S. producer Subject importers Long-term contracts *** *** Annual contracts *** *** Short-term contracts *** *** Spot sales *** *** Total 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown. 5 Conference transcript, p. 26 (Hull). 5.5 Sales terms and discounts The U.S. producer and importers typically quote prices on an f.o.b. basis. Petitioner stated that it provides distributors a discount off the list price and that it generally looks to offer the same prices to all of its customers.6 Importer *** reported quantity and total volume discounts while *** reported that additional discounts are limited and granted on a case-by- case basis depending on the specific transaction. Importer *** reported discounts based on customer category. Price data The Commission requested U.S. producers and importers to provide quarterly data for the total quantity and f.o.b. value of the following LBCC products shipped to unrelated U.S. customers during January 2022 to December 2024. Product 1.—Lattice-boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. Product 2.—Lattice-boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. Product 3.—Lattice-boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 6 Conference transcript, p. 26 (Hull). 5.6 Manitowoc and Kobelco provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters.7 8 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of LBCCs and *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Japan in 2024.9 Price data for products 1 to 3 are presented in tables 5.5 to 5.7 and figures 5.2 to 5.4. 7 Per-unit pricing data are calculated from total quantity and total value data provided by U.S. producers and importers. The precision and variation of these figures may be affected by rounding, limited quantities, and producer or importer estimates. 8 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt provided sales price data for *** products. However, Link-Belt imports the crawler assemblies from its sister company in Japan. Respondent Link-Belt’s postconference brief, exhibit 1, p. 6. ***. Staff email correspondence with ***. This price data accounts for *** percent of Link-Belt’s reported U.S. shipments of LBCCs. Because the LBCCs price data reported by Link-Belt is of mixed origin, staff has presented this data separately from U.S. producer and importer price data reported by Manitowoc and Kobelco. Appendix F presents Link-Belt’s price data when categorized as an import source of LBCCs from Japan. Appendix G presents Link-Belt’s price data when categorized as a U.S. producer of LBCCs 9 Pricing coverage is based on U.S. shipments reported in questionnaires. 5.7 Table 5.5 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. producer price U.S. producer quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Period U.S. processor price U.S. processor quantity 2022 Q1 *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.8 Table 5.6 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. producer price U.S. producer quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Period U.S. processor price U.S. processor quantity 2022 Q1 *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.9 Table 5.7 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. producer price U.S. producer quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Period U.S. processor price U.S. processor quantity 2022 Q1 *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.10 Figure 5.2 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, by source and quarter Price of product 1 * * * * * * * Volume of product 1 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.11 Figure 5.3 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2, by source and quarter Price of product 2 * * * * * * * Volume of product 2 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.12 Figure 5.4 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3, by source and quarter Price of product 3 * * * * * * * Volume of product 3 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. 5.13 Price trends In general, prices increased during January 2022 to December 2024. Table 5.8 summarizes the price trends, by country and by product. As shown in the table, the U.S. producer’s price for product 1 increased by *** during January 2022 to December 2024 while the importer’s price increased by *** percent. There was insufficient reporting for domestically produced and imported products 2 and 3 to calculate a trend for the entire period of investigation.10 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt’s price increases ranged from *** percent to *** percent during January 2022 to December 2024. Table 5.8 LBCCs: Summary of price data, by product and source, January 2022 to December 2024 Quantity in units, price in 1,000 dollars per unit Product Source Number of quarters Quantity of shipments Low price High price First quarter price Last quarter price Percent change in price over period Product 1 U.S. producer 10 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 U.S. processor 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Japan 8 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 U.S. producer — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 U.S. processor 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Japan 5 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 U.S. producer 9 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 U.S. processor 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Japan 1 *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percent change column is percentage change from the first quarter 2022 to the last quarter in 2024. 10 U.S. producer *** prices for product 3 increased by *** percent from the third quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2024. 5.14 Price comparisons As shown in tables 5.9 and 5.10, prices for product imported from Japan were below those for U.S.-produced product in all nine instances (*** units); margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. Table 5.9 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by product Quantity in units; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Underselling 9 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Overselling 0 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. Table 5.10 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by year Quantity in units; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Underselling 9 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Overselling 0 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. 5.15 Lost sales and lost revenue The Commission requested that U.S. producers of LBCCs report purchasers with which they experienced instances of lost sales or revenue due to competition from imports of LBCCs from Japan during 2022 to 2024. Petitioner Manitowoc reported that it ***.11 Petitioner Manitowoc submitted lost sales and lost revenue allegations that identified two firms with which they lost sales or revenue (one lost sales allegation occurring during 2022 to 2025, and one consisting of both types of allegations occurring in 2025). Petitioner stated that it is often unable to pinpoint a lost sales opportunity because end users are not consistently providing information to it or its distributors.12 As described in part 2, petitioner often sells to affiliated or other distributors, which in turn compete for sales with the distributors of Japanese product for sales to construction companies.13 Staff contacted two purchasers and received responses from both purchasers. ***. Responding purchasers reported purchasing *** units of LBCCs during January 2022 to December 2024 (table 5.11). During 2024, responding purchasers purchased *** percent from U.S. producers, *** percent from Japan, *** percent from nonsubject countries, and *** percent from “unknown source” countries. Purchasers were asked about changes in their purchasing patterns from different sources since 2022; both responding purchasers reported no change in their purchase patterns. Of the two responding purchasers, both reported that, since 2022, they had not purchased imported LBCCs from Japan instead of U.S.-produced product. Of the two responding purchasers, one reported that U.S. producers had reduced prices in order to compete with lower-priced imports from Japan; one reported that they did not know. Purchaser *** estimated that Manitowoc reduced prices by *** percent and stated that “***.” 11 U.S. processor Link-Belt responded to these questions as well and reported that it ***. 12 Conference transcript, p. 27 (Hull). 13 Conference transcript, pp. 24-25 (Hull). 5.16 Table 5.11 LBCCs: Purchasers’ reported purchases and imports, by firm and source Quantity in units, share in percent Purchaser Domestic quantity Subject quantity All other quantity Change in domestic share Change in subject country share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: All other includes all other sources and unknown sources. Change is the percentage point change in the share of the firm’s total purchases of domestic and/or subject country imports between first and last years. In responding to the lost sales lost revenue survey, purchaser *** provided additional information on purchases and market dynamics. Purchaser *** stated that while it only purchases from Manitowoc, it has extensive experience with the relevant purchasing factors in the crawler crane market given its own sales to end users. It continued that given its relationship to Manitowoc, *** experienced lost sales on behalf of Manitowoc when selling to crane rental companies during the period. As an example, it lost a sale to ***. *** stated that its volume of quotes has stayed relatively flat while its close rate has declined, despite a growing market.14 14 Conference transcript, p. 33 (Poff). Close rate was described as quoted to secured sales. Id. 6.1 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers and processors Background1 One U.S. producer (Manitowoc) and one U.S. processor (Link-Belt) provided usable financial results on their LBCCs operations. Both firms reported financial data on a calendar year basis and on the basis of GAAP.2 3 Operations on LBCCs Table 6.1 presents the data of U.S. producer Manitowoc’s operations in relation to LBCCs, while table 6.2 presents the corresponding changes in AUVs. Table 6.3 presents the data of U.S. processor Link-Belt’s operations in relation to LBCCs, and table 6.4 presents the corresponding changes in AUVs. Figure 6.1 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s share of the combined total net sales quantity in 2024. Lastly, table 6.5 presents the data of U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s aggregate financial results in relation to their LBCCs operations, and table 6.6 presents the corresponding changes in AUVs. 1 The following abbreviations are used in the tables and/or text of this section: generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), fiscal year (“FY”), net sales (“NS”), cost of goods sold (“COGS”), selling, general, and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”), average unit values (“AUVs”), research and development expenses (“R&D expenses”), and return on assets (“ROA”). 