ITC Investigation 701-TA-3839 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India; Inv. No. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary) from Czech Republic and India. It's in the preliminary phase and currently in completed status. No AD/CVD order has been issued from this investigation yet — the case will appear here once Commerce publishes a final determination.
Phase, parties, documents, and full text from USITC IDS
Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India; Inv. No. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary)
Pending ITC investigation (preliminary/completed) on "Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof".
Parties
Documents
Full text (654,774 chars)
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�M-����h����=���'v���,qE��Y� �(&�]��nP�-ҍZC�\�tN*�����f���%���$]��5�I6����w�+Ŭw��a��G�(I�8 �_=t'o���E@����yw����j�Y^+x�\�J�tқ�0��D�����:�x�0x���C?��v �w ̊��rNX��p�Z�o�r�s����A�:�%���3j�چ�R�i�|$�^��o�c$��6�$5,)^*[�[����o�\��L��D���F�������1��2�rp�w���� :G>+Q�Gg_��'�Ƞs�� �8�_�`��ӿR�=o�~4[��u��h�]k:�:}]�`o�s�W��[���7� ��PK!H� ����docProps/custom.xml ��(��α �0��]����T�Ҵ�8;T����@�r�b�ވ�8~�8M�r�X1�%��PV �����kq�I�A��Q��]��5�Hc��"�N~��j����.�����G{��J ����D60��o���,W�0��H9X)c�t��l'�_u����ݓ���|P�=�;6��w�#w �E�v ���d*���yB1��ߪ�� �k�����PK-!18��� [Content_Types].xmlPK-!�U~���_rels/.relsPK-!ح���y�)word/document.xmlPK-!Fw��� =�word/_rels/document.xml.relsPK-!������word/footnotes.xmlPK-!a�������word/endnotes.xmlPK-!p���fd�word/header1.xmlPK-!���k^ �word/header2.xmlPK-!)nl�;��word/header3.xmlPK-!#u� �"word/header4.xmlPK- !g_7B��Tword/media/image1.pngPK- !�P��+�+���word/media/image2.pngPK-!��R��� �word/theme/theme1.xmlPK-!�xA��<X�word/settings.xmlPK-!��$��customXml/item1.xmlPK-!Z2���U�customXml/itemProps1.xmlPK-!B&�!XY�word/numbering.xmlPK-!���Y�̰��word/styles.xmlPK-!i���word/webSettings.xmlPK-!��`9`�word/fontTable.xmlPK-!7�1�cOx�docProps/core.xmlPK-!D�H����docProps/app.xmlPK-!H� ���;�docProps/custom.xmlPK-!t?9z�(��customXml/_rels/item1.xml.relsPK�� ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === C-533-941 - India CVD === Federal Register :: Request Access { "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-cc464116.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-86bf8853.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-7ea3d58b.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-25917588.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-e5a449db.js", "controllers/site_feedback_controller": "/assets/controllers/site_feedback_controller-a99fc93f.js", "controllers/unblock_controller": "/assets/controllers/unblock_controller-9520f896.js" } } import "application" Request Access Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. Please visit FederalRegister.gov API documentation or eCFR.gov API documentation to learn more about how to access the API. Your request has been flagged as potentially automated. If you are human user receiving this message, please complete the CAPTCHA (bot test) below and click "Request Access". You may occassionally be asked to complete the CAPTCHA again, this is normal and part of our security measures. unblock#handleSubmit"> Request Access An official website of the United States government. If you experiencing issues with the CAPTCHA or want to request a wider IP range, you can use the "Site Help" button found in the lower, right of this page to make a request. × IP Access Help This contact form is only for IP Access help. Please do not provide confidential information or personal data. * Your Name * Email * How can we help you? Upload Attachment * I am requesting technical help. site-feedback#openModal" aria-label="Open site help form"> Site Help ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === USITC Institution === 35734 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 143 / Tuesday, July 29, 2025 / Notices INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–775 and 731– TA–1759–1760 (Preliminary)] Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof From Czech Republic and India; Institution of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigations AGENCY : United States International Trade Commission. ACTION : Notice. SUMMARY : The Commission hereby gives notice of the institution of investigations and commencement of preliminary phase antidumping and countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701–TA–775 and 731–TA–1759–1760 (Preliminary) pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of freight rail couplers and parts thereof from Czech Republic and India, provided for in subheading 8607.30.10 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value and alleged to be subsidized by the Government of India. Unless the Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) extends the time for initiation, the Commission must reach a preliminary determination in antidumping and countervailing duty investigations in 45 days, or in this case by September 8, 2025. The Commission’s views must be transmitted to Commerce within five business days thereafter, or by September 15, 2025. DATES : July 23, 2025. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Camille Bryan, (202–205–2811) and Jordan Harriman (202–205–2610), Office of Investigations, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436. Hearing- impaired persons can obtain information on this matter by contacting the Commission’s TDD terminal on 202– 205–1810. Persons with mobility impairments who will need special assistance in gaining access to the Commission should contact the Office of the Secretary at 202–205–2000. General information concerning the Commission may also be obtained by accessing its internet server (https:// www.usitc.gov). The public record for these investigations may be viewed on the Commission’s electronic docket (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Background.—These investigations are being instituted, pursuant to sections 703(a) and 733(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1671b(a) and 1673b(a)), in response to a petition filed on July 23, 2025, by the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, comprised of McConway & Torley LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union. For further information concerning the conduct of these investigations and rules of general application, consult the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, part 201, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 201), and part 207, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 207). Participation in the investigations and public service list.—Persons (other than petitioners) wishing to participate in the investigations as parties must file an entry of appearance with the Secretary to the Commission, as provided in §§ 201.11 and 207.10 of the Commission’s rules, not later than seven days after publication of this notice in the Federal Register. Industrial users and (if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level) representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping duty and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to these investigations upon the expiration of the period for filing entries of appearance. Limited disclosure of business proprietary information (BPI) under an administrative protective order (APO) and BPI service list.—Pursuant to § 207.7(a) of the Commission’s rules, the Secretary will make BPI gathered in these investigations available to authorized applicants representing interested parties (as defined in 19 U.S.C. 1677(9)) who are parties to the investigations under the APO issued in the investigations, provided that the application is made not later than seven days after the publication of this notice in the Federal Register. A separate service list will be maintained by the Secretary for those parties authorized to receive BPI under the APO. Conference.—The Office of Investigations will hold a staff conference in connection with the preliminary phase of these investigations beginning at 9:30 a.m. on August 13, 2025. Requests to appear at the conference should be emailed to preliminaryconferences@usitc.gov (DO NOT FILE ON EDIS) on or before noon on August 11, 2025. Please provide an email address for each conference participant in the email. Information on conference procedures, format, and participation, including guidance for requests to appear as a witness via videoconference, will be available on the Commission’s Public Calendar (Calendar (USITC) | United States International Trade Commission). A nonparty who has testimony that may aid the Commission’s deliberations may request permission to participate by submitting a short statement. Please note the Secretary’s Office will accept only electronic filings during this time. Filings must be made through the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov). No in-person paper- based filings or paper copies of any electronic filings will be accepted until further notice. Written submissions.—As provided in §§ 201.8 and 207.15 of the Commission’s rules, any person may submit to the Commission on or before 5:15 p.m. on August 18, 2025, a written brief containing information and arguments pertinent to the subject matter of the investigations. Parties shall file written testimony and supplementary material in connection with their presentation at the conference no later than 4:00 p.m. on August 12, 2025. All written submissions must conform with the provisions of § 201.8 of the Commission’s rules; any submissions that contain BPI must also conform with the requirements of §§ 201.6, 207.3, and 207.7 of the Commission’s rules. The Commission’s Handbook on Filing Procedures, available on the Commission’s website at https://www.usitc.gov/documents/ handbook_on_filing_procedures.pdf, elaborates upon the Commission’s procedures with respect to filings. In accordance with §§ 201.16(c) and 207.3 of the rules, each document filed by a party to the investigations must be served on all other parties to the investigations (as identified by either the public or BPI service list), and a certificate of service must be timely filed. The Secretary will not accept a document for filing without a certificate of service. Certification.—Pursuant to § 207.3 of the Commission’s rules, any person submitting information to the Commission in connection with these investigations must certify that the information is accurate and complete to the best of the submitter’s knowledge. In VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:06 Jul 28, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\29JYN1.SGM 29JYN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES 35735Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 143 / Tuesday, July 29, 2025 / Notices 1 Handbook for Electronic Filing Procedures: https://www.usitc.gov/documents/handbook_on_ filing_procedures.pdf. making the certification, the submitter will acknowledge that any information that it submits to the Commission during these investigations may be disclosed to and used: (i) by the Commission, its employees and Offices, and contract personnel (a) for developing or maintaining the records of these or related investigations or reviews, or (b) in internal investigations, audits, reviews, and evaluations relating to the programs, personnel, and operations of the Commission including under 5 U.S.C. Appendix 3; or (ii) by U.S. government employees and contract personnel, solely for cybersecurity purposes. All contract personnel will sign appropriate nondisclosure agreements. Authority: These investigations are being conducted under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930; this notice is published pursuant to § 207.12 of the Commission’s rules. By order of the Commission. Issued: July 24, 2025. Susan Orndoff, Supervisory Attorney. [FR Doc. 2025–14232 Filed 7–28–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Notice of Receipt of Complaint; Solicitation of Comments Relating to the Public Interest AGENCY : U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION : Notice. SUMMARY : Notice is hereby given that the U.S. International Trade Commission has received a complaint entitled Certain Child Car Seats, DN 3840; the Commission is soliciting comments on any public interest issues raised by the complaint or complainant’s filing pursuant to the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Lisa R. Barton, Secretary to the Commission, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436, telephone (202) 205–2000. The public version of the complaint can be accessed on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. For help accessing EDIS, please email EDIS3Help@usitc.gov. General information concerning the Commission may also be obtained by accessing its internet server at United States International Trade Commission (USITC) at https://www.usitc.gov. The public record for this investigation may be viewed on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. Hearing-impaired persons are advised that information on this matter can be obtained by contacting the Commission’s TDD terminal on (202) 205–1810. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : The Commission has received a complaint and a submission pursuant to § 210.8(b) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure filed on behalf of Wonderland Switzerland AG, Iron Mountains, LLC, Nuna International B.V., Nuna Baby Essentials, Inc., Joie International Co., Ltd., Joie Children’s Products, Inc., and Graco Children’s Products Inc. on July 24, 2025. The complaint alleges violations of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1337) in the importation into the United States, the sale for importation, and the sale within the United States after importation of certain child car seats. The complaint names as respondents: Dorel Juvenile Group, Inc. of Foxboro, MA; Dorel Industries Inc. of Canada; Guangdong Roadmate Group Co., Ltd. of China; Roadmate Trading (Hong Kong) Limited of Hong Kong; Zhongshan Roadmate Juvenile Products Co. of China. The complainant requests that the Commission issue a limited exclusion order, cease and desist orders, and impose a bond upon respondents’ alleged infringing articles during the 60- day Presidential review period pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 1337(j). Proposed respondents, other interested parties, members of the public, and interested government agencies are invited to file comments on any public interest issues raised by the complaint or § 210.8(b) filing. Comments should address whether issuance of the relief specifically requested by the complainant in this investigation would affect the public health and welfare in the United States, competitive conditions in the United States economy, the production of like or directly competitive articles in the United States, or United States consumers. In particular, the Commission is interested in comments that: (i) explain how the articles potentially subject to the requested remedial orders are used in the United States; (ii) identify any public health, safety, or welfare concerns in the United States relating to the requested remedial orders; (iii) identify like or directly competitive articles that complainant, its licensees, or third parties make in the United States which could replace the subject articles if they were to be excluded; (iv) indicate whether complainant, complainant’s licensees, and/or third party suppliers have the capacity to replace the volume of articles potentially subject to the requested exclusion order and/or a cease and desist order within a commercially reasonable time; and (v) explain how the requested remedial orders would impact United States consumers. Written submissions on the public interest must be filed no later than by close of business, eight calendar days after the date of publication of this notice in the Federal Register. There will be further opportunities for comment on the public interest after the issuance of any final initial determination in this investigation. Any written submissions on other issues must also be filed by no later than the close of business, eight calendar days after publication of this notice in the Federal Register. Complainant may file replies to any written submissions no later than three calendar days after the date on which any initial submissions were due, notwithstanding § 201.14(a) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. No other submissions will be accepted, unless requested by the Commission. Any submissions and replies filed in response to this Notice are limited to five (5) pages in length, inclusive of attachments. Persons filing written submissions must file the original document electronically on or before the deadlines stated above. Submissions should refer to the docket number (‘‘Docket No. 3840’’) in a prominent place on the cover page and/or the first page. (See Handbook for Electronic Filing Procedures, Electronic Filing Procedures 1). Please note the Secretary’s Office will accept only electronic filings during this time. Filings must be made through the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov.) No in-person paper- based filings or paper copies of any electronic filings will be accepted until further notice. Persons with questions regarding filing should contact the Secretary at EDIS3Help@usitc.gov. Any person desiring to submit a document to the Commission in confidence must request confidential treatment. All such requests should be VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:06 Jul 28, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00083 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\29JYN1.SGM 29JYN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === A–533-940 - Czech Republic AD === Federal Register :: Request Access { "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-cc464116.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-86bf8853.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-7ea3d58b.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-25917588.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-e5a449db.js", "controllers/site_feedback_controller": "/assets/controllers/site_feedback_controller-a99fc93f.js", "controllers/unblock_controller": "/assets/controllers/unblock_controller-9520f896.js" } } import "application" Request Access Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. Please visit FederalRegister.gov API documentation or eCFR.gov API documentation to learn more about how to access the API. Your request has been flagged as potentially automated. If you are human user receiving this message, please complete the CAPTCHA (bot test) below and click "Request Access". You may occassionally be asked to complete the CAPTCHA again, this is normal and part of our security measures. unblock#handleSubmit"> Request Access An official website of the United States government. If you experiencing issues with the CAPTCHA or want to request a wider IP range, you can use the "Site Help" button found in the lower, right of this page to make a request. × IP Access Help This contact form is only for IP Access help. Please do not provide confidential information or personal data. * Your Name * Email * How can we help you? Upload Attachment * I am requesting technical help. site-feedback#openModal" aria-label="Open site help form"> Site Help ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === A-851-806 - India AD === Federal Register :: Request Access { "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-cc464116.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-86bf8853.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-7ea3d58b.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-25917588.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-e5a449db.js", "controllers/site_feedback_controller": "/assets/controllers/site_feedback_controller-a99fc93f.js", "controllers/unblock_controller": "/assets/controllers/unblock_controller-9520f896.js" } } import "application" Request Access Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. Please visit FederalRegister.gov API documentation or eCFR.gov API documentation to learn more about how to access the API. Your request has been flagged as potentially automated. If you are human user receiving this message, please complete the CAPTCHA (bot test) below and click "Request Access". You may occassionally be asked to complete the CAPTCHA again, this is normal and part of our security measures. unblock#handleSubmit"> Request Access An official website of the United States government. If you experiencing issues with the CAPTCHA or want to request a wider IP range, you can use the "Site Help" button found in the lower, right of this page to make a request. × IP Access Help This contact form is only for IP Access help. Please do not provide confidential information or personal data. * Your Name * Email * How can we help you? Upload Attachment * I am requesting technical help. site-feedback#openModal" aria-label="Open site help form"> Site Help ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === USITC Determination - Preliminary === 44102 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 174 / Thursday, September 11, 2025 / Notices 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 40055 and 90 FR 40059 (August 18, 2025). remains of one individual of Native American ancestry. • There is a connection between the human remains described in this notice and the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. Requests for Repatriation Written requests for repatriation of the human remains in this notice must be sent to the authorized representative identified in this notice under ADDRESSES. Requests for repatriation may be submitted by: 1. Any one or more of the Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations identified in this notice. 