2 Manitowoc stated that ***. The firm added that “while some parts and components are imported, the majority of its LBCCs production is within the United States.” *** U.S. producer questionnaire, section 5.2, and conference transcript p. 44 (Middleton). 3 Link-Belt stated that it manufactures “the entire boom assembly, the jib assembly, the luffing jib if so equipped, and the live mast” in the United States, and added that ***. Conference transcript p. 144 (Preheim), and Link-Belt’s postconference brief, exhibit 1, p. 6. 6.2 Table 6.1 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s results of operations, by item and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial sales Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** Total net sales Quantity *** *** *** Commercial sales Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** Total net sales Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Other expense / (income), net Value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Table continued. 6.3 Table 6.1 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s results of operations, by item and period Shares in percent; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; count in number of firms reporting Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 COGS: Raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share *** *** *** COGS: Total Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial sales Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** Total net sales Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** Data Count 1 1 1 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares represent the share of COGS. Table 6.2 LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. producer Manitowoc Changes in percent Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Direct labor ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Table continued. 6.4 Table 6.2 (Continued) LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. producer Manitowoc Changes in 1,000 dollars per unit Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Direct labor ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** SG&A expense ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. 6.5 Table 6.3 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s results of operations, by item and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial sales Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** Total net sales Quantity *** *** *** Commercial sales Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** Total net sales Value *** *** *** COGS: Subject LBCC subassemblies Value *** *** *** COGS: Total LBCC subassemblies Value *** *** *** COGS: All other raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Total raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Other expense / (income), net Value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** COGS: Total raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Table continued. 6.6 Table 6.3 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s results of operations, by item and period Shares in percent; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; count in number of firms reporting Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 COGS: Total LBCC subassemblies Share *** *** *** COGS: All other raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Total raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share *** *** *** COGS: Total Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial sales Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** Total net sales Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Subject LBCC subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** COGS: All other raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** Data Count 1 1 1 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares represent the share of COGS. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. Table 6.4 LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. processor Link-Belt Changes in percent Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Total LBCC subassemblies ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: All other raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Table continued. 6.7 Table 6.4 (Continued) LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. processor Link-Belt Changes in 1,000 dollars per unit Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Total LBCC subassemblies ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: All other raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Gross profit or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** SG&A expense ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. Figure 6.1 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s share of net sales quantity in 2024 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.8 Table 6.5 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s and U.S. processor’s Link-Belt’s combined results of operations, by item and period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial sales Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** Total net sales Quantity *** *** *** Commercial sales Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** Total net sales Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Other expense / (income), net Value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Table continued. 6.9 Table 6.5 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. producer’s and processor’s combined results of operations, by item and period Shares in percent; unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; count in number of firms reporting Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 COGS: Raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share *** *** *** COGS: Total Share *** *** *** Commercial sales Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** Total net sales Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** Data Count 2 2 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares represent the share of COGS. Table 6.6 LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt combined Changes in percent Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. 6.10 Table 6.6 (Continued) LBCCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt combined Changes in 1,000 dollars per unit Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Transfers to related firms ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** SG&A expense ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. Net sales U.S. producer Manitowoc As shown in table 6.1, commercial sales of LBCCs ranged between *** percent of total sales quantity from 2022 to 2024 accounting for the majority of total sales quantity, while transfers to related firms ranged between *** percent.4 Total sales quantity and value increased consistently from 2022 to 2024, with the majority of the increase occurring between 2022 and 2023.5 On a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, total sales value decreased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024. Commercial sales’ and transfers to related firms’ unit sales values ***.6 4 ***. *** U.S. producers questionnaire response, section 2.12. 5 Petitioner stated that demand for crawler cranes is driven primarily by general economic conditions and non-residential construction spending, and that a relatively strong economy in recent years, the 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs act stimulus, and the CHIPS act contributed to a “significant” increase in demand since 2022. Conference transcript pp. 25-26 (Hull). 6 ***. Email from ***, April 29, 2025. 6.11 U.S. processor Link-Belt As shown in table 6.3, commercial sales of LBCCs ranged between *** percent of total sales quantity, while transfers to related firms ranged between *** percent from 2022 to 2024.7 Total sales quantity decreased irregularly, while total sales value increased overall from 2022 to 2024.8 On a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, total sales value increased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024. Combined net sales As shown in table 6.5, the combined total sales quantity of U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, while sales value increased consistently during the same period. On a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, total sales value increased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024. Unit sales value of Manitowoc and Link-Belt ***.9 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss U.S. producer Manitowoc As shown in table 6.1, raw materials cost was the largest component of COGS, ranging between *** percent of total COGS from 2022 to 2024. Raw materials cost increased consistently from 2022 to 2024 in absolute value, and decreased on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024. As a ratio to net sales, raw materials cost decreased irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. 7 ***. *** U.S. producers questionnaire response, section 2.12. 8 ***. Link-Belt’s postconference brief, exhibit 1, p. 1. 