2. Any lineal descendant, Indian Tribe, or Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice who shows, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the requestor is a lineal descendant or an Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization with cultural affiliation. Repatriation of the human remains described in this notice to a requestor may occur on or after October 14, 2025. If competing requests for repatriation are received, the ARC and USACE must determine the most appropriate requestor prior to repatriation. Requests for joint repatriation of the human remains are considered a single request and not competing requests. The ARC and USACE are responsible for sending a copy of this notice to the Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations identified in this notice and any other consulting parties. Authority: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25 U.S.C. 3003, and the implementing regulations, 43 CFR 10.10. Dated: August 21, 2025. Melanie O’Brien, Manager, National NAGPRA Program. [FR Doc. 2025–17489 Filed 9–10–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4312–52–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–775 and 731– TA–1759–1760 (Preliminary)] Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof From Czech Republic and India; Determinations On the basis of the record 1 developed in the subject investigations, the United States International Trade Commission (‘‘Commission’’) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of freight rail couplers and parts thereof (‘‘freight rail couplers’’) from Czech Republic and India, provided for in subheading 8607.30.10 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (‘‘LTFV’’) and imports of the subject merchandise from India that are alleged to be subsidized by the government of India. 2 Commencement of Final Phase Investigations Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigations. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in § 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) of affirmative preliminary determinations in the investigations under §§ 703(b) or 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determinations are negative, upon notice of affirmative final determinations in those investigations under §§ 705(a) or 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigations need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigations. Any other party may file an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigations after publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigations. As provided in section 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigations to parties to the investigations, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov), for comment. Background On July 23, 2025, the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, comprised of McConway & Torley LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, filed petitions with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports of freight rail couplers from India and LTFV imports of freight rail couplers from Czech Republic and India. Accordingly, effective July 23, 2025, the Commission instituted countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701–TA–775 and antidumping duty investigation Nos. 731–TA–1759–1760 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigations and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of July 29, 2025 (90 FR 35734). The Commission conducted its conference on August 13, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. The Commission made these determinations pursuant to §§ 703(a) and 733(a) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671b(a) and 1673b(a)). It completed and filed its determinations in these investigations on September 8, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 5670 (September 2025), entitled Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India: Investigation Nos. 701–TA–775 and 731–TA–1759–1760 (Preliminary). By order of the Commission. Issued: September 8, 2025. Sharon Bellamy, Supervisory and Hearings and Information Officer. [FR Doc. 2025–17569 Filed 9–10–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:03 Sep 10, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00103 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 9990 E:\FR\FM\11SEN1.SGM 11SEN1 lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with NOTICES1 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === Publication 5670 === Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India Investigation Nos. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759–1760 (Preliminary) Publication 5670 September 2025 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 COMMISSIONERS Amy A Karpel, Chair David S. Johanson Jason E. Kearns Catherine DeFilippo Director of Operations Staff assigned Jordan Harriman, Investigator Laura Shelton, Industry Analyst James Horne, Economist Jennifer Brinckhaus, Accountant Onslow Hall, Statistician Elizabeth Speck, Attorney Elizabeth Haines, Supervisory Investigator Special assistance from Camille Bryan, Investigator David Coffin, Industry analyst U.S. International Trade Commission Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India Investigation Nos. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759–1760 (Preliminary) U.S. International Trade Commission Publication 5670 September 2025 CONTENTS Page i Determinations ............................................................................................................................... 1 Views of the Commission ............................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 1.1 Organization of report.............................................................................................................. 1.3 Market summary ...................................................................................................................... 1.3 Summary data and data sources .............................................................................................. 1.4 Previous and related investigations ......................................................................................... 1.4 Nature and extent of alleged subsidies and sales at LTFV ....................................................... 1.5 Alleged subsidies .................................................................................................................. 1.5 Alleged sales at LTFV ............................................................................................................ 1.5 The subject merchandise ......................................................................................................... 1.5 Commerce’s scope ............................................................................................................... 1.5 Tariff treatment .................................................................................................................... 1.6 The product .............................................................................................................................. 1.9 Description and applications ................................................................................................ 1.9 Manufacturing processes ................................................................................................... 1.13 Domestic like product issues.................................................................................................. 1.15 Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market ....................................................... 2.1 U.S. market characteristics....................................................................................................... 2.1 Impact of section 232 tariffs and tariffs associated with Presidential actions ........................ 2.2 Channels of distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.2 Geographic distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.3 Supply and demand considerations ......................................................................................... 2.3 U.S. supply ............................................................................................................................ 2.3 U.S. demand ......................................................................................................................... 2.6 Substitutability issues............................................................................................................... 2.9 Factors affecting purchasing decisions................................................................................. 2.9 CONTENTS Page ii Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported FRCs ............................................................ 2.10 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment .................................... 3.1 U.S. producers .......................................................................................................................... 3.1 U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization .................................................................. 3.2 Alternative products ............................................................................................................. 3.6 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports ............................................................................ 3.7 U.S. producers’ inventories ...................................................................................................... 3.8 U.S. producers’ imports and purchases of imports from subject sources............................... 3.8 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity ............................................................................. 3.9 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares .............................. 4.1 U.S. importers........................................................................................................................... 4.1 U.S. imports .............................................................................................................................. 4.2 Negligibility ............................................................................................................................... 4.6 Cumulation considerations ...................................................................................................... 4.7 Fungibility ............................................................................................................................. 4.7 Geographical markets .......................................................................................................... 4.9 Presence in the market ...................................................................................................... 4.11 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares .................................................................... 4.14 Quantity .............................................................................................................................. 4.14 Value ................................................................................................................................... 4.15 U.S. shipments by channel ................................................................................................. 4.16 U.S. shipments by specific circumstances .......................................................................... 4.19 CONTENTS Page iii Part 5: Pricing data ......................................................................................................... 5.1 Factors affecting prices ............................................................................................................ 5.1 Raw material costs ............................................................................................................... 5.1 Transportation costs to the U.S. market .............................................................................. 5.4 U.S. inland transportation costs ........................................................................................... 5.5 Pricing practices ....................................................................................................................... 5.5 Pricing methods .................................................................................................................... 5.5 Sales terms and discounts .................................................................................................... 5.6 Price data.................................................................................................................................. 5.6 Price trends......................................................................................................................... 5.14 Price comparisons .............................................................................................................. 5.16 Lost sales and lost revenue .................................................................................................... 5.17 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers ................................................................. 6.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 6.1 Operations on FRCs .................................................................................................................. 6.2 Net sales ............................................................................................................................. 6.10 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss......................................................................... 6.11 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss................................................................... 6.13 All other expenses and net income or loss ........................................................................ 6.13 Capital expenditures and research and development expenses ........................................... 6.14 Assets and return on assets ................................................................................................... 6.15 Capital and investment .......................................................................................................... 6.16 Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries .......................... 7.1 Subject countries ...................................................................................................................... 7.3 Changes in operations and anticipated changes in operations ........................................... 7.5 Installed and practical overall capacity ................................................................................ 7.6 Constraints on capacity ........................................................................................................ 7.7 Operations on FRCs .............................................................................................................. 7.8 CONTENTS Page iv Alternative products ........................................................................................................... 7.15 Exports ................................................................................................................................ 7.16 U.S. inventories of imported merchandise ............................................................................ 7.17 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders........................................................................................ 7.18 Third-country trade actions ................................................................................................... 7.18 Information on nonsubject countries .................................................................................... 7.18 Appendixes A. Federal Register notices .................................................................................................. A.1 B. List of staff conference witnesses ................................................................................... B.1 C. Summary data ................................................................................................................. C.1 D. Narrative descriptions of semifinished like product factors........................................... D.1 E. Detailed U.S. shipment data by channel and product type ............................................ E.1 Note.—Information that would reveal confidential operations of individual firms may not be published. Such information is identified by brackets ([ ]) in confidential reports and is deleted and replaced with asterisks (***) in public reports. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as em dashes (—) in tables. If using a screen reader, we recommend increasing the verbosity setting. 1 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Investigation Nos. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary) Freight rail couplers and parts thereof from Czech Republic and India DETERMINATIONS On the basis of the record1 developed in the subject investigations, the United States International Trade Commission (“Commission”) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (“the Act”), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of freight rail couplers and parts thereof (“freight rail couplers”) from Czech Republic and India, provided for in subheading 8607.30.10 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”) and imports of the subject merchandise from India that are alleged to be subsidized by the government of India.2 COMMENCEMENT OF FINAL PHASE INVESTIGATIONS Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigations. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in § 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of affirmative preliminary determinations in the investigations under §§ 703(b) or 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determinations are negative, upon notice of affirmative final determinations in those investigations under §§ 705(a) or 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigations need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigations. Any other party may file an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigations after publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 40055 and 90 FR 40059 (August 18, 2025). 2 public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigations. As provided in section 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigations to parties to the investigations, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https://edis.usitc.gov), for comment. BACKGROUND On July 23, 2025, the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, comprised of McConway & Torley LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, filed petitions with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports of freight rail couplers from India and LTFV imports of freight rail couplers from Czech Republic and India. Accordingly, effective July 23, 2025, the Commission instituted countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701-TA-775 and antidumping duty investigation Nos. 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigations and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of July 29, 2025 (90 FR 35734). The Commission conducted its conference on August 13, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. 3 Views of the Commission Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of certain freight rail couplers and parts thereof (“FRCs”) from the Czech Republic and India that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value and are allegedly subsidized by the government of India. The Legal Standard for Preliminary DeterminaƟons The legal standard for preliminary antidumping and countervailing duty determinations requires the Commission to determine, based upon the information available at the time of the preliminary determinations, whether there is a reasonable indication that a domestic industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that the establishment of an industry is materially retarded, by reason of the allegedly unfairly traded imports. 1 In applying this standard, the Commission weighs the evidence before it and determines whether “(1) the record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury or threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation.” 