9 ***. Petitioner also stated that crawler cranes can range in price from about $800,000 to over $8.0 million. U.S. producers questionnaire response, section 2.10 and 6.4, and conference transcript p. 27 (Hull). 6.12 Table 6.7 shows that fabricated steel accounted for the largest share of raw materials cost in 2024 accounting for *** percent of raw materials cost. Hydraulic components, steel plates, power trains and electronic components accounted for *** percent, and other raw material inputs accounted for the remaining *** percent of total raw materials cost in 2024. 10 Table 6.7 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s raw material costs in 2024, by type Value in 1,000 dollars; share of value in percent Item Value Share of value Fabricated steel components *** *** Hydraulic components *** *** Steel plates and steel tubes *** *** Powertrains *** *** Electronic components *** *** Other material inputs *** *** All raw materials *** 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Other raw material inputs include ***. As shown in table 6.1, direct labor cost (mostly related to welding) is the smallest component of COGS, ranging between *** percent of total COGS from 2022 to 2024.11 Direct labor cost increased irregularly in absolute value and decreased consistently on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis from 2022 to 2024.12 As a ratio to net sales, direct labor cost decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. As shown in table 6.1, other factory costs are the second largest component of COGS ranging between *** percent of total COGS from 2022 to 2024. Other factory costs increased irregularly in absolute value, and decreased consistently on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis from 2022 to 2024. As a ratio to net sales, other factory costs decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. 10 ***. *** U.S. producer questionnaire response, section 3.9f, and petitioner’s postconference brief pp. 6-7. 11 Manitowoc stated that LBCCs manufacturing is labor intensive as the material and labor costs that go into an individual crane are substantial. The majority of workers are welders. Conference transcript, p. 21 (Konkle). 12 Manitowoc indicated that it experienced some difficulties obtaining labor. Conference transcript p. 43 (Middleton). 6.13 As shown in table 6.1, total COGS increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 mainly reflecting the trends of raw materials cost. On a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, total COGS decreased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024, and decreased as a ratio to net sales from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.13 Total net sales value was consistently *** than total COGS from 2022 to 2024, which resulted in a *** in each year. Sales value, however, increased at a higher rate than total COGS from 2022 to 2024, thus, *** improved from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. As a ratio to net sale, *** improved from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024 (see table 6.1). U.S. processor Link-Belt As shown in table 6.3, raw materials cost which included imported LBCCs subassemblies and other raw material inputs, is the largest component of COGS, ranging between *** percent of total COGS from 2022 to 2024.14 Raw materials cost increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024 in absolute value, and consistently on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024. As a ratio to net sales, raw materials cost decreased irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. Table 6.8 shows the share of raw materials, by type and source. LBCC subassemblies from subject source accounted for *** percent of raw materials cost, while all other raw materials (***) accounted for the remaining *** percent in 2024.15 16 Table 6.8 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s raw material costs in 2024, by type Value in 1,000 dollars; share of value in percent Item Value Share of value Subject LBCCs *** *** All LBCCs *** *** Other raw material input *** *** All raw material input *** 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 13 In its postconference brief, ***. Petitioner’s post conference brief p. 32. 14 ***. 15 ***. Link-Belt’s Postconference brief p. 10. 16 Link-Belt’s U.S. producers questionnaire, section 6.6a. 6.14 As shown in table 6.3, direct labor cost is the smallest component of COGS, ranging between *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Direct labor cost increased in absolute value and on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis from 2022 to 2024. As a ratio to net sales, direct labor cost somewhat increased irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.17 As shown in table 6.3, other factory costs are the second largest component of COGS, ranging between *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Other factory costs increased consistently in absolute value and on a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, from 2022 to 2024. As a ratio to net sales, other factory costs increased irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** in 2024. As shown in table 6.3, total COGS increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 with all the increase occurring from 2023 to 2024. On a 1,000 dollars per unit basis, total COGS increased from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024, and decreased as a ratio to net sales from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. As shown in table 6.3, total net sales value was consistently *** than total COGS from 2022 to 2024 which resulted in *** in each year. Total sales value also increased at a higher rate than total COGS from 2022 to 2024, thus *** increased irregularly from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. As a ratio to net sales, *** increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. Combined gross profit or loss For U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, the combined total gross profit increased irregularly from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024, driven primarily by the increase in *** gross profit. As a ratio to net sales, combined gross profit also increased irregularly from 2022 (*** percent) to 2024 (*** percent) (see table 6.5). 17 Link-Belt stated that it faced some difficulty with labor shortages and assembly welding manpower. Conference transcript p. 136 (Shultz). 6.15 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss U.S. producer Manitowoc As shown in table 6.1, SG&A expenses for U.S. producer Manitowoc increased consistently in absolute value, but decreased irregularly as a ratio to net sales from 2022 to 2024. Similar to *** improved overall from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. As ratio to net sales, operating income ***, but improved overall from 2022 to 2024 (see table 6.1). U.S. processor Link-Belt As shown in table 6.3, SG&A expenses for U.S. processor Link-Belt increased consistently in absolute value and irregularly as a ratio to net sales from 2022 to 2024. The increase in gross profit was *** than the increase in SG&A expenses from 2022 to 2024, thus, operating income increased irregularly from *** to ***. As a ratio to net sales, operating income increased consistently from 2022 to 2024 (see table 6.3). Combined operating income or loss For U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, the combined operating income impacted by *** was *** from 2022 to 2024, but overall improved from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. As a ratio to net sales, operating income ***, but improved from 2022 (*** percent) to 2024 (*** percent) (see table 6.5). 6.16 All other expenses and net income or loss U.S. producer Manitowoc Classified bellow the operating income level are interest expense, all other expense, and all other income items. Interest expense, other expense, and other income were combined and only the net amount is shown in table 6.1. The net amount primarily reflecting *** in 2022 and 2023 decreased during that period and was offset by *** in 2024. As show in in table 6.1, *** improved irregularly in absolute value and consistently as a ratio to net sales from 2022 to 2024. U.S. processor Link-Belt For U.S. processor Link-Belt interest expense, all other expense, and all other income items were also combined and only the net amount is shown in table 6.3. The net amount primarily comprised of *** increased from 2022 to 2024. As shown in table 6.3, *** increased irregularly in absolute value and consistently as a ratio to net sales from 2022 to 2024. Combined net income or loss For U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, the combined net income followed the same directional trends as the combined operating income, it was *** from 2022 to 2024, but overall improved from *** in 2022 to *** in 2024. As a ratio to net sales, net income ***, but improved irregularly from 2022 (*** percent) to 2024 (*** percent). 18 18 A variance analysis is not shown due to ***. 6.17 Capital expenditures, R&D expenses, assets and ROA Table 6.9 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc’s capital expenditures, R&D expenses, assets, and ROA. The firm’s narrative explanations of the nature, focus, and significance of the items are presented in table 6.10. Capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and assets increased overall from 2022 to 2024, while ROA was *** but improved irregularly during the same period. Table 6.9 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s capital expenditures, R&D expenses, total net assets, and ROA, by item and period Value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Capital expenditures Value *** *** *** R&D expenses Value *** *** *** Assets Value *** *** *** Return on assets Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.10 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc’s narrative descriptions of its capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and total net assets Item Narrative on item Capital expenditures *** R&D expenses *** Assets *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.18 Table 6.11 presents U.S. processor Link-Belt’s capital expenditures, R&D expenses, assets, and return on assets. The firm’s narrative explanations of the nature, focus, and significance of the items are presented in table 6.12. Capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and assets and ROA increased overall from 2022 to 2024. Table 6.11 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s capital expenditures, R&D expenses, total net assets, and ROA, by item and period Value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Capital expenditures Value *** *** *** R&D expenses Value *** *** *** Assets Value *** *** *** Return on assets Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.12 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s narrative descriptions of its capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and total net assets Item Narrative on item Capital expenditures *** R&D expenses *** Assets *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.13 presents U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt’s combined capital expenditures, R&D expenses, assets, and ROA. Capital expenditures, R&D expenses, and assets increased overall from 2022 to 2024, while ROA was *** but improved during the same period. Table 6.13 LBCCs: U.S. producers and U.S. processors combined capital expenditures, R&D expenses, total net assets, and ROA, by item and period Value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Capital expenditures Value *** *** *** R&D expenses Value *** *** *** Assets Value *** *** *** Return on assets Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.19 Capital and investment19 The Commission requested U.S. producers and U.S. processors of LBCCs to describe any actual or potential negative effects of imports of LBCCs from Japan on their firms’ growth, investment, ability to raise capital, development and production efforts, or the scale of capital investments. Table 6.14 presents the impact in each category and table 6.15 provides *** narrative responses. Table 6.14 LBCCs: *** actual and anticipated negative effects of imports from subject sources on investment, growth, and development since January 1, 2022, by effect Number of firms reporting Effect Category Count Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion projects Investment *** Denial or rejection of investment proposal Investment *** Reduction in the size of capital investments Investment *** Return on specific investments negatively impacted Investment *** Other investment effects Investment *** Any negative effects on investment Investment *** Rejection of bank loans Growth *** Lowering of credit rating Growth *** Problem related to the issue of stocks or bonds Growth *** Ability to service debt Growth *** Other growth and development effects Growth *** Any negative effects on growth and development Growth *** Anticipated negative effects of imports Future *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 19 ***. *** U.S. producers questionnaire, sections 10, 11 and 12. 6.20 Table 6.15 LBCCs: *** narratives relating to actual and anticipated negative effects of imports on investment, growth, and development, since January 1, 2022, by firm and effect Item Firm name and narrative on impact of imports *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.1 Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries Section 771(7)(F)(ⅰ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅰ)) provides that— In determining whether an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports (or sales for importation) of the subject merchandise, the Commission shall consider, among other relevant economic factors1-- (I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies Agreement), and whether imports of the subject merchandise are likely to increase, (II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, (IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices, and are likely to increase demand for further imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, 1 Section 771(7)(F)(ⅱ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅱ)) provides that “The Commission shall consider {these factors} . . . as a whole in making a determination of whether further dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted under this title. The presence or absence of any factor which the Commission is required to consider . . . shall not necessarily give decisive guidance with respect to the determination. Such a determination may not be made on the basis of mere conjecture or supposition.” 7.2 (VI) the potential for product-shifting if production facilities in the foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products, (VII) in any investigation under this title which involves imports of both a raw agricultural product (within the meaning of paragraph (4)(E)(ⅳ)) and any product processed from such raw agricultural product, the likelihood that there will be increased imports, by reason of product shifting, if there is an affirmative determination by the Commission under section 705(b)(1) or 735(b)(1) with respect to either the raw agricultural product or the processed agricultural product (but not both), (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the time).2 Information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Parts 4 and 5; and information on the effects of imports of the subject merchandise on U.S. producers’ existing development and production efforts is presented in Part 6. Information on inventories of the subject merchandise; foreign producers’ operations, including the potential for “product-shifting;” any other threat indicators, if applicable; and any dumping in third-country markets, follows. Also presented in this section of the report is information obtained for consideration by the Commission on nonsubject countries. 2 Section 771(7)(F)(iii) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(iii)) further provides that, in antidumping investigations, “. . . the Commission shall consider whether dumping in the markets of foreign countries (as evidenced by dumping findings or antidumping remedies in other WTO member markets against the same class or kind of merchandise manufactured or exported by the same party as under investigation) suggests a threat of material injury to the domestic industry.” 7.3 The industry in Japan The Commission issued foreign producers’ or exporters’ questionnaires to two firms believed to produce and/or export LBCCs from Japan.3 Usable responses to the Commission’s questionnaire were received from two firms: Kobelco Construction Machinery and Sumitomo Heavy Industries. Table 7.1 presents the number of producers/exporters in Japan that responded to the Commission’s questionnaire, their exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports by Japan in 2024, and their estimated share of total production of LBCCs in Japan during 2024. Table 7.1 LBCCs: Number of responding producers/exporters, approximate share of production, and exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports from Japan, 2024 Subject foreign industry Number of responding firms Approximate share of production (percent) Exports as a share of U.S. imports from subject country (percent) Japan 2 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 7.2 presents information on the LBCCs operations of the responding subject producers/exporters in 2024. Table 7.2 LBCCs: Summary data for subject foreign producers, by firm 2024 Producer Production (units) Share of reported production (percent) Exports to the United States (units) Share of reported exports to the United States (percent) Total shipments (units) Share of firm's total shipments exported to the United States (percent) Kobelco *** *** *** *** *** *** Sumitomo *** *** *** *** *** *** All individual producers *** 100.0 *** 100.0 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. There were no important industry events in the Japanese industry identified by interested parties in this proceeding and no relevant information from outside sources was found. 3 These firms were identified through a review of information submitted in the petition and presented in third-party sources. 7.4 Changes in operations Producers in Japan were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of LBCCs since 2022. *** reported production curtailments.4 Installed and practical overall capacity Table 7.3 presents data on subject producers’ installed capacity, practical overall capacity, and practical LBCCs capacity and production on the same equipment. Installed overall capacity was unchanged from 2022 to 2024. Practical overall capacity increased from 2022 to 2023 by *** percent and increased in 2024 by *** percent, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 to 2024. Practical LBCCs capacity increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased in 2024 by *** percent for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. During the same period, installed overall utilization increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2023 and decreased in 2024 by *** percentage points, for an overall increase of *** percentage points between 2022 to 2024. Practical overall utilization increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2023 and decreased in 2024 by *** percentage points, for an overall decrease of *** percentage points between 2022 to 2024. Practical LBCCs utilization increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2023 and decreased in 2024 by *** percentage points, for an overall increase of *** percentage points between 2022 to 2024. Table 7.3 LBCCs: Producers’ in Japan installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment as subject production, by period Capacity and production in units; utilization in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical LBCC Capacity *** *** *** Practical LBCC Production *** *** *** Practical LBCC Utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4 Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.5 Constraints on capacity Table 7.4 presents producers’ reported capacity constraints in Japan since January 1, 2022. Both subject producers reported such constraints. *** reported a constraint on the existing labor force and *** reported inconsistent supply of material inputs.5 Table 7.4 LBCCs: Producers’ reported constraints to practical overall capacity in Japan since January 1, 2022, by constraint and firm Type of constraint Subject foreign industry, firm name, and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Existing labor force *** Supply of material inputs *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 5 One firm, Kobelco, was absent from the U.S. market between February 2021 to October 2022 following that their engine supplier was not meeting the EPA Tier 4 final standard emission standards. Conference transcript, p. 136 (Hodges). Kobelco claims that any increase in production is a return to its normal presence in the U.S. market. Conference transcript, p. 171 (Hodges). 