2 Background The petitions in these investigations were filed on July 23, 2025, by the Coalition of Freight Rail Coupler Producers (“Petitioner” or “the Coalition”), an association that consists of McConway and Torley, LLC (“M&T”), a U.S. producer of FRCs, and the United Steel, Paper, and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC (“USW”). Representatives for Petitioner participated in the staff 1 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a) (2000); see also American Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d 994, 1001-04 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Aristech Chem. Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 353, 354-55 (1996). No party argues that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by the allegedly unfairly traded imports. 2 American Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001; see also Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United States, 35 F.3d 1535, 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1994). 4 conference,3 with counsel, and submitted a postconference brief. 4 Three respondent entities participated in these investigations. Strato, Inc. (“Strato”), a U.S. importer of subject merchandise from India, submitted testimony and appeared at the staff conference with counsel and submitted a postconference brief. 5 Wabtec Corporation (“Wabtec”), a U.S. importer of subject merchandise from the Czech Republic and India, submitted testimony and appeared at the staff conference with counsel and submitted a postconference brief. 6 TTX Company (“TTX”), a U.S. purchaser of FRCs, also submitted testimony and appeared at the staff conference with counsel and submitted a postconference brief.7 U.S. industry data in the staff report are based on the questionnaire responses of two firms accounting for all known U.S. production of FRCs in 2024. 8 U.S. import data are based on the questionnaire responses from six U.S. importers, accounting for *** percent of U.S. imports from the Czech Republic and *** percent of imports from India under Harmonized Tariff Schedule statistical reporting number 8607.30.1000. 9 Foreign industry data and related information are based on the questionnaire responses of one producer/exporter of FRCs in the Czech Republic and three producers/exporters of FRCs in India. They accounted for approximately *** percent of FRC production in the Czech Republic and *** percent of FRC production in India in 2024. 10 3 See Revised Transcript of Preliminary Conference, EDIS Doc. 860750 (Aug. 13, 2025) (“Conference Tr.”). 4 Coalition for Freight Rail Coupler Producers’ Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 859830 (Aug. 19, 2025) (“Petitioner’s Postconference Brief”). 5 Strato’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 859847 (Aug. 19, 2025) (“Strato’s Postconference Brief”). 6 Wabtec Corporation’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 859843 (Aug. 19, 2025) (“Wabtec’s Postconference Brief”). 7 TTX’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 859960 (Aug. 19, 2025) (“TTX’s Postconference Brief”). 8 Confidential Staff Report, INV-XX-116, (Aug. 29, 2025) (“CR”); Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from the Czech Republic and India, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-17459-60, USITC Pub. 5670 (Sept. 2025) (“PR”) at 1.1. Domestic producer Amsted Rail Company, Inc. (“Amsted”) responded to the Commission’s questionnaire but did not participate in the preliminary phase of these investigations. 9 CR/PR at 4.1. HTS subheading 8607.30.1000 is a “basket” category that contains out-of-scope merchandise. Id. at 4.1 n.2. Therefore, we do not rely on official import statistics to measure imports of FRCs. 10 CR/PR at 7.3. The foreign producer questionnaire responses reported exports of subject merchandise equivalent to *** percent of reported imports from the Czech Republic and *** percent of reported imports from India. Id. 5 DomesƟc Like Product In determining whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of the subject merchandise, the Commission first defines the “domestic like product” and the “industry.”11 Section 771(4)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (“the Tariff Act”), defines the relevant domestic industry as the “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.” 12 In turn, the Tariff Act defines “domestic like product” as “a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation.” 13 By statute, the Commission’s “domestic like product” analysis begins with the “article subject to an investigation,” i.e., the subject merchandise as determined by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”). 14 Therefore, Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value (“LTFV”) is “necessarily the starting point of the Commission’s like product analysis.” 15 The Commission then defines the domestic like product in light of the imported articles Commerce has identified. 16 The decision regarding the appropriate domestic like product(s) in an investigation is a factual determination, and the Commission has applied the statutory standard of “like” or “most similar in characteristics and uses” on a case-by-case basis. 17 No single factor 11 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 12 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 13 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). 14 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). The Commission must accept Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value. See, e.g., USEC, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. App’x 725, 730 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“The ITC may not modify the class or kind of imported merchandise examined by Commerce.”); Algoma Steel Corp. v. United States, 688 F. Supp. 639, 644 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1988), aff’d, 865 F.3d 240 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 919 (1989). 15 Cleo Inc. v. United States, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see also Hitachi Metals, Ltd. v. United States, Case No. 19-1289, slip op. at 8-9 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 7, 2020) (the statute requires the Commission to start with Commerce’s subject merchandise in reaching its own like product determination). 16 Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1298 n.1 (“Commerce’s {scope} finding does not control the Commission’s {like product} determination.”); Hosiden Corp. v. Advanced Display Mfrs., 85 F.3d 1561, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (the Commission may find a single like product corresponding to several different classes or kinds defined by Commerce); Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748–52 (affirming the Commission’s determination defining six like products in investigations where Commerce found five classes or kinds). 17 See, e.g., Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1299; NEC Corp. v. Dep’t of Commerce, 36 F. Supp. 2d 380, 383 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 CIT 450, 455 (1995); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 749 n.3 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“every like 6 is dispositive, and the Commission may consider other factors it deems relevant based on the facts of a particular investigation. 18 The Commission looks for clear dividing lines among possible like products and disregards minor variations. 19 It may, where appropriate, include domestic articles in the domestic like product in addition to those described in the scope.20 A. Scope Definition In its notices of initiation, Commerce defined the imported merchandise within the scope of these investigations as: The scope of these invesƟgaƟons covers certain freight railcar couplers (also known as “fits” or “assemblies”) and parts thereof. Freight rail couplers are composed of two main parts, namely knuckles and coupler bodies but may also include other items (e.g., coupler locks, lock liŌ assemblies, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors). The parts covered by these invesƟgaƟons include: (1) E coupler bodies; (2) E/F coupler bodies; (3) F coupler bodies; (4) E knuckles; (5) F knuckles; as set forth by the AssociaƟon of American Railroads (AAR). The freight rail coupler parts are included within the scope of the invesƟgaƟons when imported individually. Subject freight rail couplers and parts are included within the scope whether finished or unfinished, whether imported individually or with other subject or product determination ‘must be made on the particular record at issue’ and the ‘unique facts of each case’”). The Commission generally considers a number of factors including the following: (1) physical characteristics and uses; (2) interchangeability; (3) channels of distribution; (4) customer and producer perceptions of the products; (5) common manufacturing facilities, production processes, and production employees; and, where appropriate, (6) price. See Nippon, 19 CIT at 455 n.4; Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F. Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 18 See, e.g., S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 90–91 (1979). 19 See, e.g., Nippon, 19 CIT at 455; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748–49; see also S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 90–91 (Congress has indicated that the like product standard should not be interpreted in “such a narrow fashion as to permit minor differences in physical characteristics or uses to lead to the conclusion that the product and article are not ‘like’ each other, nor should the definition of ‘like product’ be interpreted in such a fashion as to prevent consideration of an industry adversely affected by the imports under consideration.”). 20 See, e.g., Pure Magnesium from China and Israel, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-403 and 731-TA-895-96 (Final), USITC Pub. 3467 at 8 n.34 (Nov. 2001); Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748-49 (holding that the Commission is not legally required to limit the domestic like product to the product advocated by the petitioner, coextensive with the scope). 7 nonsubject parts, whether assembled or unassembled, whether mounted or unmounted, or if joined with nonsubject merchandise, such as other nonsubject parts or a completed railcar. Finishing includes, but is not limited to, arc washing, welding, grinding, shot blasƟng, heat treatment, machining, and assembly of various parts. When a subject coupler or subject parts are mounted on or to other nonsubject merchandise, such as a railcar, only the coupler or subject parts are covered by the scope. The finished products covered by the scope of these invesƟgaƟons meet or exceed the AAR specificaƟons of M-211, “Foundry and Product Approval Requirements for the Manufacture of Couplers, Coupler Yokes, Knuckles, Follower Blocks, and Coupler Parts,” and/or AAR M-215 “Coupling Systems,” or other equivalent domesƟc or internaƟonal standards (including any revisions to the standard(s)). The country of origin for subject couplers and parts thereof, whether fully assembled, unfinished or finished, or aƩached to a railcar, is the country where the subject coupler parts were cast or forged. Subject merchandise includes coupler parts as defined above that have been further processed or further assembled, including those coupler parts aƩached to a railcar in third countries. Further processing includes, but is not limited to, arc washing, welding, grinding, shot blasƟng, heat treatment, painƟng, coaƟng, priming, machining, and assembly of various parts. The inclusion, aƩachment, joining, or assembly of nonsubject parts with subject parts or couplers either in the country of manufacture of the in-scope product or in a third country does not remove the subject parts or couplers from the scope. The couplers that are the subject of these invesƟgaƟons are classifiable in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) staƟsƟcal reporƟng numbers 8607.30.1010, 8607.30.1050, and 8607.30.1090. Subject merchandise aƩached to finished railcars may also enter under HTSUS staƟsƟcal reporƟng numbers 7326.90.8688, 8606.10.0000, 8606.91.0000, 8606.92.0000, 8606.99.0130, or under subheading 8606.99.0160. Subject merchandise may also be imported under HTSUS staƟsƟcal reporƟng number 7325.99.5000. These 8 HTSUS subheadings are provided for convenience and customs purposes only; the wriƩen descripƟon of the scope of these invesƟgaƟons is disposiƟve.21 FRCs consist of a system of two main metal components, (1) knuckles and (2) coupler bodies, in addition to ancillary parts (e.g., coupler locks, coupler lock lifters, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors).22 The system or assembly is a “fit,” which consists of a coupler, knuckle, and small castings. 23 Knuckles are typically metal castings in the shape of a hook that pivot on a vertical hinge between a “locked” and “unlocked” position to be able to interlock with knuckles of adjacent FRCs. 24 Coupler bodies are a metal casting that holds the knuckle and allows it to pivot. 25 The main components of FRCs are manufactured in accordance with American Association of Railroads (“AAR”) standards. 26 All FRCs are produced to either the M-211 or M- 215 standard. 27 The AAR requires FRCs that are produced to either standard be interoperable.28 Knuckles that are produced to either standard must also comply with the fatigue standards set forth in the AAR M-216 standard. 29 FRCs are designed to connect two freight cars together by automatically interlocking the knuckles of both FRCs when the freight cars are pushed together, eliminating the need for potentially dangerous manual input. 30 Freight cars typically use two FRCs, one on each of the front and rear of the freight car. 31 In addition to interlocking freight cars together, FRCs are also designed to reduce shocks during braking. 32 FRCs and components are classified under the following AAR designations: type E, E/F, 21 Certain Freight Raul Couplers and Parts Thereof from the Czech Republic and India, 90 Fed. Reg. 40,059, 40,064 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 18, 2025) (notice of initiation of LTFV investigations) (“AD Initiation Notice”); Certain Freight Raul Couplers and Parts Thereof from India, 90 Fed. Reg. 40,055, 40,059 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 18, 2025) (notice of initiation of countervailing duty investigations) (“CVD Initiation Notice”). 22 CR/PR at 1.9. 23 CR/PR at 2.1. 24 CR/PR at 1.9. 25 CR/PR at 1.9. 26 CR/PR at 1.12-1.13. 27 CR/PR at 1.12-1.15; TTX’s Postconference Brief Ex. 1 (attaching the M-211 standard); id. at 9 & Ex. 12 (attaching the M-215 standard). 28 CR/PR at 1.12-1.13; Conference Tr. at 125 (Gotlund) (“All couplers used in the United States must be manufactured to the M-211 or M-215 specification to ensure they are interoperable.”). 29 CR/PR at 1.14-1.15; TTX’s Postconference Brief at 7 & Ex. 7 (attaching the M-216 standard). 30 CR/PR at 1.9. 31 CR/PR at 1.9. 32 CR/PR at 1.9; Petition, EDIS Doc. 857512 (July 23, 2025), volume I at 6. 9 and F coupler bodies, and type E and F knuckles. 33 Type E coupler bodies and knuckles meet the basic standards set by AAR but do not have the additional features included in type F components.34 Additional type F features include interlocking wing pockets and lugs that reduce the likelihood of certain freight car derailments as well as reducing the gap between locked knuckles to improve freight car handling. 35 Type F couplers are typically used for freight cars transporting heavy loads. 36 Type E/F couplers contain a basic type E knuckle and type F coupler body components. 37 B. Arguments of the Parties Petitioner’s Arguments. Petitioner argues that the Commission should define a single domestic like product consisting of all FRCs, coextensive with Commerce’s scope. It asserts that the Commission found that all FRCs constitute a single like product in prior proceedings. 38 It 33 CR/PR at 1.10. 34 CR/PR at 1.10. 35 CR/PR at 1.10. 36 CR/PR at 1.10. 37 CR/PR at 1.10. 38 PeƟƟoner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “DomesƟc Like Product” (ciƟng Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Components from China and Mexico, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-682 and 731-TA-1592-1593 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5387 (Nov. 2022) at 12-14, unchanged in Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Components from China, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-682 & 731-TA-1592 (Final), USITC Pub. 5438 (July 2023) (“FRC II”)). In Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Components from China, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-670 and 731-TA-1570 (Final), USITC Pub. 5331 (July 2022) (“FRC I”), the Commission did not find that subject imports from China either materially injured the domesƟc industry or threatened the domesƟc industry with material injury and adopted the definiƟon of the domesƟc like product (as coextensive with the scope) from the preliminary phase of the invesƟgaƟons. Id. at 1 & 8. In FRC II, the Commission invesƟgated whether imports of FRCs from China and Mexico were sold at LTFV or were subsidized by the government of China. The schedules for the respecƟve invesƟgaƟons, however, were staggered because Commerce postponed its anƟdumping duty invesƟgaƟon regarding FRCs from Mexico, but did not postpone its anƟdumping and countervailing duty invesƟgaƟons regarding China. CR/PR at 1.4 n.10. This necessitated earlier Commission determinaƟons in the final phase regarding China. Id. Thus, in FRC II, the Commission found that the domesƟc industry was materially injured by reason of subject imports from China that were sold at LTFV and that were subsidized by the government of China. FRC II, USITC Pub. 5438 at 1, 3. Commissioner Johanson and Commissioner Karpel filed separate views on the issue of related parƟes in that proceeding, and Commission Johanson filed dissenƟng views on the issue of present material injury. FRC II, USITC Pub. 5438 at 61-65 (separate views on related parƟes); id. at 66-84 (dissenƟng views). The Commission subsequently adopted its findings from FRC II, which was based on the same record, in its decision in the trailing anƟdumping duty invesƟgaƟon regarding Mexico, Freight Rail Couplers from Mexico and Parts Thereof, Inv. No. 731-TA-1593 (Final), USITC Pub. 5470 (Nov. 2023), and found that the domesƟc industry was materially injured by reason of subject imports from Mexico that were sold at LTFV. Commissioner Johanson also adopted his dissenƟng views from FRC II in that 10 contends that all domestically produced FRCs within the scope have similar physical characteristics and uses, channels of distribution, common manufacturing facilities, production processes, and employees, customer and producer perceptions, are generally interchangeable, and are sold within a reasonable range of similar prices. 39 Employing the Commission’s semi- finished product analysis, Petitioner argues that domestically produced FRC components meeting the scope definition are not a separate domestic like product from domestically produced finished FRCs meeting the scope definition. 40 Respondents’ Arguments. Respondents do not challenge Petitioner’s definition of the domestic like product. 41 C. Analysis and Conclusion Based on the record, we define a single domesƟc like product consisƟng of all FRCs, coextensive with the scope in these invesƟgaƟons. 1. Whether FRCs Corresponding to the Scope Should be a Single DomesƟc Like Product Physical Characteristics and Uses. All domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition are made primarily from steel and fabricated steel parts. 42 Although there are some variations in terms of size and design, all domestically produced FRCs share the same basic overall shape, are generally produced to the same specifications and standards set by the AAR, and have common features, including knuckles and coupler bodies. 43 All domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition are used to connect freight railcars. 44 proceeding. Id. at 1 n.3 & 3 n.1. The scope in FRC II and in these invesƟgaƟons is narrower than the scope in the Commission’s invesƟgaƟons in FRC I, which included follower blocks and yokes in the scope. FRC I, USITC Pub. at 5-6; FRC II, USITC Pub. 5438 at 8 n.21. The Commission’s determinaƟon in FRC II is currently being liƟgated before the U.S. Court of InternaƟonal Trade, in Wabtec Corp. and Strato, Inc. v. United States, et al., Consol. Ct. No. 23-157. 39 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 5; id. at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 40 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 41 Strato’s Postconference Brief at 4; Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 7. 42 Petition, volume I at 14; CR/PR at 1.9 & 1.13; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 43 CR/PR at 1.9-1.10 & 1.12-1.15; Petition, volume I at 14; Conference Tr. at 58-59 (Mautino). 44 CR/PR at 1.9; Petition, volume I at 14; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 11 Manufacturing Facilities, Production Processes, and Employees. All domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition are manufactured using the same general production process, which includes melting a combination of steel and scrap metal with a melt furnace, molding the various components into their respective shapes, removing impurities, heat-treating (including annealing and tempering designed to strengthen and harden the metal), grinding, shaping, painting, oiling, priming, safety testing, and assembly. 45 Petitioner states that these domestically produced FRCs are produced at common facilities, using similar production processes and employees. 46 Channels of Distribution. U.S. producers sell FRCs through two main channels of distribution. The first is to freight car original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) that use FRCs in new freight car production. The second is to maintenance companies, freight railroads, and freight car producers that use FRCs and individual components as replacement parts in used freight cars. 47 Interchangeability. According to Petitioner, all domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition are generally interchangeable because they are produced to the same dimensions, specifications, and standards. 48 Producer and Customer Perceptions. According to Petitioner, customers and producers perceive domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition as comprising a separate and distinct product category. 49 Price. The pricing data indicate that there were variations in quarterly prices among the various pricing products for domestically produced in-scope FRCs during the period of investigation (“POI”). 50 Conclusion. Evidence on the record of these preliminary phase investigations indicates that all domestically produced FRCs meeting the scope definition are made primarily of the same raw materials. Although there are differences in size and design among in-scope products, all domestically produced FRCs within the scope share the same basic overall shape 45 CR/PR at 1.13-1.14. 46 Petition, volume I at 14; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 47 CR/PR at 2.2 & Table 2.3; Petition, volume I at 14; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 48 Petition, volume I at 14; CR/PR at 1.13-1.15; Conference Tr. at 58-59 (Mautino) (indicating that domestically produced FRCs have been produced to the M-211 standard for 150 years). See also TTX’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 (attaching the M-211 standard). 49 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product”; Conference Tr. at 55 (Pickard). 50 CR/PR at Table 5.9. The POI covers full years 2022 through 2024 and January through March (“interim”) 2025. 12 and common features, including knuckles and coupler bodies. All domestically produced FRCs generally are produced through the same production process, are interchangeable and used to connect and transport railcars, are sold (albeit at varying prices) through the same channels of distribution, and are perceived to be a single product category by market participants. For these reasons, and in the absence of party arguments to the contrary, we define a single domestic like product consisting of all domestically produced FRCs, coextensive with the scope. 2. Whether Upstream FRC Components Should Be a Separate DomesƟc Like Product from Finished FRCs We next consider whether upstream products included in the scope—unfinished FRC components—belong in the same domestic like product as the downstream product, finished FRCs. Because this question concerns whether articles at different stages of processing should be included in the same domestic like product, we analyze the issue using a semi-finished product analysis. 51 Based on the following analysis, we find that unfinished FRC components belong in the single domestic product consisting of FRCs, coextensive with the scope of these investigations. Dedication for Use. Petitioner maintains that FRC components are dedicated entirely to the production of in-scope finished FRCs. 52 *** U.S. producers reported that FRC components do not have uses other than being dedicated solely to the production of in-scope finished FRCs, while a majority of U.S. importers reported that FRC components are used as 51 In a semifinished products analysis, the Commission examines the following: (1) the significance and extent of the processes used to transform the upstream into the downstream articles; (2) whether the upstream article is dedicated to the production of the downstream article or has independent uses; (3) differences in the physical characteristics and functions of the upstream and downstream articles; (4) whether there are perceived to be separate markets for the upstream and downstream articles; and (5) differences in the costs or value of the vertically differentiated articles. See, e.g., Fluid End Blocks from China, Germany, India, and Italy, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-632–635 and 731-TA- 1466–1468 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5017 (Feb. 2020) at 10–12; Steel Trailer Wheels from China, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-609 and 731-TA-1421 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4830 (Oct. 2018) at 8–10; Glycine from India, Japan, and Korea, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-1111–1113 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 3921 (May 2007) at 7; Artists’ Canvas from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1091 (Final), USITC Pub. 3853 (May 2006) at 6; Live Swine from Canada, Inv. No. 731-TA-1076 (Final), US1TC Pub. 3766 (Apr. 2005) at 8 n.40; Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from Vietnam, Inv. No. 731-TA-1012 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 3533 (Aug. 2002) at 7. 52 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 13 replacement parts in addition to the production of in-scope finished FRCs. 53 However, this replacement is within the context of a finished FRC. Separate Markets. According to Petitioner, FRC components are further processed by U.S. producers to become finished FRCs or are used as replacement parts for finished FRCs. 54 *** responding U.S. producer reported that there is no separate market for FRC components that is distinct from the market for finished FRCs, but *** responding U.S. producer and a majority of responding U.S. importers reported that there is a separate market for FRC components.55 During the staff conference witnesses for the domestic industry appeared to acknowledge that the OEM market for fits is separate from the replacement market for parts. 56 Differences in Physical Characteristics and Functions of the Upstream and Downstream Articles. According to Petitioner, there are virtually no differences in physical characteristics and functions between FRC components and finished FRCs, particularly since FRC components and finished FRCs are made primarily from cast steel and are used to connect railcars. 57 FRC components typically consist of two main components, coupler bodies and knuckles. 58 Finished FRCs contain these FRC components and additional parts to make the finished product, including coupler locks, coupler lock lifters, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors.59 *** responding U.S. producers reported that there are no differences in physical characteristics and functions between FRC components and finished FRCs; however, a majority of responding U.S. importers responded that there are such differences. 60 Differences in the Costs or Value. According to Petitioner, FRC components comprise a 53 CR/PR at Table 1.3. Four out of six responding U.S. importers reported that there are end uses for FRC components other than finished FRCs. Id. Most of the narrative responses indicated that FRC components are sold in the aftermarket as replacement parts. Id. at Table D.2. 54 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 55 CR/PR at Table 1.3. Four out of six responding U.S. importers reported that there is a separate market for FRC components. Id. Generally, the narrative comments for respondents that reported a separate market indicated that finished FRC products are sold to OEMs but that there is an aftermarket for repairs in which FRC components are purchased. Id. at Tables D.1 & D.2. 56 Conference Tr. at 25 (Lefevre); id.at 28 (Lefevre); id. at 51 (“I know they said that we only focus on the OEM. The maintenance market is a very important market to us.”) (Mautino); id. at 64-65 (Mautino) (discussing differences in the “OEM market” and “the maintenance side”); id. at 84 (Mautino) (stating that M&T possesses the capacity to serve both the OEM market and “maintenance”). 57 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 58 CR/PR at 1.9. 59 CR/PR at 1.9. 60 CR/PR at Table 1.3. Four out of six responding importers reported that finished FRCs had different physical characteristics and functions than FRC components. Id. With the exception of *** comment, generally the importers’ narrative responses stated that an FRC component is only one part of a finished FRC. Id. at Table D.2. 14 significant majority of the cost of finished FRCs. 61 *** U.S. producer reported that there are no differences in the cost or value between FRC components and finished FRCs, and *** reported that there are such differences.62 A majority of U.S. importers reported that there are differences in the cost or value between FRC components and finished FRCs. 63 Significance and Extent of Processes Used to Transform Upstream Product into Downstream Product. Petitioner contends that the process for transforming FRC components into finished FRCs is relatively minor in nature, claiming that the predominant portion of the production process relates to producing FRC components and that minimal additional parts or further processing is required.64 *** responding U.S. producers reported that the process for transforming FRC components into finished FRCs is not intensive. 65 No U.S. importers responded to this question. 66 Conclusion. At this preliminary phase, although the evidence is mixed, it supports defining a single like product that includes both upstream components and downstream finished FRCs. No party disputes that the process for transforming FRC components into finished FRCs is not intensive. In addition, *** U.S. producers and a minority of importers reported that there are no end uses for FRC components other than in fits or assemblies and there are no differences in physical characteristics between finished FRCs and unfinished FRC components.67 A majority of responding importers, however, reported that there are differences in value between finished FRCs and FRC components, while U.S. producers were split on these factors. In addition, there appear to be separate markets for finished FRCs and 61 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Domestic Like Product.” 62 CR/PR at Table 1.3. 63 CR/PR at Table 1.3. Four out of five responding U.S. importers reported that there are differences in cost between finished FRCs and FRC components. Id. Most respondents who provided narrative comments indicated that finished FRCs are more expensive than the component parts. Id. at Tables D.1 & D.2. 64 CR/PR at Table 1.3. 65 CR/PR at Table 1.3. 66 CR/PR at Table 1.3. 67 The Commission has found in past cases that a semi-finished product does not necessarily encompass all attributes of the finished article. See Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from Ecuador, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-699-702, 731-TA-1660 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5482 (Dec. 2023) at 15-17 (examining whether further processing significantly changed the physical characteristics and uses in the finished product), unchanged in Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from Ecuador, Indonesia, and Vietnam, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-699-702 and 731-TA-1660 (Final) USITC Pub. 5566 (Dec. 2024) at 9; Christalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-722-725 and 731-TA-1690-1693 (Final), USITC Pub. 5631 (June 2025) at 25 (citing Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from China and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-511 and 731- TA-1246-1247 (Final), USITC Pub. 4519 (Feb. 2015) at 14 n.69). 15 certain FRC components. On balance, and in the absence of any argument to the contrary, we find that unfinished FRC components belong in the same domestic like product as finished FRCs. In sum, for purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations, we define a single domestic like product consisting of FRC components and finished FRCs. Domestic Industry The domestic industry is defined as the domestic “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.” 68 In defining the domestic industry, the Commission’s general practice has been to include in the industry producers of all domestic production of the like product, whether toll-produced, captively consumed, or sold in the domestic merchant market. The record of these preliminary invesƟgaƟons does not indicate that any U.S. producers of FRCs are related to subject producers or exporters in the Czech Republic or India or importers of subject merchandise or that they themselves imported or purchased subject merchandise during the POI. Nor do the invesƟgaƟons raise any other domesƟc industry issues. Accordingly, based on our definiƟon of the domesƟc like product, we define the domesƟc industry to include all domesƟc producers of FRCs. Negligible Imports Pursuant to Section 771(24) of the Tariff Act, imports from a subject country of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product that account for less than 3 percent of all such merchandise imported into the United States during the most recent 12 months for which data are available preceding the filing of the petition shall be deemed negligible. 69 Based on the Commission’s questionnaire data, during the 12-month period preceding filing of the petition (July 2024 to June 2025), subject imports from the Czech Republic accounted for *** percent of total FRC imports and subject imports from India accounted for *** percent of such imports. 70 As subject imports are clearly above negligible levels, we find that imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India are not negligible. 68 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 69 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a), 1677(24)(A)(i), 1677(24)(B); see also 15 C.F.R. § 2013.1 (developing countries for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(36)). 70 CR/PR at Table 4.5. 16 Cumulation for Threat Because our determinations involve the issue of threat of material injury by reason of subject imports, we must consider whether to cumulate subject imports from the Czech Republic and India for purposes of our threat analysis. In contrast to cumulation for material injury, cumulation for a threat analysis is discretionary. Under section 771(7)(H) of the Tariff Act, the Commission may “to the extent practicable” cumulatively assess the volume and price effects of subject imports from all countries as to which petitions were filed on the same day, if such imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product in the U.S. market and the statutory exceptions to cumulation do not apply. 71 PeƟƟoner argues that the Commission should cumulaƟvely assess imports from both subject countries for the same reasons it argues for cumulaƟng them for present injury purposes. 72 Strato states that imports from the Czech Republic and India should be cumulated and did not address cumulaƟon in its discussion of the statutory threat criteria. 73 Wabtec states that the Commission is not required to cumulate subject imports for threat purposes. 74 In these invesƟgaƟons, the threshold criterion is saƟsfied because PeƟƟoner filed the anƟdumping and countervailing duty peƟƟons with respect to both subject countries on the same day, July 23, 2025. 75 Subject imports from the Czech Republic and India are therefore eligible for cumulaƟon. Thus, we examine whether there is a reasonable overlap of compeƟƟon between subject imports from each country, as well as between subject imports and the domesƟc like product. Next, we discuss whether it is appropriate to exercise our discreƟon to cumulate subject imports for purposes of our threat analysis. A. Reasonable Overlap of Competition In assessing whether subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product, the Commission generally has considered four factors: (1) the degree of fungibility between subject imports from different countries and between subject imports and the domestic like product, including 71 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(H); see also 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(7)(G)(ii). 72 Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 23. 73 Strato’s Postconference Brief at 4. 74 Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 25. 75 CR/PR at 1.1. None of the statutory exceptions to cumulation applies. 17 consideration of specific customer requirements and other quality related questions; (2) the presence of sales or offers to sell in the same geographic markets of subject imports from different countries and the domestic like product; (3) the existence of common or similar channels of distribution for subject imports from different countries and the domestic like product; and (4) whether the subject imports are simultaneously present in the market. 76 While no single factor is necessarily determinative, and the list of factors is not exclusive, these factors are intended to provide the Commission with a framework for determining whether the subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product. 77 Only a “reasonable overlap” of competition is required. 78 Fungibility. The record indicates that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between and among domestically produced FRCs and imports of FRCs from each subject country. 79 The one responding U.S. producer reported that subject imports from each subject country are *** interchangeable with each other as well as with domestically produced FRCs. 80 Similarly, the majority of U.S. importers reported that subject imports from each subject country are always or frequently interchangeable with each other and with the domestic like product, with the exception of the comparison between the domestic like product and subject imports from India in which half reported that such imports are always or frequently interchangeable and half reported that they are sometimes interchangeable. 81 76 See Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-278-80 (Final), USITC Pub. 1845 (May 1986), aff’d, Fundicao Tupy, S.A. v. United States, 678 F. Supp. 898 (Ct. Int’l Trade), aff’d, 859 F.2d 915 (Fed. Cir. 1988). 77 See, e.g., Wieland Werke, AG v. United States, 718 F. Supp. 50 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1989). 78 The Statement of Administrative Action (SAA) to the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), expressly states that “the new section will not affect current Commission practice under which the statutory requirement is satisfied if there is a reasonable overlap of competition.” H.R. Rep. No. 103- 316, Vol. I at 848 (1994) (citing Fundicao Tupy, 678 F. Supp. at 902); see Goss Graphic Sys., Inc. v. United States, 33 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1087 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998) (“cumulation does not require two products to be highly fungible”); Wieland Werke, AG, 718 F. Supp. at 52 (“Completely overlapping markets are not required.”). 79 CR/PR at 2.9. 80 CR/PR at Table 2.10. 81 CR/PR at Table 2.11. 18 The record also shows overlap between the domestic like product and subject imports from the Czech Republic and India in terms of product type, with a substantial portion of U.S. shipments of coupler bodies from both subject sources and the domestic industry in 2024. 82 The Commission’s pricing data also indicate an overlap, with sales of pricing product 3 reported for subject imports from both sources and for the domestic like product. 83 Channels of Distribution. Throughout the POI, U.S. producers’ sales were divided between OEM manufacturers and the replacement market.84 U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from the Czech Republic did not enter the market until the latter half of 2024. Of those shipments, a majority were sold to the replacement market, with a sizeable remainder sold to OEM manufacturers. 85 Similarly, a majority of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from India were sold to the replacement market, with the balance sold to OEM manufacturers.86 Geographic Overlap. Domestic producers reported shipping the domestic like product to all regions of the United States during the POI. 87 With the exception of the *** region, U.S. importers reported shipping subject imports from the Czech Republic to all regions of the United States, and subject imports from India to all regions. 88 Simultaneous Presence in Market. Domestically produced FRCs were present in the U.S. market in all quarters from January 2022 to June 2025. 