7.6 Operations on LBCCs Table 7.5 presents information on the LBCCs operations of the responding producers/exporters (aggregate data for the subject foreign industry). Subject producers’ combined capacity increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and increased by *** percent in 2024 for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Subject producers’ combined capacity is projected to *** increase in 2025 and remain stable in 2026. Production increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 and decreased by *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 to 2024. Production is projected to decrease in 2025 and 2026. Capacity utilization increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 before decreasing to *** percent in 2024. Capacity utilization is projected to decrease in 2025 and 2026. Inventory ratio to production levels increased from 2022 to 2023 before decreasing in 2024. It is projected to decrease in 2025 and increase in 2026. Exports of LBCCs to the U.S. accounted for the minority of subject producers’ shipments. Such exports increased from *** percent of total shipments in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 before *** decreasing in 2024. Exports of LBCCs to the U.S. as a share of total shipments are projected to decrease in 2025 and 2026 but will still remain above the share in 2024. Table 7.5 LBCCs: Data on industry in Japan, by period Quantity in units Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Production *** *** *** *** *** End-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Table continued 7.7 Table 7.5 (Continued) LBCCs: Data on industry in Japan, by period Shares and ratios in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity utilization ratio *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to production *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption share *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets share *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 7.8 Alternative products As shown in table 7.6, responding firms in Japan produced other products on the same equipment and machinery used to produce LBCCs. LBCCs accounted for the majority of overall production, increasing from *** percent of overall production in 2022 to *** in 2024. Table 7.6 LBCCs: Producers’ overall production on the same equipment as in-scope production in Japan, by period Quantity in units; share in percent Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** LBCCs Share *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.9 Exports Table 7.7 presents Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”) data for exports of “ships' derricks; cranes, including cable cranes; mobile lifting frames, straddle carriers and works trucks fitted with a crane”, a broad category that includes many out-of-scope products from the subject country to the United States and to all destination markets. Exports to Taiwan accounted for a plurality of such exports, and to a lesser extent, the United States. Table 7.7 LBCCs: Derricks, cranes, and work trucks fitted with a crane: exports from Japan, by destination market and by period Quantity in units; value in 1,000 dollars Destination market Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Quantity 189 338 252 Taiwan Quantity 220 229 267 Vietnam Quantity 254 211 207 South Korea Quantity 63 82 82 Australia Quantity 62 82 80 United Kingdom Quantity 63 41 73 United Arab Emirates Quantity 2 29 26 Netherlands Quantity 31 25 24 Qatar Quantity 11 3 20 All other destination markets Quantity 405 319 293 Non-U.S. destination markets Quantity 1,111 1,021 1,072 All destination markets Quantity 1,300 1,359 1,324 United States Value 69,015 152,591 161,964 Taiwan Value 28,529 30,295 41,762 Vietnam Value 11,309 9,524 6,575 South Korea Value 22,670 31,319 33,678 Australia Value 17,688 20,698 22,869 United Kingdom Value 9,195 4,785 25,066 United Arab Emirates Value 86 8,830 7,384 Netherlands Value 10,318 7,936 14,167 Qatar Value 8,949 914 18,261 All other destination markets Value 69,625 47,426 34,400 Non-U.S. destination markets Value 178,369 161,727 204,163 All destination markets Value 247,384 314,318 366,127 Table continued. 7.10 Table 7.7 (Continued): Derricks, cranes, and work trucks fitted with a crane: exports from Japan, by destination market and by period Unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit; shares in percent Destination market Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Unit value 365.16 451.45 642.72 Taiwan Unit value 129.68 132.29 156.41 Vietnam Unit value 44.53 45.14 31.76 South Korea Unit value 359.85 381.94 410.71 Australia Unit value 285.29 252.41 285.86 United Kingdom Unit value 145.96 116.72 343.37 United Arab Emirates Unit value 43.20 304.49 284.02 Netherlands Unit value 332.82 317.45 590.28 Qatar Unit value 813.50 304.54 913.05 All other destination markets Unit value 171.91 148.67 117.40 Non-U.S. destination markets Unit value 160.55 158.40 190.45 All destination markets Unit value 190.30 231.29 276.53 United States Share of quantity 14.5 24.9 19.0 Taiwan Share of quantity 16.9 16.9 20.2 Vietnam Share of quantity 19.5 15.5 15.6 South Korea Share of quantity 4.8 6.0 6.2 Australia Share of quantity 4.8 6.0 6.0 United Kingdom Share of quantity 4.8 3.0 5.5 United Arab Emirates Share of quantity 0.2 2.1 2.0 Netherlands Share of quantity 2.4 1.8 1.8 Qatar Share of quantity 0.8 0.2 1.5 All other destination markets Share of quantity 31.2 23.5 22.1 Non-U.S. destination markets Share of quantity 85.5 75.1 81.0 All destination markets Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Official exports statistics under HS subheading 842649 as reported by Japan in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed April 21, 2025. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". United States is shown at the top followed by the top destination markets in descending order of 2024 quantity data. 7.11 U.S. inventories of imported merchandise Table 7.8 presents data on U.S. importers’ reported inventories of LBCCs. U.S. importers’ inventories of imports from subject sources increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2023 before decreasing by *** percent in 2024 for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 to 2024. U.S. importers’ ratio of inventories to U.S. shipments of imports increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 before *** to *** percent in 2024. *** accounted for the majority of inventories. Table 7.8 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ inventories and their ratio to select items, by source and period Quantity in units; ratio in percent Measure Source 2022 2023 2024 Inventories quantity Japan *** *** *** Ratio to imports Japan *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Japan *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Japan *** *** *** Inventories quantity Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Inventories quantity All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to imports All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". 7.12 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders The Commission requested importers to indicate whether they imported or arranged for the importation of LBCCs from Japan after December 31, 2024. Their reported data are presented in table 7.9. The leading individual source of U.S. importers’ total arranged subject imports was Japan, which accounted for the majority of arranged subject imports of LBCCs. The subject source accounted for *** of reported arranged imports of LBCCs after January 1. 2025. Table 7.9 LBCCs: Arranged imports, by source and by period Quantity in units Source Q4 2024 Q1 2025 Q2 2025 Q3 2025 Total Japan *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". Third-country trade actions Based on available information, lattice boom crawler cranes from Japan have not been subject to other antidumping or countervailing duty investigations outside the United States. 7.13 Information on nonsubject countries Table 7.10 presents global export data for HS subheadings 8426.49, 8487.90, and 8425.19, categories that include lattice boom crawler cranes and assemblies as well as out-of- scope products. Table 7.10 LBCCs: Derricks, cranes, and work trucks fitted with a crane: exports from Japan, by destination market and by period Quantity in units; share in percent Exporting country Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Value 99,305 82,120 86,011 China Value 584,204 837,663 953,635 Japan Value 247,384 314,318 366,127 Austria Value 183,276 271,937 284,071 Italy Value 169,950 220,160 230,689 Netherlands Value 63,152 165,039 102,145 Belgium Value 48,603 52,860 71,719 Finland Value 46,010 46,539 50,716 Singapore Value 35,144 43,850 39,685 India Value 11,988 27,571 34,089 Canada Value 10,461 43,830 23,586 All other exporters Value 728,918 877,303 756,138 All reporting exporters Value 2,228,394 2,983,191 2,998,611 United States Share 4.5 2.8 2.9 China Share 26.2 28.1 31.8 Japan Share 11.1 10.5 12.2 Austria Share 8.2 9.1 9.5 Italy Share 7.6 7.4 7.7 Netherlands Share 2.8 5.5 3.4 Belgium Share 2.2 1.8 2.4 Finland Share 2.1 1.6 1.7 Singapore Share 1.6 1.5 1.3 India Share 0.5 0.9 1.1 Canada Share 0.5 1.5 0.8 All other exporters Share 32.7 29.4 25.2 All reporting exporters Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Official exports statistics under HS subheading 842649 as reported by various national statistical authorities in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed April 21, 2025. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". United States is shown at the top followed by the countries under investigation, all remaining top exporting countries in descending order of 2020 data. 7.14 A.1 APPENDIX A FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES A.3 The Commission makes available notices relevant to its investigations and reviews on its website, www.usitc.gov. In addition, the following tabulation presents, in chronological order, Federal Register notices issued by the Commission and Commerce during the current proceeding. Citation Title Link 90 FR 15989, April 16, 2025 Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) From Japan; Institution of Antidumping Duty Investigation and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigation https://www.govinfo.gov/app/det ails/FR-2025-04-16/2025-06451 90 FR 19270, April 30, 2025 Lattice Boom Crawler Cranes From Japan: Initiation of Less- Than-Fair-Value Investigation https://www.govinfo.gov/app/det ails/FR-2025-05-07/2025-07897 A.4 B.1 APPENDIX B LIST OF STAFF CONFERENCE WITNESSES - 1 - CALENDAR OF PUBLIC PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE Those listed below appeared as witnesses at the United States International Trade Commission’s preliminary conference: Subject: Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCS) from Japan Inv. No.: 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) Date and Time: May 1, 2025 – 9:30 a.m. Sessions were held in connection with this preliminary phase investigation all virtually via Webex. OPENING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Roop K. Bhatti, Cassidy Levy Kent LLP) In Opposition to Imposition (Julia K. Eppard, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP) In Support of the Imposition of the Antidumping Duty Orders: Cassidy Levy Kent LLP Washington, DC on behalf of The Manitowoc Company, Inc. MGX Equipment Services, LLC Leslie Middleton, Executive Vice President, Americas and EU Mobile Cranes, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. David Hull, Senior Vice President, Mobile Sales, Americas and EU, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. Andrew Konkle, Senior Value Stream Director – Crawler Cranes, The Manitowoc Company, Inc. - 2 - In Support of the Imposition of the Antidumping Duty Orders (continued): Keith Poff, Vice President & General Manager, U.S. Distribution, MGX Equipment Services, LLC Myles S. Getlan ) Thomas M. Beline ) ) – OF COUNSEL Roop K. Bhatti ) Nicole Brunda ) In Opposition to the Imposition of Antidumping Duty Orders: Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Kobelco Construction Machinery U.S.A. Inc. Kobelco Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. James Hodges, General Manager, Kobelco Construction Machinery U.S.A. Inc. Takashi Yanagisawa, Sales Coordinator, Kobelco Construction Machinery U.S.A. Inc. Travis Pope, Principal, Capital Trade, Inc. Yujin K. McNamara ) Julia K. Eppard ) – OF COUNSEL Sydney L. Stringer ) - 3 - In Opposition of the Imposition of the Antidumping Duty Orders (continued): Barnes & Thornburg LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Link-Belt Cranes Inc. Richard Shultz, Vice President of Manufacturing, Link-Belt Cranes Inc. Pat Collins, Director of Sales, Link-Belt Cranes Inc. Adetayo Osuntogun ) Luis Arandia ) Yusra Siddique ) – OF COUNSEL Hendricks Valenzuela ) Michelle Rosario ) Hogan Lovells LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Sumitomo Heavy Industries Construction Cranes Co., Ltd. Jared R. Wessel ) ) – OF COUNSEL Michael G. Jacobson ) REBUTTAL/CLOSING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Myles S. Getlan, Cassidy Levy Kent LLP) In Opposition to Imposition (Michael Jacobson, Hogan Lovells LLP) C.1 APPENDIX C SUMMARY DATA Table C-1: LBCCs: Summary data concerning the total U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc, by item and period..................................... C.3 Table C-2: LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, by item and period ........ C.6 Table C.1 Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. consumption quantity: Amount...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Producers' share (fn1)................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Japan..................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** All import sources............................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from: Japan: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity........................ *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** All import sources: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** U.S. producers': Practical capacity quantity.......................... *** *** *** *** *** *** Production quantity.................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Capacity utilization (fn1)............................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** U.S. shipments: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Export shipments: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Ending inventory quantity........................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** *** Inventories/total shipments (fn1)................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** *** Production workers..................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Hours worked (1,000s)............................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Wages paid ($1,000).................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Hourly wages (dollars per hour).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Productivity (units per million hours)........... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit labor costs.......................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Table continued. C.3 LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc, by item and period Quantity=units; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=1,000 dollars per unit; Period changes=percent-- exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year U.S. producers Table C.1 Continued Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers': Net sales: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn2).......................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** SG&A expenses......................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) (fn2)................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) (fn2)........................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit COGS................................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses.................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn2).......... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn2).................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS/sales (fn1)....................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Capital expenditures................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Research and development expenses........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total assets................................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points. Calendar year Calendar year Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 508-compliant tables for these data are contained in parts 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this report. Note.--Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. fn2.--Percent changes only calculated when both comparison values represent profits; The directional change in profitability provided when one or both comparison values represent a loss. C.4 LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc, by item and period Quantity=units; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=1,000 dollars per unit; Period changes=percent-- exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Table C.2 Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers' and processors': Producers: Practical capacity quantity........ *** *** *** *** *** *** Producers: Production quantity.................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Producers: Capacity utilization (fn1)........... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Processors: Practical capacity quantity...... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Processors: Production quantity................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Processors: Capacity utilization (fn1)......... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** U.S. shipments (fn2): Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value: Fully domestic value:.......................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Incremental value added to imports.... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total value....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Export shipments: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Producers: Ending inventory quantity......... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** *** Producers: Inv./total shipments (fn1).......... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** *** Processors: Ending inventory quantity....... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Processors: Inv./total shipments (fn1)........ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Production workers..................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Hours worked (1,000s)............................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Wages paid ($1,000).................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Hourly wages (dollars per hour).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Producers: Productivity.............................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Producers: Unit labor costs........................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Processors: Productivity............................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Processors: Unit labor costs....................