89 Subject imports from the Czech Republic, which did not enter the U.S. market until the latter half of 2024, were present in 19 of 82 CR/PR at Table 4.6 & Fig. 4.2. 83 CR/PR at Table 5.8. 84 CR/PR at Table 2.3. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of the domestic like product going to OEM manufacturers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI, and the percentage of shipments sold to the replacement market ranged from between *** percent and *** percent. Id. 85 CR/PR at Table 2.3. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from the Czech Republic going to OEM manufacturers was *** percent in 2024, with *** percent of U.S. shipments sold to the replacement market. Id. Subject imports from the Czech Republic were not present in the U.S. market *** before the latter half of 2024. 86 CR/PR at Table 2.3. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of the subject imports from India going to OEM manufacturers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during calendar years 2023 and 2024, and the percentage of shipments sold to the replacement market ranged from between *** percent and *** percent. Id. Subject imports from India were *** in 2022. Id. 87 CR/PR at Table 2.4. 88 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The regions include the Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, Central Southwest, Mountain, and Pacific Coast. Id. Subject imports from the Czech Republic primarily entered the United States through the southern border in 2024, with a smaller amount entering through the northern border. Id. at Table 4.7. Subject imports from India entered the United States through all borders, but primarily through the southern and western borders. Id. 89 CR/PR at Tables 5.6-5.8. 19 42 months during this period, and subject imports from India were present in 41 of 42 months during this period. Imports from both sources were continuously present from May 2024 through June 2025. 90 Conclusion. The record indicates that subject imports from the Czech Republic and India are generally fungible with the domestic like product and each other. It also shows that subject imports from each subject country and the domestic like product are sold in similar channels of distribution and in similar geographic markets, and that they have been simultaneously present in the U.S. market throughout the POI. 91 Further, a majority of U.S. importers reported that subject imports from the Czech Republic and India are always interchangeable, and half of responding U.S. importers reported that subject imports from India and the United states are always or frequently interchangeable, while the other half reported that they are at least sometimes interchangeable. Thus, we find that there is a reasonable overlap of competition between the domestic like product and imports from each subject country and between imports from each subject country. B. Other Cumulation for Threat Considerations As discussed above, there is a reasonable overlap of competition between subject imports from the Czech Republic and India and between imports from both subject countries and the domestic like product. There is no information on the record to suggest that the reasonable overlap of competition between and among subject imports and the domestic like product that now exists will not continue into the imminent future. The record does not indicate, nor have the parties argued, that there will likely be any significant difference in the conditions of competition between subject imports from the Czech Republic and India for 90 CR/PR at Table. 4.8. 91 TTX argues that FRCs that are manufactured with Bedloe technology, a proprietary technology that TTX licenses *** to Strato, are superior to non-Bedloe FRCs in terms of quality, features, and innovations and are not interchangeable. Conference Tr. at 119-124 (Gotlund) (explaining how TTX developed Bedloe technology and stating that “{o}ur data demonstrates that Bedloe coupler components are consistently more reliable and durable than non-Bedloe components”); TTX Br. at 15- 21. See also CR/PR at 1.14 (explaining the production process for Bedloe FRCs). Bedloe FRCs are produced in India, but not in the Czech Republic or the United States. Conference Tr. at 133 (Cunkelman) (explaining that Strato manufactures FRCs through unaffiliated producers in India and China but not the Czech Republic). A majority of U.S. importers reported that subject imports from the Czech Republic and India are always interchangeable, and half of responding U.S. importers reported that subject imports from India and the United States are always or frequently interchangeable, while the other half reported that they are at least sometimes interchangeable. CR/PR at Table 2.11. Thus, we find that there was a reasonable overlap of competition during the POI for purposes of cumulation. 20 purposes of cumulation for threat. Moreover, the volume of subject imports from both subject countries showed an increase from 2023 to 2024 and in interim 2025 and imports from both subject countries were generally priced lower than the domestic like product. 92 Given these considerations, and the absence of any arguments against cumulation, we find that it is appropriate to exercise our discretion to cumulate subject imports from the Czech Republic and India for our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of a threat of material injury to the domestic industry. Reasonable Indication of Threat of Material Injury by Reason of Subject Imports A. Legal Standard 1. In General In the preliminary phase of antidumping and countervailing duty investigations, the Commission determines whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of the imports under investigation. 93 In making this determination, the Commission must consider the volume of subject imports, their effect on prices for the domestic like product, and their impact on domestic producers of the domestic like product, but only in the context of U.S. production operations.94 The statute defines “material injury” as “harm which is not inconsequential, immaterial, or unimportant.” 95 In assessing whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is materially injured by reason of subject imports, we consider all relevant economic factors that bear on the state of the industry in the United States.96 No single factor is dispositive, and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.” 97 Although the statute requires the Commission to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is “materially injured or threatened with 92 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & 5.7-5.8. 93 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 94 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). The Commission “may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination” but shall “identify each {such} factor … and explain in full its relevance to the determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). 95 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(A). 96 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 97 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 21 material injury by reason of” unfairly traded imports, 98 it does not define the phrase “by reason of,” indicating that this aspect of the injury analysis is left to the Commission’s reasonable exercise of its discretion. 99 In identifying a causal link, if any, between subject imports and material injury to the domestic industry, the Commission examines the facts of record that relate to the significance of the volume and price effects of the subject imports and any impact of those imports on the condition of the domestic industry. This evaluation under the “by reason of” standard must ensure that subject imports are more than a minimal or tangential cause of injury and that there is a sufficient causal, not merely a temporal, nexus between subject imports and material injury. 100 In many investigations, there are other economic factors at work, some or all of which may also be having adverse effects on the domestic industry. Such economic factors might include nonsubject imports; changes in technology, demand, or consumer tastes; competition among domestic producers; or management decisions by domestic producers. The legislative history explains that the Commission must examine factors other than subject imports to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other factors to the subject imports, thereby inflating an otherwise tangential cause of injury into one that satisfies the statutory material injury threshold. 101 In performing its examination, however, the Commission need not isolate 98 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 99 Angus Chemical Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1478, 1484-85 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“{T}he statute does not ‘compel the commissioners’ to employ {a particular methodology}.”), aff’d, 944 F. Supp. 943, 951 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 100 The Federal Circuit, in addressing the causation standard of the statute, observed that “{a}s long as its effects are not merely incidental, tangential, or trivial, the foreign product sold at less than fair value meets the causation requirement.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. USITC, 345 F.3d 1379, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2003). This was further ratified in Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 542 F.3d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 2008), where the Federal Circuit, quoting Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 722 (Fed. Cir. 1997), stated that “this court requires evidence in the record ‘to show that the harm occurred “by reason of” the LTFV imports, not by reason of a minimal or tangential contribution to material harm caused by LTFV goods.’” See also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n v. USITC, 266 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 101 SAA at 851-52 (“{T}he Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.”); S. Rep. 96-249 at 75 (1979) (the Commission “will consider information which indicates that harm is caused by factors other than less- than-fair-value imports.”); H.R. Rep. 96-317 at 47 (1979) (“in examining the overall injury being experienced by a domestic industry, the ITC will take into account evidence presented to it which demonstrates that the harm attributed by the petitioner to the subsidized or dumped imports is attributable to such other factors;” those factors include “the volume and prices of nonsubsidized imports or imports sold at fair value, contraction in demand or changes in patterns of consumption, trade restrictive practices of and competition between the foreign and domestic producers, developments in technology and the export performance and productivity of the domestic industry”); accord Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877. 22 the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfairly traded imports. 102 Nor does the “by reason of” standard require that unfairly traded imports be the “principal” cause of injury or contemplate that injury from unfairly traded imports be weighed against other factors, such as nonsubject imports, which may be contributing to overall injury to an industry. 103 It is clear that the existence of injury caused by other factors does not compel a negative determination. 104 Assessment of whether material injury to the domestic industry is “by reason of” subject imports “does not require the Commission to address the causation issue in any particular way” as long as “the injury to the domestic industry can reasonably be attributed to the subject imports.”105 The Commission ensures that it has “evidence in the record” to “show that the harm occurred ‘by reason of’ the LTFV imports,” and that it is “not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” 106 The Federal Circuit has examined and affirmed various 102 SAA at 851-52 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports.”); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n, 266 F.3d at 1345 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports ... Rather, the Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” (emphasis in original)); Asociacion de Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile AG v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1375 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2002) (“{t}he Commission is not required to isolate the effects of subject imports from other factors contributing to injury” or make “bright-line distinctions” between the effects of subject imports and other causes.); see also Softwood Lumber from Canada, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-414 and 731-TA-928 (Remand), USITC Pub. 3658 at 100-01 (Dec. 2003) (Commission recognized that “{i}f an alleged other factor is found not to have or threaten to have injurious effects to the domestic industry, i.e., it is not an ‘other causal factor,’ then there is nothing to further examine regarding attribution to injury”), citing Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722 (the statute “does not suggest that an importer of LTFV goods can escape countervailing duties by finding some tangential or minor cause unrelated to the LTFV goods that contributed to the harmful effects on domestic market prices.”). 103 S. Rep. 96-249 at 74-75; H.R. Rep. 96-317 at 47. 104 See Nippon Steel Corp., 345 F.3d at 1381 (“an affirmative material-injury determination under the statute requires no more than a substantial-factor showing. That is, the ‘dumping’ need not be the sole or principal cause of injury.”). 105 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876 & 78; see also id. at 873 (“While the Commission may not enter an affirmative determination unless it finds that a domestic industry is materially injured ‘by reason of’ subject imports, the Commission is not required to follow a single methodology for making that determination ... {and has} broad discretion with respect to its choice of methodology.”), citing United States Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1996) and S. Rep. 96-249 at 75. In its decision in Swiff-Train v. United States, 793 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2015), the Federal Circuit affirmed the Commission’s causation analysis as comporting with the Court’s guidance in Mittal. 106 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873 (quoting from Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722), 877-79. We note that one relevant “other factor” may involve the presence of significant volumes of price-competitive nonsubject imports in the U.S. market, particularly when a commodity product is at issue. In 23 Commission methodologies and has disavowed “rigid adherence to a specific formula.” 107 The question of whether the material injury threshold for subject imports is satisfied notwithstanding any injury from other factors is factual, subject to review under the substantial evidence standard.108 Congress has delegated this factual finding to the Commission because of the agency’s institutional expertise in resolving injury issues. 109 2. Threat of Material Injury Factors Section 771(7)(F) of the Tariff Act directs the Commission to determine whether the U.S. industry is threatened with material injury by reason of the subject imports by analyzing whether “further dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted.”110 The Commission may not make such a determination “on the basis of mere conjecture or supposition,” and considers the threat factors “as a whole” in making its determination whether dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of subject imports would occur unless an order is issued. 111 In making our determination, we consider all statutory threat factors that are relevant to these investigations. 112 appropriate cases, the Commission collects information regarding nonsubject imports and producers in nonsubject countries in order to conduct its analysis. 107 Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414 F.3d 1331, 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 879 (“Bratsk did not read into the antidumping statute a Procrustean formula for determining whether a domestic injury was ‘by reason’ of subject imports.”). 108 We provide in our discussion below a full analysis of other factors alleged to have caused any material injury experienced by the domestic industry. 109 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873; Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1350, citing U.S. Steel Group, 96 F.3d at 1357; S. Rep. 96-249 at 75 (“The determination of the ITC with respect to causation is ... complex and difficult, and is a matter for the judgment of the ITC.”). 110 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). 111 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). 112 These factors are as follows: (I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies Agreement) and whether imports of the subject merchandise are likely to increase, (II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, 24 B. Conditions of Competition and the Business Cycle The following conditions of competition inform our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of threat of material injury by reason of subject imports. 1. Demand CondiƟons Demand for FRCs is driven by the production of new freight railcars in which fits/assemblies are used.113 Demand for FRCs is also driven by the demand for replacement parts for freight railcars already in service, which usually require FRC components, rather than complete FRCs.114 The parties agree that U.S. demand for new freight railcars is cyclical, whereas U.S. demand for railcar maintenance (i.e., the replacement market for FRCs) is driven by the average useful life of FRCs and FRC components, making it steadier and less tied to the business cycle. 115 (IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices and are likely to increase demand for further imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, (VI) the potential for product-shifting if production facilities in the foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products, … (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the time). 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(i). To organize our analysis, we discuss the applicable statutory threat factors using the same volume/price/impact framework that applies to our material injury analysis. Statutory threat factors (I), (II), (III), (V), and (VI) are discussed in the analysis of subject import volume. Statutory threat factor (IV) is discussed in the analysis of subject import price effects. Statutory factors (VIII) and (IX) are discussed in the analysis of impact. Statutory factor (VII) concerning agricultural products is inapplicable to these investigations. 113 CR/PR at 2.1; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 8-9. 114 CR/PR at 2.1 & Table E.7. 115 CR/PR at 2.6-2.7; Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 8-9; Conference Tr. at 51 & 92 (Mautino). Petitioner asserts that U.S. demand for new freight railcars generally follows a seven-year business cycle. Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 8-9; Conference Tr. at 51 & 92 (Mautino). Respondent Wabtec asserts that the OEM channel follows an eight- to ten-year business cycle. Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 8-9. 25 One responding U.S. producer reported that there was no change in U.S. demand for FRCs since January 1, 2022, while the other U.S. producer reported that demand had fluctuated downwards. 116 Five out of six responding U.S. importers reported that demand for FRCs had fluctuated downwards, while one reported that there was no change in demand. 117 Apparent U.S. consumption of FRCs fluctuated from 2022 to 2024, increasing from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023, before declining to *** pounds in 2024, close to the same level as in 2022. 118 Apparent U.S. consumption of FRCs was *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. 119 2. Supply CondiƟons Two firms, Amsted and M&T, currently manufacture FRCs in the United States. 120 Over the POI, M&T accounted for *** percent of domestic production of FRCs, and Amsted accounted for *** percent. 121 The domesƟc industry was the largest source of FRCs throughout the POI. Its share of apparent U.S. consumpƟon increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and then decreasing to *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percentage points. 122 It was lower in interim 2025, at *** percent, than in interim 2024, at *** percent, a difference of *** percentage points. 123 M&T was acquired by Stellex Capital in August 2024, and in June 2025, Amsted laid off 116 CR/PR at Table 2.7. At the staff conference, Petitioner stated that in the OEM market demand was “pretty healthy” in 2023 and in early 2024 and declined in the latter half of 2024/early 2025. Conference Tr. at 90-91 (Lefevre). It also asserted that demand in the replacement market is “typically steady,” but increased significantly for a “short period” in 2025. Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 9; Conference Tr. at 91 (Lefevre). Petitioner predicts that demand in the OEM market will “spike by the end of the decade.” Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 9; Conference Tr. at 92 (Mautino). 117 CR/PR at Table 2.7. Respondent Wabtec predicts that 2025 will be a low-build year for new railcars. Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 8-9. For the replacement market, it asserts that demand has been relatively flat. Id. at 15-16. 118 CR at Table 4.9. 119 CR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 120 CR/PR at 3.1; Conference Tr. at 109-110 (East). 121 CR/PR at Table 3.1. As noted in section I, Amsted did not participate in these preliminary phase investigations aside from the submission of its response to the Commission’s questionnaire. 122 CR/PR at Tables 4.9. 123 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 26 74 workers from its Granite, Illinois factory due to a business slowdown. 124 In addition, ***. 125 U.S. producers’ practical FRC capacity decreased by *** percent between 2022 and 2024, while FRC production increased by *** percent, resulting in a practical FRC capacity utilization increase of *** percentage points between 2022 and 2024; comparing interim 2024 and interim 2025, U.S. producers’ FRC practical capacity decreased by *** percent, while FRC production decreased by *** percent, resulting in a practical FRC capacity utilization decrease of *** percentage points. 126 Petitioner claims that the domestic industry has sufficient installed capacity to supply the entire U.S. market, but has nonetheless lost market share to subject imports. 127 Although subject imports were the third largest source of supply to the U.S. market during the POI, their share of apparent U.S. consumpƟon increased by *** percentage points from the Ɵme they entered the market in 2023 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2023 to *** in 2024. Their share was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025, at *** percent, than in interim 2024, at *** percent.128 Imports from nonsubject countries were the second largest source of FRCs throughout the POI. Their share of apparent U.S. consumpƟon declined by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024. 129 Their share was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025, at *** percent, compared to interim 2024, at *** percent. 130 The only nonsubject sources of FRCs during the POI were Mexico and China. 131 U.S. producer Amsted also has FRC producƟon operaƟons in Mexico. 132 Imports of FRCs from China were subject to anƟdumping and countervailing duty invesƟgaƟons beginning in September 2021. Those invesƟgaƟons ended in July 2022, when the Commission concluded that imports of FRCs from China did not materially injure the domesƟc industry or otherwise threaten the domesƟc industry with material injury. 133 Imports of FRCs from China and Mexico were subject to anƟdumping and/or countervailing duty invesƟgaƟons 124 CR/PR at Table 3.3. The article referenced in Table 3.3 does not indicate the products that Amsted manufactures at its facility that were impacted by the layoff. In an email dated August 21, 2025, *** Id. at 3.3 n.1. 125 CR/PR at Table 3.4. 126 CR/PR at Tables 3.5 & C.1. 127 Conference Tr. 84-86 (Mautino); id. at 88 (Mautino). 128 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 129 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1 130 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 131 Conference Tr. at 45-46 (Pickard); CR/PR at 2.5. 132 Conference Tr. at 36 (Pickard); id. at 55-56 (Pickard); CR/PR at Tables 3.2 & 4.1. 133 CR/PR at 1.4 (citing Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Components from China, 87 Fed. Reg. 41,144 (USITC July 11, 2022) (final determination)). 27 beginning in September 2022, which resulted in subject imports from China becoming subject to anƟdumping and countervailing duty orders in July 2023 and subject imports from Mexico becoming subject to an anƟdumping duty order in November 2023. 134 Both U.S. producers and four of six responding importers reported that they had not experienced supply constraints since January 1, 2022. 135 U.S. importers *** reported that they had experienced supply constraints *** because of ***.136 3. SubsƟtutability and Other CondiƟons Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these invesƟgaƟons, we find that there is a moderate-to-high degree of subsƟtutability between cumulated subject imports and domesƟcally produced FRCs. 137 As discussed in SecƟon VI.B. above, the responding U.S. producer and a majority of U.S. importers reported that subject imports from the Czech Republic are always or frequently interchangeable with the domesƟc like product.138 With respect to subject imports from India, U.S. importers were split with one each reporƟng that such imports are always or frequently interchangeable with the domesƟc like product and two reporƟng that such imports are someƟmes interchangeable.139 As explained further below, importers raised the issues of the domesƟc industry’s producƟon of “modified-geometry” knuckles and customer preference for FRCs made with Bedloe technology as factors affecƟng subsƟtutability. 140 We also find that price is an important factor in FRC purchasing decisions, among other factors. Purchasers responding to the Commission’s lost sales/lost revenue survey generally ranked performance/durability/reliability and price/cost as being among the top factors influencing their purchasing decisions. 141 U.S. producer *** reported that differences other 134 CR/PR at 1.4; Certain Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Parts Thereof from the People’s Republic of China, 88 Fed. Reg. 45,135 (Dep’t of Commerce July 14, 2023) (countervailing duty order); Certain Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Parts Thereof from the People’s Republic of China, 88 Fed. Reg. 45,138 (Dep’t of Commerce July 14, 2023) (antidumping duty order); Certain Freight Rail Coupler Systems and Parts Thereof from Mexico, 88 Fed. Reg. 78,308 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 15, 2023) (antidumping duty order). 135 CR/PR at 2.5-2.6 & Table 2.6. 136 CR/PR at 2.5-2.6 & Table 2.6. 137 CR/PR at 2.9. 138 CR/PR at Tables 2.10 & 2.11. 139 CR/PR at Table 2.11. 140 CR/PR at 2.10. 141 CR/PR at Table 2.9. One purchaser each ranked performance/reliability/durability and price/cost as the most important factor. Id. The most commonly ranked second factors were 28 than price were *** significant between the domesƟc like product and subject imports from each source, while most importers reported that such differences were always significant.142 As explained above, domesƟcally produced FRCs were sold both to OEMs and to the replacement market. Although historically the domesƟc industry was perceived to have focused more on the OEM market,143 during the laƩer porƟon of the POI (i.e., 2024 and interim 2025), U.S. producers’ commercial shipments of FRCs became more evenly divided between OEMs and the replacement market.144 U.S. importers made the majority of their commercial shipments of subject imports to the replacement market, with the balance sold to OEMs.145 FRCs are primarily sold from inventory. U.S. producers reported that *** percent of their commercial shipments were sold from inventories, with lead Ɵmes averaging 15 days. 146 The remaining *** percent of their commercial shipments were produced to order, with lead Ɵmes averaging 26 days.147 U.S. importers reported that all of their commercial shipments came from inventories, with lead Ɵmes averaging 21 days. 148 U.S. producers reported selling most of their FRCs under ***, with lesser but substanƟal quanƟƟes sold *** and ***, with smaller quanƟƟes sold under *** contracts. 149 Importers sold *** of their FRCs ***.150 U.S. producer M&T has a long-term supply agreement for FRCs with Trinity Rail Group (“Trinity”) that ends in December 2025. 151 Purchaser TTX states that it “strongly” prefers FRCs made with Bedloe technology, which TTX developed and owns. 152 It has a long-term supply agreement or partnership with Strato, availability/supply (one purchaser) and quality (one purchaser). Id. Availability/supply and price/cost were the most commonly cited purchasing factors with two firms each ranking them as among the factors they considered in their purchasing decisions. Id. 142 CR/PR at 2.10, Tables 2.12 & 2.13. See also Conference Tr. at 88 (Lefevre) (explaining that “price first and foremost” is the most important factor); id. at 124 (Gotlund) (stating that “lifetime product cost is one of the most important purchasing factors for TTX”). 143 Conference Tr. at 109-110 (East); id. at 10 (Schutz). 144 CR/PR at Table 2.3. 145 CR/PR at Table 2.3. 146 CR/PR at 2.10. 147 CR/PR at 2.10. 148 CR/PR at 2.10. 149 CR/PR at Table 5.5. 150 CR/PR at Table 5.5. 151 Conference Tr. at 109-110 (East); id. at 87 (Mautino); Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at Ex. 1 at “Relationship with Trinity.” 152 Conference Tr. at 126 (Gotlund); TTX’s Postconference Brief at 3-4, 8-13 & 49. Typically, FRCs are manufactured by melting the metal and steel components and then pouring the metal into a mold of sand. CR/PR at 1.13. The metal is then cast through the use of high-pressure squeeze molding. Id. 29 whereby TTX *** licenses to Strato the right to produce and sell FRCs using Bedloe technology. 153 Strato and TTX have managed this partnership by execuƟng a long-term supply agreement, which ***, and Strato to sell FRCs at a ***. 154 Strato’s *** obligaƟon is built into a series of long-term contracts. 155 In October 2023, the AAR asked M&T and Amsted to stop production but not sale of their “modified geometry” E-type knuckle, which the domestic industry had been producing since 2019, and to return to producing their prior AAR-approved M-211 design.156 FRCs are primarily made of pig iron and ferrous scrap metal.157 U.S. producers reported that raw material costs accounted for a sizeable share of their cost of goods sold (“COGS”) throughout the POI.158 Raw materials as a share of U.S. producers’ COGS declined slightly from 2022 to 2024, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, a level *** percentage points lower than in 2022; it was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025, at *** percent, compared to interim 2024, at *** percent.159 Steel scrap prices fluctuated but decreased overall during the POI. 160 As of August 18, 2025, FRCs from the Czech Republic and India became subject to a 50 percent duty ad valorem pursuant to SecƟon 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (“SecƟon Bedloe FRCs are manufactured using an “air set” or “no-bake” casting, in which sand molds are hardened through the addition of a chemical bonding agent. Id. at 1.14. 153 Conference Tr. at 158 (Gotlund); id. at 10 (Schutz). 154 TTX’s Postconference Brief at 23. At the staff conference, Brian Cunkelman, a representative for Strato stated that “the majority, 90 percent of what we sell and manufacture and sell goes to the TTX railcar assets.” Conference Tr. at 159 (Cunkelman). 155 TTX’s Postconference Brief at 23 & Attachment D. These long term contracts have an initial term of *** years from *** and are ***. 156 Conference Tr. at 16 (Mautino); id. at 15-18; id. at 61-62 (Mautino) (explaining that once the AAR requested that M&T stop producing the “modified geometry” E-type knuckle that it took approximately “seven, eight months worth of redesigning and redeveloping the old tooling process” but that it was allowed to continue to sell the modified geometry knuckle during this time); TTX’s Postconference Brief at Attachment E at Ex. 1 (***); Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 38, 41, Ex. 8, Ex. 25 & Ex. 33. The parties disagree about certain issues regarding these modified knuckles. In particular, Petitioner contends that its modified geometry knuckle is a design improvement to its M-211 standard knuckles and that design improvements are permissible under the AAR standards. Petitioner’s Postconference Brief at 29-32; Conference Tr. at 15-18 (Mautino). Respondents disagree and state that the production of the modified geometry knuckle without prior AAR approval was impermissible under the AAR’s rules. TTX’s Postconference Brief at 27; Strato’s Postconference Brief at 13-17; Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 3-7. In any final phase investigations, we will seek further information regarding the modified knuckles and their introduction into the market. 157 CR/PR at 5.1 & Table 5.1. 158 CR/PR at Table 6.1. 159 CR/PR at Table 6.1. 160 CR/PR at 5.1 & Table 5.1. 30 232 duƟes”).161 As a result, while the steel components of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India were subject to duƟes under the InternaƟonal Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”) during the POI prior to August 18, they are not currently subject to duƟes under IEEPA.162 C. Likely Volume of Cumulated Subject Imports Cumulated subject imports from the Czech Republic and India entered the market in 2023 and there was a significant rate of increase in both the volume and market share of cumulated subject imports from 2023 to 2024 and in interim 2025. The volume of cumulated subject imports increased from *** in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024, an increase of *** percent between 2023 and 2024.163 The volume of cumulated subject imports was *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. 164 The increase in volume occurred as apparent U.S. consumption fluctuated, but remained essentially unchanged, at *** pounds from 2022 to 2024; it was *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 165 Cumulated subject imports as a share of apparent U.S. consumption similarly substantially increased from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024. 166 Cumulated subject imports’ market share was higher in 161 19 U.S.C. § 1862, as amended. CR 1.7 & n.18. The Section 232 duties were effective as of August 18, 2025. Id. This duty is applied to the declared value of the steel content of the product. Id. 162 50 U.S.C. § 1701, et seq. C.R. 1.8 & n.24. Effective April 5, 2025, FRCs originating in the European Union (“EU”), including the Czech Republic, were subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem reciprocal duty. Id. at 1.17-1.8 & nn.19-20. Effective April 9, 2025, the IEEPA tariffs for the EU were raised to 20 percent ad valorem, and the next day were reduced to 10 percent. Id. at 1.7-1.8 & nn.19-20. With respect to subject imports from India, effective April 5, 2025, subject imports were subject to an additional 10 percent duty ad valorem pursuant to IEEPA. Id. at 1.8 & n.22. Effective April 9, 2025, India was instead assigned an individualized duty rate of 26 percent ad valorem. The next day, April 10, 2025, the individualized country duties were suspended and the additional rate under IEEPA for FRCs originating in India was reduced to 10 percent. Id. Effective August 7, 2025, India was assigned an individualized country duty of 25 percent. Id. at 1.8 & n.23. Effective August 18, 2025, FRCs were added to the list of derivative steel products that are subject to Section 232 duties. Id. at 1.8 & n.24. As a result, the steel components of FRCs are no longer subject to tariffs initiated in April 2025 under IEEPA. Id. 163 CR/PR at 4.2 & Table 4.2. 164 CR/PR at Table 4.2. 165 CR/PR at Table 4.9. 166 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 31 interim 2025, at *** percent, than in interim 2024, at *** percent.167 In light of the foregoing, we find that the volume and increase in volume of subject imports in absolute terms and relative to consumption in the United States during the POI were significant. We find that the increases in cumulated subject import volume and market penetration observed during the POI will likely continue in the imminent future. The presence of cumulated subject imports more than *** from 2022 to 2024, and had even larger increases comparing interim 2024 and interim 2025, demonstrating the subject industries’ ability rapidly to increase their market share in the U.S. market. Indeed, responding U.S. importers reported that they had already imported or arranged to import *** pounds of FRCs from subject sources for the second through fourth quarters of 2025, which is in addition to the *** pounds of FRCs that were imported in the first quarter. 168 Indeed, the volume of arranged imports for only the second quarter of 2025, at *** pounds, is itself greater than the volume of U.S. importers’ U.S. shipments of subject imports in all of 2024 (*** pounds). 169 On a cumulated basis, FRC production operations in the subject countries are large and growing, showing a substantial ability to increase exports to the United States. Subject producers/exporters in both countries reported that their combined practical capacity to produce FRCs increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024, and that capacity is projected nearly to *** in the imminent future to *** pounds in 2025. 170 Similarly, FRC production increased by *** percent between 2022 and 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024. 171 The subject producers also reported substantial and increasing combined unused capacity. Their combined capacity utilization rate fell *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, and was lower 167 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. As a ratio to U.S. production, subject imports followed a similar pattern, increasing by *** percentage points between 2023 and 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024. It was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025, at *** percent, compared to interim 2024, at *** percent. Id. at Table 4.2. 168 CR/PR at Tables 4.2 & 7.17. 169 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & 7.17. 170 CR/PR at Tables 7.6 & 7.9. Practical capacity was *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than it was in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. at Table 7.6. 171 CR/PR at Tables 7.6 & 7.9. Production was *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. at Table 7.6. 32 in interim 2025, at *** percent, with projected additional declines for 2025 and 2026 . 172 The combined excess capacity for the industries in the subject countries increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024. 173 The combined unused production capacity of *** pounds in 2024 was equivalent to *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption and *** percent of subject imports that year. 174 Combined excess capacity is also projected to *** from its 2024 levels in the imminent future, to *** pounds in 2025 and *** pounds in 2026. 175 This significant excess capacity will likely enable the subject producers to substantially increase exports to the United States in the imminent future. Subject producers in the Czech Republic and India also exported significant and increasing amounts of FRCs to the United States—both countries’ sole export market.176 Cumulated total export shipments reported by subject producers increased *** percent from 2022 to 2024, increasing from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024, and are projected to increase to *** pounds in 2025 and *** pounds in 2026. 177 The share of their total shipments exported to the United States increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, and is projected to be *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026.178 As the United States became their primary market, home market shipments as a share of subject producers’ total shipments declined by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024; it is expected to further decrease to *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026. 179 Further, there is a potential for product shifting, as subject producers primarily produce other products on the same equipment and machinery used to produce FRCs.180 U.S. importers and producers in the subject countries also possessed large and increasing inventories of subject merchandise, particularly towards the latter half of the POI with which 172 CR/PR at Table 7.6. Subject producers’ practical FRC capacity utilization was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025, at *** percent in interim 2025, than in interim 2024, at *** percent. Id. 173 Derived from CR/PR at Table 7.6. Excess capacity was *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Derived from id. 174 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 4.2, 7.6 & C.1. 175 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 7.6 & 7.9. 176 CR/PR at Table 7.1. 177 CR/PR at 7.12 & Table 7.12. Cumulated total export shipments were *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. 178 CR/PR at Table 7.12. 179 CR/PR at Table 7.9. 180 CR/PR at Tables 7.1 & 7.14. The subject producers reported that in 2024, *** percent of the products produced on the same equipment and machinery as FRCs were out-of-scope products. Id. 33 they could increase their exports and sales to the United States. U.S. importers’ inventories of subject imports increased from 2023 to 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023, and *** pounds in 2024,an overall increase of *** percent. 