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. C.5 LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, by item and period Quantity=units; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=1,000 dollars per unit; Productivity=units per million hours; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year U.S. producers and U.S. processors Table C.2 Continued Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers': Net sales: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn3).......................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** SG&A expenses......................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) (fn3)................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) (fn3)........................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit COGS................................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses.................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn3).......... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn3).................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS/sales (fn1)....................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Capital expenditures................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Research and development expenses........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total assets................................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** U.S. processors': Net sales: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn3).......................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** SG&A expenses......................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) (fn3)................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) (fn3)........................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit COGS................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit SG&A expenses.................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn3).......... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn3).................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS/sales (fn1)....................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Capital expenditures................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Research and development expenses........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Total assets................................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Calendar year Calendar year C.6 LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, by item and period Quantity=units; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=1,000 dollars per unit; Productivity=units per million hours; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Table C.2 Continued Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers' and processors': Net sales: Quantity.................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Value...................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value............................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)........................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn3).......................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** SG&A expenses......................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) (fn3)................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) (fn3)........................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit COGS................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses.................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn3).......... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn3).................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS/sales (fn1)....................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1).................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Capital expenditures................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Research and development expenses........ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Total assets................................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points. fn2.--Quantity for U.S. shipments reflects U.S. producers’ U.S. shipment quantities. Value for U.S. shipments reflects LBCCs sold in the United States from domestically manufactured LBCCs (including the value added by U.S. processors to domestic LBCCs), as well as the incremental value added by U.S. processors to imported LBCCs. In measuring consumption and market share this methodology avoids reclassifying and/or double counting merchandise already reported as an import. Unit value reflects the fully domestic value. fn3.--Percent changes only calculated when both comparison values represent profits; The directional change in profitability provided when one or both comparison values represent a loss. C.7 Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 508-compliant tables for these data are contained in parts 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this report. Note.--Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. LBCCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market defining the domestic industry to be U.S. producer Manitowoc and U.S. processor Link-Belt, by item and period Quantity=units; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=1,000 dollars per unit; Productivity=units per million hours; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted D.1 APPENDIX D SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT ANALYSIS NARRATIVE RESPONSES D.3 Table D.1 LBCCs: U.S. producers’ narrative responses regarding the semi-finished product analysis comparing finished cranes to cranes subassemblies Factor Producer name and narrative regarding semi-finished product analysis Differences in characteristics *** Differences in characteristics *** Differences in cost *** Differences in cost *** Transformation intensive *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. D.4 Table D.2 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ narrative responses regarding the semi-finished product analysis comparing finished cranes to cranes subassemblies Factor Importer name and narrative regarding semi-finished product analysis Differences in characteristics *** Differences in characteristics *** Differences in cost *** Transformation intensive *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. E.1 APPENDIX E DETAILED SHIPMENT/IMPORT DATA BY PRODUCT TYPE E.3 Table E.1 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S. shipments of LBCCs, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in dollars per unit; Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. E.4 Table E.1 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S. shipments of LBCCs, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.5 Table E.2 LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt's U.S. shipments of LBCCs, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in 1,000 dollars per units Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. E.6 Table E.2 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. processor Link-Belt’s U.S. shipments of LBCCs, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.7 Table E.3 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ U.S. imports of LBCCs from Japan, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. E.8 Table E.3 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. importers’ U.S. imports of LBCCs from Japan, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.9 Table E.4 LBCCs: U.S. importers’ U.S. imports of LBCCs from nonsubject sources, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. E.10 Table E.4 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. importers' U.S. imports of LBCCs from nonsubject sources, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". The imports in 2022 and 2023 were reexported. E.11 Table E.5 LBCCs: U.S. importers' U.S. imports of LBCCs from all import sources, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. E.12 Table E.5 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. importers' U.S. imports of LBCCs from all import sources, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.13 Table E.6 LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S shipments and U.S importers' U.S. imports of LBCCs from all souces, by product type and period Quantity in units; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in 1,000 dollars per unit Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Value *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Unit value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Unit value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Unit value *** *** *** E.14 Table E.6 (Continued) LBCCs: U.S. producer Manitowoc's U.S shipments and U.S importers' U.S. imports of LBCCs from all sources, by product type and period Shares in percent Product grouping Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of quantity *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of quantity *** *** *** Complete units 70 to 250 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 251 to 500 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units 501 to 750 ST max load capacity Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All other max load capacities Share of value *** *** *** Complete units All complete units Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Carriage-related subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies Other subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** Subassemblies All subassemblies Share of value *** *** *** All in-scope products All LBCCs Share of value *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.15 Table E.7 Complete LBCCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares classifying U.S processor Link-Belt's U.S shipments as subject origin (Japan) product based on quantity data, by source and period Quantity in units; Shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Japan Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Japan Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—". E.16 Table E.8 Complete LBCCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares classifying U.S processor Link-Belt's U.S shipments as subject origin (Japan) product based on quantity data, by source and period Quantity in units; Shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Japan Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Japan Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share *** *** *** E.17 Table E.9 LBCCs subassemblies: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on quantity data, by source and period Quantity in units; Shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Japan Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Japan Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share *** *** *** E.18 F.1 APPENDIX F LINK-BELT PRICE DATA AS IMPORT SOURCE F.3 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt provided quarterly sales data for its LBCCs that are made with imported crawler assembles and domestically produced lattice booms.1 Quarterly price data with Link-Belt’s price data categorized as an importer of LBCCs from Japan are presented in tables F.1 to F.3 and figures F.1 to F.3. Price trends are presented in table F.4, and underselling/overselling margin calculations are presented in F.5 to F.6. 