181 In addition, subject foreign producers maintain very high inventory volumes, recording a ratio of inventories to total shipments in excess of *** percent throughout the POI, including a ratio of *** percent in 2024 and projected ratios of *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026. 182 Strato contends that subject imports are now subject to Section 232 duties at a rate of 50 percent ad valorem as of August 18, 2025, 183 so further increases in subject imports are likely to be limited. 184 Because these tariffs went into effect shortly before the date the Commission was required to issue its preliminary phase determinations, we lack information to ascertain the impact these tariffs will likely have on subject imports, and intend to further investigate this issue in any final phase investigations. 185 However, and as discussed above, the industries in the Czech Republic and India are large and growing, and the United States is their sole export market. Given this, and the large and increasing subject import inventories in the United States and substantial arranged subject imports for 2025, we cannot conclude for purposes of these preliminary determinations that these additional duties on subject imports 181 CR/PR at 7.17 & Table 7.16. U.S. importers’ inventories of FRCs from subject countries were *** percent higher in interim 2025 at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. 182 CR/PR at 7.17 & Table 7.9. The responding foreign producers in both subject countries reported that their combined end-of-period inventories of FRCs increased from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024, an overall increase of *** percent. CR/PR at 7.14 & Table 7.13. Foreign producers’ end-of-period inventories were *** percent higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. Their end-of-period inventories are projected to increase further in 2025 and 2026. Id. 183 We note that effective data for the 50 percent Section 232 duties as they apply to FRCs (August 18, 2025) was the same date that postconference briefs were due in these preliminary investigations. 184 Strato’s Postconference Brief at 49; id. at Exhibit 232. Strato notes that the 232 duties are being imposed at M&T’s request. Id. See also Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 27-28. Prior to August 18, 2025, FRCs from the Czech Republic and India were not subject to Section 232 duties. 185 We note that nonsubject imports are still the second-largest source of supply in the U.S. market, and nonsubject imports from Mexico are currently subject to an antidumping duty rate of 48.10 percent. Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Mexico, 65,153, 65,154 (Dep’t of Commerce Sept. 23, 2023) (final determination). Based on the questionnaire responses, most of the nonsubject imports are from Mexico. See also Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Pars Thereof from the People’s Republic of China, 90 Fed. Reg. 15,358 at 15,359 (Dep’t of Commerce April 10, 2025) (rescission of countervailing duty review) (rescinding the administrative review of the countervailing duty order for FRCs from China between March 3, 2023 and December 31, 2023, because it concluded that there were no entries of subject merchandise from China during that time period). Thus, it is unclear whether the Section 232 duties, currently at 50 percent, will prevent subject imports from being imported at significant levels in the imminent future, given the factors discussed above. 34 are likely to significantly reduce the likely volume of subject imports in the imminent future so as to obviate the threat of injury to the domestic industry.186 In light of the increases in cumulated subject import volume and market penetration, particularly at the end of the POI, U.S. importers’ arranged imports for 2025, the substantial and increasing cumulated capacity and excess capacity of the subject industries, the large and growing inventories of subject merchandise held by U.S. importers and subject foreign producers, and the subject industries’ demonstrated ability to rapidly increase exports to the United States, we conclude that there is a likelihood of substantially increased subject imports in the imminent future. 187 D. Likely Price Effects of the Cumulated Subject Imports As addressed in section VII.B.3. above, there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between the domestic like product and cumulated subject imports and price is an important factor in purchasing decisions for FRCs. 188 The Commission collected quarterly quanƟty and f.o.b. pricing data on sales of three products shipped to unrelated U.S. customers during January 2022 to March 2025. 189 Both U.S. producers and two importers provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters. 190 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of 186 Importers’ arranged imports were *** pounds in the second quarter of 2025 prior to implementation of the Section 232 duties, and importers’ inventories of subject imports were *** pounds in interim 2025. CR/PR at Tables 7.16 & 7.17. Given that cumulated subject imports in interim 2025 were *** pounds, importers’ U.S. shipments of subject imports in 2025 are likely to exceed the *** pounds reported in 2024, even without additional subject imports after the second quarter of 2025. See id. at Tables 4.2 & 4.9. 187 We have also considered that Commerce iniƟated its countervailing duty invesƟgaƟon on FRCs from India based on all 42 alleged subsidy programs. CVD IniƟaƟon NoƟce, 90 Fed. Reg. at 40,058. There are no known trade remedy acƟons on FRCs from the Czech Republic or India in third-country markets. CR/PR at 7.18. 188 See Section VII.B.3 above. 189 CR/PR at Tables 5.6-5.8. These three products were: Product 1.-- SE60, Grade E steel coupler (also known as an “assembly” or a “fit”), double shelves, 21.5” shank length, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications. Product 2.-- E50 coupler knuckle, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1. Product 3.-- SBE60 coupler body, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1. 190 CR/PR at 5.7. 35 FRCs, *** percent of U.S. imports from the Czech Republic, and *** percent of U.S. imports from India in 2024. 191 U.S. importers reported no pricing data for product 1. 192 The record shows significant underselling by cumulated subject imports. Overall, prices for products imported from the Czech Republic and India were lower than those for domestically produced FRCs in 16 of 18 quarterly comparisons. 193 On a volume basis, quarters in which there was underselling accounted for *** pounds of subject imports, over *** percent of the total reported subject import sales volume covered by the Commission’s pricing data, compared to the quarters in which there was overselling, which accounted for *** pounds of subject imports, less than *** percent of the total reported subject import sales volume covered by the Commission’s pricing data. 194 The undersold volume represents *** percent of total subject imports. 195 Margins of underselling ranged from *** and *** percent and averaged *** percent, while margins of overselling ranged between *** and *** percent and averaged *** percent.196 The only instances of overselling were in 2023; the volume of subject imports that undersold domestic product increased throughout the POI with the majority of underselling taking place in 2024 and the largest average margins occurring in interim 2025. 197 Although the domesƟc industry gained market share between 2022 and 2023 aŌer nonsubject imports from China and Mexico became subject to anƟdumping and countervailing duty orders, it lost market share in 2024 and in interim 2025 as subject imports increased their presence in the market. Between 2023 and 2024, subject imports gained *** percentage points of market share while the domesƟc industry lost *** percentage points and nonsubject imports lost *** percentage points. 198 Comparing interim periods, as the volume of subject imports increased further, subject imports gained *** percentage points of market share, while the domesƟc industry lost *** percentage points of market share.199 Thus the record shows that pervasive underselling by the cumulated subject imports resulted in the subject imports gaining market share in part at the domesƟc industry’s expense, and capturing market share ceded by nonsubject imports aŌer orders on those imports were put in place. 191 CR/PR at 5.7. 192 CR/PR at Table 5.6. 193 CR/PR at Tables 5.11-5.12. Underselling occurred in *** percent of quarterly comparisons and overselling occurred in *** percent of quarterly comparisons. Id. at Table 5.11. 194 CR/PR at Table 5.11. 195 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 4.2 & 5.13. 196 CR/PR at 5.16 & Table 5.11. 197 CR/PR at 5.16 & Table 5.13. 198 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 199 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 36 During the POI, prices for all domesƟcally produced pricing products increased overall. 200 201 Despite these price increases, the domesƟc industry’s raƟo of its cost-of-goods sold to net sales value worsened through the full years of the POI, as its unit COGS rose to a greater degree than its net sales average unit value (“AUV”). The domestic industry’s ratio of COGS to net sales increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024. 202 The industry’s ratio of COGS to net sales was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025, at *** percent, compared to interim 2024, at *** percent. 203 Between 2023 and 2024, the period initially impacted by subject imports, the domestic industry’s net sales AUV increased by $*** per thousand pounds, while total unit COGS increased by $*** per thousand pounds, leading to a *** percent increase in the ratio of COGS to net sales. 204 For that time period, only *** percent of the increase in unit COGS was attributable to raw materials ($*** per thousand pounds out of $*** per thousand pounds). Over the interim periods, however, the net sales AUV increased by $*** per thousand pounds, while unit COGS decreased by $*** per thousand pounds, leading to a decline in the COGS-to- net sales ratio of *** percentage points. 205 In the interim periods, the increase in the net sales AUV was insufficient to cover higher per unit raw materials costs, which increased by $*** per thousand pounds. 206 The overall decline in unit COGS and the COGS-to-net sales ratio during the interim periods is attributable to the greater decline in per unit direct labor and other factory costs than the increase in per unit raw material costs. While this ratio improved in 200 Prices for domestically produced pricing products 1 *** between the first quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2025, ending at a price that *** percent higher than in the first quarter of 2022. CR/PR at Figure 5.3 & Table 5.6. Prices for domestically produced pricing product 2 ***, then *** in the first quarter of 2023, then *** through the first quarter of 2025 to a price *** than in the first quarter of 2022. Id. at Tables 5.7, 5.9 & Figure 5.4. Prices for domestically produced pricing product 3 *** between the first quarter of 2022 and the fourth quarter of 2022, then *** from the first quarter of 2023 through the second quarter of 2023, then *** through the fourth quarter of 2023, then *** in the first quarter of 2024, and *** and ended at a price *** than in the first quarter of 2022. Id. at Tables 5.8-5.9 & Figure 5.5. Pricing data were insufficient to determine trends for subject imports over the period. CR/PR at 5.14 & Table 5.9. 201 We have also considered purchasers’ responses to the lost sales/lost revenue survey. *** of two responding purchasers reported that, since 2022, they had purchased or imported FRCs from subject countries instead of purchasing U.S.-produced product. CR/PR at 5.18. *** of these purchasers reported U.S. producers had reduced their prices in order to gain a sale. Id. 202 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 203 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 204 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, 6.2 & C.1. 205 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, 6.2 & C.1. 206 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, 6.2 & C.1. 37 interim 2025, to *** percent compared to *** percent in interim 2024, it remained higher than *** percent and several percentage points higher than at the beginning of the POI (and higher than in 2023, when subject imports first entered the U.S. market). In sum, we find that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between subject imports and the domestic like product, that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions, and that underselling by cumulated subject imports was predominant during the POI, which resulted in the domestic industry losing market share to subject imports late in the POI, and likely contributing to the increase in the industry’s cost-price squeeze. Based on the current record, we find that cumulated subject imports and the domestic like product are likely to continue to compete against each other, that price is likely to be an important factor in purchasing decisions, and that the likely significant and substantially increasing volumes of subject imports are likely to significantly undersell the domestic like product. The large and increasing volumes of low-priced subject imports will thus likely place downward pressure in the imminent future and create demand for subject imports. As a result, the domestic industry will be forced to lower its prices, forgo needed price increases, or lose sales and market share to subject imports, as occurred in the latter portion of the POI, when increasing volumes of subject imports began to take market share from the domestic industry. We therefore find for purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations that subject imports are likely to have significant price effects in the imminent future. E. Likely Impact of the Cumulated Subject Imports The domestic industry became increasingly unprofitable and its performance declined from 2023 to the end of interim 2025 as the volume of low-priced subject imports increased in absolute and relative terms, even as apparent consumption increased in interim 2025. Although the industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption fluctuated and increased overall during the POI, it began to decline late in the POI, as the market share of low-priced subject imports increased, taking market share from the domestic industry. Although many of the industry’s trade indicators increased somewhat overall between 2022 and 2024, they declined as the volume of subject imports grew from 2023 to 2024 and in 38 interim 2025. The industry’s production,207 practical FRC capacity utilization, 208 and share of apparent consumption 209 all followed this trend. The industry’s practical production capacity, however, declined irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent lower in interim 2025, than in interim 2024. 210 The industry’s U.S. shipments increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024; they were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 211 The industry’s end-of-period inventories increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and were *** percent lower in interim 2025 compared to interim 2024. 212 As a share to total shipments, the domestic industry’s end-of-period inventories increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024; the ratio was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025 at *** percent, compared to *** percent, in interim 2024. 213 Similarly, despite improving somewhat overall from 2022 to 2024, the domestic industry’s employment-related indicators declined from 2023 to 2024 and in interim 2025 as subject imports expanded their presence in the market. Specifically, the number of production 207 CR/PR at Tables 3.5 & C.1. The domestic industry’s production of FRCs increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023, before falling to *** pounds in 2024; it was *** percent lower in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. 208 CR/PR at Tables 3.5 & C.1. The industry’s practical FRC capacity utilization increased irregularly by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, before falling to *** percent in 2024; it was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025, at *** percent, than in interim 2024, at *** percent. Id. 209 CR/PR at Tables 4.9 & C.1. 210 CR/PR at Tables 3.5 & C.1. The domestic industry’s practical FRC capacity was *** pounds in 2022 and 2023, before falling to *** pounds in 2024; it was lower in interim 2025, at *** pounds, compared to *** pounds in interim 2024. Id. 211 CR/PR at Tables 3.9 & C.1. The industry’s U.S. shipments increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, increasing from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023, before declining to *** pounds in 2024; they were higher in interim 2025, at *** pounds, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. 212 CR/PR at Tables 3.11 & C.1. The industry’s end-of-period inventories increased from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** pounds in 2022 to *** pounds in 2023 and *** pounds in 2024; they were lower in interim 2025, at *** pounds, compared to interim 2024, at *** pounds. Id. 213 CR/PR at Tables 3.11 & C.1. As a ratio to total shipments, the domestic industry’s end-of- period inventories increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** in 2023, before rising to *** percent in 2024. Id. 39 and related workers (“PRWs”),214 total hours worked, 215 and productivity 216 all increased somewhat from 2022 to 2024, but declined from 2023 to 2024 and in interim 2025. Wages paid declined irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024; they were *** percent lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 217 The industry’s financial indicators were poor throughout the POI. 218 The industry’s gross profits fell by *** percent from 2022 to 2023, and *** in 2024. Although the industry’s *** declined in the interim periods, it ended interim 2025 with a *** of $***. 219 The industry reported *** each year from 2022 to 2024, and although both figures improved somewhat in interim 2025, compared to interim 2024, they remained losses. 220 221 The industry’s operaƟng income and net income to net sales raƟos were negaƟve throughout the POI and worsened from 2022 to 2024; they improved somewhat in interim 2025, compared to interim 2024. 222 The domestic industry’s capital expenditures increased irregularly by *** percent 214 CR/PR at Tables 3.12 & C.1. The number of PRWs increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** PRWs in 2022 to *** in 2023, before falling to *** PRWs in 2024. Id. The number of PRWs was *** percent lower in interim 2025, at *** PRWs, compared to interim 2024, at *** PRWs. Id. 215 CR/PR at Tables 3.12 & C.1. The industry’s total hours worked increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** hours in 2022 to *** hours in 2023, before falling to *** hours in 2024. Id. Total hours worked were *** percent lower in interim 2025, at *** hours, than in interim 2024, at *** hours. Id. 216 CR/PR at Tables 3.12 & C.1. Productivity declined irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, rising from *** pounds per hour in 2022 to *** pounds per hour in 2023, before falling to *** pounds per hour in 2024; it was *** percent lower in interim 2025, at *** pounds per hour, than in interim 2024, at *** pounds per hour. Id. 217 CR/PR at Tables 3.12 & C.1. Wages paid declined irregularly from 2022 to 2024, rising from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, before falling to $*** in 2024. Id. They were lower in interim 2025, at $***, than in interim 2024, at $***. Id. 218 CR/PR at Table 6.1. 219 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. The industry’s gross profits declined from 2022 to 2024, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024; they improved somewhat in interim 2025, at $***, compared to interim 2024, at $***. Id. 220 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. The industry’s operating income declined from 2022 to 2024, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and to $*** in 2024; its loss was $*** in interim 2025, compared to interim 2024, at $***. Id. 221 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. The industry’s net income declined from 2022 to 2024, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2024 and to $*** in 2024; it experienced a *** in interim 2025, at $***, a decline from $*** in net income in interim 2024. Id. 222 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. The industry’s ratio of operating income to net sales decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and to *** percent in 2024; it improved somewhat in interim 2025 at *** percent, compared to *** percent in interim 2024. Id. The industry’s ratio of net income to net sales declined from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and to *** percent in 2024; it improved somewhat in interim 2025, at *** percent, compared to interim 2024, at ***. Id. 40 between 2022 and 2024; however, they were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 223 The industry’s research and development (“R&D”) expenses decreased by *** percent between 2022 and 2024; they were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 224 The domestic industry’s return on assets decreased throughout the POI, declining from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. 