1 Conference transcript, p. 112 and p. 119 (Schultz). F.4 Table F.1 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as an import source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units. Period U.S. producer price U.S. producer quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.5 Table F.2 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as an import source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.6 Table F.3 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as an import source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.7 Figure F.1 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 treating Link-Belt as an import source, by quarter Price of product 1 * * * * * * * Volume of product 1 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.8 Figure F.2 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 treating Link-Belt as an import source, by quarter Price of product 2 * * * * * * * Volume of product 2 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.9 Figure F.3 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 treating Link-Belt as an import source, by quarter Price of product 3 * * * * * * * Volume of product 3 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. F.10 Table F.4 LBCCs: Summary of price data treating Link-Belt as an import source, by product and source, January 2022 to December 2024 Quantity in units, price in 1,000 dollars per unit Product Source Number of quarters Quantity of shipments Low price High price First quarter price Last quarter price Percent change in price over period Product 1 U.S. producer 10 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Japan 8 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 U.S. producer — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Japan 5 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 U.S. producer 9 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Japan 1 *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percent change column is percentage change from the first quarter 2022 to the last quarter in 2024. Table F.5 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins treating Link-Belt as an import source, by product Quantity in units; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Underselling 8 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Overselling 11 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. F.11 Table F.6 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins treating Link-Belt as an import source, by year Quantity in units; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Underselling 8 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Overselling 11 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. G.1 APPENDIX G LINK-BELT PRICE DATA AS U.S. PRODUCER SOURCE G.3 U.S. processor and importer Link-Belt provided quarterly sales data for its LBCCs that are made with imported crawler assembles and domestically produced lattice booms.1 Quarterly price data with Link-Belt’s price data categorized as a U.S. producer of LBCCs are presented in tables G.1 to G.3 and figures G.1 to G.3. Price trends are presented in table G.4, and underselling/overselling margin calculations are presented in G.5 to G.6. 1 Conference transcript, p. 112 and p. 119 (Schultz). G.4 Table G.1 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units. Period U.S. producer price U.S. producer quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.5 Table G.2 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.6 Table G.3 LBCCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by source and quarter Price in 1,000 dollars per unit, quantity in units, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Japan price Japan quantity Japan margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.7 Figure G.1 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by quarter Price of product 1 * * * * * * * Volume of product 1 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 110 U.S. tons, boom length of 140-160 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.8 Figure G.2 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by quarter Price of product 2 * * * * * * * Volume of product 2 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 200 U.S. tons, boom length of 200-220 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.9 Figure G.3 Product: Weighted-average prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer source, by quarter Price of product 3 * * * * * * * Volume of product 3 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Lattice boom crawler crane with a maximum lift capacity of 275 U.S. tons, boom length of 215-235 ft, with a base engine and model configuration, and without any jib or other attachments. G.10 Table G.4 LBCCs: Summary of price data treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer, by product and source, January 2022 to December 2024 Quantity in units, price in 1,000 dollars per unit Product Source Number of quarters Quantity of shipments Low price High price First quarter price Last quarter price Percent change in price over period Product 1 U.S. producer 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Japan 8 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 U.S. producer 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Japan 5 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 U.S. producer 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Japan 1 *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percent change column is percentage change from the first quarter 2022 to the last quarter in 2024. Table G.5 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer, by product Quantity in units; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Underselling 9 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all products Overselling 5 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. G.11 Table G.6 LBCCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins treating Link-Belt as a U.S. producer, by year Quantity in units; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Underselling 9 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling *** *** *** *** *** Total, all years Overselling 5 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === A-588-883 - Japan AD === Federal Register :: Request Access { "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-cc464116.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-86bf8853.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-7ea3d58b.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-25917588.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-e5a449db.js", "controllers/site_feedback_controller": "/assets/controllers/site_feedback_controller-a99fc93f.js", "controllers/unblock_controller": "/assets/controllers/unblock_controller-9520f896.js" } } import "application" Request Access Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. 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Investigation 731-TA-3820 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Lattice-Boom Crawler Cranes (LBCCs) from Japan; Inv. No. 731-TA-1742 (Preliminary) from Japan. The ITC determines whether U.S. industry is materially injured (or threatened) by imports under investigation; Commerce determines whether dumping or subsidization is occurring. Both findings are required for an AD/CVD order to be issued.
731-TA-3820 is in the preliminary phase, with status completed. Preliminary phase — the ITC's initial 45-day determination on whether there's a reasonable indication of injury. A negative preliminary terminates the investigation; an affirmative one moves it forward.
Not yet. 731-TA-3820 has not produced an AD/CVD order in Tandom's catalog. If both Commerce and the ITC issue affirmative final determinations, an order would issue and link to this investigation. Until then, no cash deposits apply.
Tandom guides relevant to AD/CVD investigations
Cash deposit cascade, separate rates, all-others, and PRC-wide rates. Worked example on case A-570-910 (galvanized welded steel pipe from China) with three exporter-specific rates.
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Scope text is authoritative; the HTS list is illustrative. Read scope, find past rulings, and file a 19 CFR 351.225 inquiry. Worked example on case A-570-106 (wooden cabinets from China).
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The USITC publishes investigation determinations and milestones on its Investigations Data Service (IDS) at ids.usitc.gov. Tandom's catalog re-syncs from IDS daily; new phases, votes, and determinations appear here within 24 hours of USITC publication.
A practical workflow for checking antidumping and countervailing duty exposure on a US entry. For brokers and ops teams who need the answer before filing.
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