225 With the domestic industry in this precarious condition, we find that the likely significantly increased volume of subject imports, their likely significant underselling, and likely significant price effects in the imminent future threaten material injury to the domestic industry. During the POI, as subject imports increased from 2023 to 2024, they gained *** percentage points of market share from nonsubject imports and the domestic industry, and in interim 2025, gained *** percentage points of market share. 226 As subject imports’ presence in the U.S. market grew, the domestic industry’s performance either declined or remained in a tenuous state. Looking forward, we find that the likely substantial increase in subject imports and their likely underselling will significantly impair the domestic industry’s performance in the imminent future. As discussed above, subject imports predominantly undersold the domestic product during the POI. We find that in view of the Czech Republic’s and Indian industries’ growing and substantial capacity and focus on the U.S. as their sole export market during the POI, as detailed above, significantly increased volumes of low-priced subject imports are likely to enter the U.S. market in the imminent future. We find that this increased presence of low-priced subject imports in the U.S. market will result in pressure on domestic producer prices, preventing U.S. producers from obtaining prices sufficient to operate profitably, or, if U.S. producers cannot compete on price with low-priced imports, resulting in subject imports taking additional market share and sales from domestic producers. Lost market share and sales will negatively affect the domestic industry’s production, capacity utilization, shipments, and employment. Likely suppressed or depressed prices and/or lost sales will negatively affect the domestic industry’s revenues, profits, and ability to make capital improvements. In sum, for purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that the likely substantial 223 CR/PR at Tables 6.5 & C.1. The industry’s capital expenditures rose from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, before falling to $*** in 2024; they were higher in interim 2025, at $***, than in interim 2024, at $***. Id. 224 CR/PR at Table 6.7. The industry’s R&D expenses fells from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024; they were lower in interim 2025, at $***, than in interim 2024, at $***. Id. 225 CR/PR at Table 6.10. 226 CR/PR at Tables 4.2, 4.9 & C.1. 41 increase in low-priced subject imports will likely have a significant impact on the domestic industry in the imminent future. We have also considered other factors to ensure that we are not attributing to subject imports any likely injury that will actually result from other causes. The quantity and market share of nonsubject imports declined from 2022 to 2024 and were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 227 Further, as of 2023, all nonsubject imports are subject to antidumping and/or countervailing duty orders. Therefore, nonsubject imports are not likely to account for the threat of material injury we attribute to subject imports. Apparent consumption was nearly the same in 2024 as in 2022 and increased between interim periods; therefore, demand trends are not the cause of the likely injury that we attribute to subject imports. We acknowledge that Respondents have raised arguments indicating that any injury to M&T and the domestic industry as a whole during the POI was due to declining demand in the OEM market, which they contend was compounded by its *** poor performance. 228 Further, we recognize that Respondents have argued that there are several non-price reasons that drive FRC purchasing decisions and that account for the increase in subject imports. These include TTX’s preference for FRCs made with Bedloe technology, which Respondents claim can only be sourced from China (now under the discipline of antidumping and countervailing duty orders) and India. 229 Respondents also claim that the domestic industry manufactured and sold knuckles during the POI that lacked proper AAR certification, which, Respondents allege, not only increased costs for the domestic industry as they retooled production equipment to manufacture AAR-complaint knuckles, but also eroded purchasers’ trust in domestic producers, and led them to refuse to buy domestically produced knuckles. 230 Wabtec also contends that M&T was adversely affected in the OEM market because of its failure to sell FRCs as a package or “bundle” with other railcar components. 231 We intend to further investigate these arguments, including the extent to which nonprice factors played a role in purchasing decisions, in any final phase of these investigations. 227 CR/PR at Tables 4.2, 4.9 & C.1. 228 Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 10-13; Strato’s Postconference Brief at 3, 11, 23-24, 41-42. 229 TTX’s Postconference Brief at 1-2, 8-13, 22-24 & Attachment D; Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 21; Strato’s Postconference Brief at 13-21. 230 Strato’s Postconference Brief at 2-4, 15-16, 42, 47 & 49-50; TTX’s Postconference Brief at 1-2, 27-39 and Attachments H, L, and M; Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 5-6 & 28. 231 Wabtec’s Postconference Brief at 13-14. 42 Conclusion For the reasons stated above, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with materially injury by reason of imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value and are allegedly subsidized by the government of India. 1.1 Introduction Background These investigations result from petitions filed with the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (“USITC” or “Commission”) by the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, comprised of McConway & Torley LLC (“M&T”), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union (“USW”), on July 23, 2025, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured and threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports of freight rail couplers and parts thereof (“FRCs”)1 from India and of less-than-fair-value (“LTFV”) imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India. Table 1.1 presents information relating to the background of these investigations.2 3 Table 1.1 FRCs: Information relating to the background and schedule of this proceeding Effective date Action July 23, 2025 Petitions filed with Commerce and the Commission; institution of the Commission investigations (90 FR 35734, July 29, 2025) August 12, 2025 Commerce’s notice of initiation (AD: 90 FR 40059, August 18, 2025; CVD: 90 FR 40055, August 18, 2025) August 13, 2025 Commission’s conference September 5, 2025 Commission’s vote September 8, 2025 Commission’s determinations September 15, 2025 Commission’s views Section 771(7)(B) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (the “Act”) (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B)) provides that in making its determinations of injury to an industry in the United States, the Commission— shall consider (Ⅰ) the volume of imports of the subject merchandise, (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of that merchandise on prices in the United States for domestic like products, and (Ⅲ) the impact of imports of such 1 See the section entitled “The subject merchandise” in Part 1 of this report for a complete description of the merchandise subject in this proceeding. 2 Pertinent Federal Register notices are referenced in appendix A and may be found at the Commission’s website (www.usitc.gov). 3 A list of witnesses appearing at the conference is presented in appendix B of this report. 1.2 merchandise on domestic producers of domestic like products, but only in the context of production operations within the United States; and. . . may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of imports. Section 771(7)(C) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)) further provides that—4 In evaluating the volume of imports of merchandise, the Commission shall consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States is significant.. . .In evaluating the effect of imports of such merchandise on prices, the Commission shall consider whether. . .(Ⅰ) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.. . . In examining the impact required to be considered under subparagraph (B)(ⅰ)(Ⅲ), the Commission shall evaluate (within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry) all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry in the United States, including, but not limited to. . . (Ⅰ) actual and potential decline in output, sales, market share, gross profits, operating profits, net profits, ability to service debt, productivity, return on investments, return on assets, and utilization of capacity, (Ⅱ) factors affecting domestic prices, (Ⅲ) actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital, and investment, (Ⅳ) actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (Ⅴ) in {an antidumping investigation}, the magnitude of the margin of dumping. In addition, Section 771(7)(J) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(J)) provides that—5 (J) EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY.—The Commission may not determine that there is no material injury or threat of material injury to an industry in 4 Amended by PL 114—27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 5 Amended by PL 114—27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 1.3 the United States merely because that industry is profitable or because the performance of that industry has recently improved. Organization of report Part 1 of this report presents information on the subject merchandise, alleged subsidy rates/dumping margins, and domestic like product. Part 2 of this report presents information on conditions of competition and other relevant economic factors. Part 3 presents information on the condition of the U.S. industry, including data on capacity, production, shipments, inventories, and employment. Parts 4 and 5 present the volume of subject imports and pricing of domestic and imported products, respectively. Part 6 presents information on the financial experience of U.S. producers. Part 7 presents the statutory requirements and information obtained for use in the Commission’s consideration of the question of threat of material injury as well as information regarding nonsubject countries. Market summary FRCs are generally used to connect freight railcars together without manual assistance.6 Two U.S. producers produce FRCs: M&T and Amsted Rail Company, Inc. (“Amsted”). Producers of FRCs outside the United States include ČKD Kutná Hora, a. s. (“CKD”) of the Czech Republic and Kharagpur and Texmaco of India. The leading U.S. importer of FRCs from the Czech Republic is Wabtec Corporation (“Wabtec”), while the leading importers of FRCs from India are Strato Technology Solutions, LLC (“Strato”) and Wabtec. Leading importers of FRCs from nonsubject countries (primarily ***) include Amsted, Strato, and Jackson International, Inc. dba Jaxon (“Jaxon”). U.S. purchasers of FRCs are railcar manufactures or leasers; the leading purchaser is ***. Apparent U.S. consumption of FRCs totaled approximately *** pounds ($***) in 2024. U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of FRCs totaled *** pounds ($***) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. U.S. imports from subject sources totaled *** pounds ($***) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. U.S. imports from nonsubject sources totaled *** pounds ($***) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. 6 Petition, p. 6. 1.4 Summary data and data sources A summary of data collected in these investigations is presented in appendix C, table C.1. The Commission’s questionnaires collected data for the years 2022 to 2024 and interim periods January through March of 2024 (“interim 2024”) and January through March of 2025 (“interim 2025”). Except as noted, U.S. industry data are based on questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for all U.S. production of FRCs during 2024.7 U.S. imports are based on questionnaire data provided by six firms. Previous and related investigations FRCs have been the subject of prior related investigations. The first set of prior related investigations (hereinafter referred to as the “FRC I” investigations) resulted from petitions filed with Commerce and the Commission by the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, consisting of M&T and the USW on September 29, 2021, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured and threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized and LTFV imports of FRCs from China. On July 5, 2022, the Commission determined that an industry in the United States is not materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of FRCs from China.8 Subsequent to the above proceedings, petitions were filed on September 28, 2022 by the Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers, again consisting of M&T and the USW, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured and threatened with material injury by reason of LTFV imports of FRCs from China and Mexico and of subsidized imports from China (the “FRC II” investigations). On July 3, 2023 the Commission determined that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of FRCs from China,9 and on November 6, 2023, the Commission determined that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of FRCs from Mexico.10 7 Petition, p. 3. 8 87 FR 41144, July 11, 2022. 9 88 FR 43398, July 7, 2023. 10 88 FR 77612, November 13, 2023. The schedules for the respective investigations concerning China and Mexico were staggered because Commerce did not postpone the final determination for its antidumping and countervailing duty investigations regarding FRCs from China, while it did postpone the final determination for its antidumping duty investigation regarding FRCs from Mexico. This necessitated (continued...) 1.5 Nature and extent of alleged subsidies and sales at LTFV Alleged subsidies On August 18, 2025, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the initiation of its countervailing duty investigation on FRCs from India.11 Alleged sales at LTFV On August 18, 2025, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the initiation of its antidumping duty investigations on FRCs from the Czech Republic and India.12 Commerce has initiated antidumping duty investigations based on estimated dumping margins of 119.96 percent for FRCs from the Czech Republic and 7.86 to 71.01 percent for FRCs from India. The subject merchandise Commerce’s scope In the current proceeding, Commerce has defined the scope as follows:13 The scope of this investigation covers certain freight railcar couplers (also known as “fits” or “assemblies”) and parts thereof. Freight rail couplers are composed of two main parts, namely knuckles and coupler bodies but may also include other items (e.g., coupler locks, lock lift assemblies, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors). The parts covered by the investigation include: (1) E coupler bodies; (2) E/F coupler bodies; (3) F coupler bodies; (4) E knuckles; (5) F knuckles; as set forth by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). The freight rail coupler parts are included within the scope of the investigation when imported individually. earlier Commission determinations in the final phase of the antidumping and countervailing duty investigations regarding FRCs from China than in the final phase of the antidumping duty investigation on FRCs from Mexico. Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from China, Investigation Nos. 701-TA-682 and 731-TA-1592 (Final), USITC Publication 5438, July 2023 (“FRC II China Publication”), p. 3. 11 For further information on the alleged subsidy programs see Commerce’s notice of initiation and related CVD Initiation Checklist. 90 FR 40055, August 18, 2025. 12 90 FR 40059, August 18, 2025. 13 90 FR 40055, August 18, 2025; 90 FR 40059, August 18, 2025. 1.6 Subject freight rail couplers and parts are included within the scope whether finished or unfinished, whether imported individually or with other subject or nonsubject parts, whether assembled or unassembled, whether mounted or unmounted, or if joined with nonsubject merchandise, such as other nonsubject parts or a completed railcar. Finishing includes, but is not limited to, arc washing, welding, grinding, shot blasting, heat treatment, machining, and assembly of various parts. When a subject coupler or subject parts are mounted on or to other nonsubject merchandise, such as a railcar, only the coupler or subject parts are covered by the scope. The finished products covered by the scope of this investigation meet or exceed the AAR specifications of M-211, “Foundry and Product Approval Requirements for the Manufacture of Couplers, Coupler Yokes, Knuckles, Follower Blocks, and Coupler Parts,” and/or AAR M-215 “Coupling Systems,” or other equivalent domestic or international standards (including any revisions to the standard(s)). The country of origin for subject couplers and parts thereof, whether fully assembled, unfinished or finished, or attached to a railcar, is the country where the subject coupler parts were cast or forged. Subject merchandise includes coupler parts as defined above that have been further processed or further assembled, including those coupler parts attached to a railcar in third countries. Further processing includes, but is not limited to, arc washing, welding, grinding, shot blasting, heat treatment, painting, coating, priming, machining, and assembly of various parts. The inclusion, attachment, joining, or assembly of nonsubject parts with subject parts or couplers either in the country of manufacture of the in-scope product or in a third country does not remove the subject parts or couplers from the scope. Tariff treatment Freight rail couplers and related parts are currently provided for in Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) subheading 8607.30.10. Freight rail couplers attached to a freight car may also be provided for in HTS subheadings 8606.10.00, 8606.30.00, 8606.91.00, and 8606.92.00, as well as HTS statistical reporting numbers 8606.99.0130 and 8606.99.0160. The general rate of duty is 3.6 percent ad valorum for HTS subheading 8607.30.10. 14 The general rate of duty is 14 percent ad valorem for HTS subheadings 8606.10.00, 8606.30.00, 14 USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 86-5. 1.7 8606.91.00, and 8606.92.00.15 The general rate of duty is also 14 percent for HTS subheading 8606.99.01.16 If a freight rail coupler is attached to a freight car used as a an instrument of international traffic, it may be eligible for duty-free treatment under subheading 9803.00.50.17 Decisions on the tariff classification and treatment of imported goods are within the authority of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Section 232 tariffs FRCs originating in the Czech Republic and India, provided for under subheading 8607.30.10, are subject to an additional 50 percent ad valorem duty under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended, applied to the declared value of the steel content of the imported article.18 Tariffs initiated under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”)19 Effective April 5, 2025, FRCs originating in the European Union, including the Czech Republic, were subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem reciprocal duty under IEEPA. Effective April 9, 2025, the European Union was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 20 percent ad valorem. However, effective April 10, 2025, individualized country duties were suspended and the additional duty rate under IEEPA for FRCs originating in 15 USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 86-3. 16 USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 86-3. 17 USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 98-III-2. 18 Effective August 18, 2025, FRCs originating in Czech Republic and India became subject to an additional 50 percent ad valorem duty under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended. The duty is applied to the declared value of the steel content of the product. 90 FR 9817, February 18, 2025; 90 FR 40326, August 19, 2025. See also HTS heading 9903.81.91 and U.S. note 16(n) to subchapter III of chapter 99 and related tariff provisions for this duty treatment. USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, USITC Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 99-III-31, 99-III-382. 19 Multiple tariffs have been enacted under the authority of IEEPA. Tariffs specific to Canada, China, and Mexico were initiated in February 2025. Tariffs initiated in April 2025 under IEEPA were applied globally. Tariffs specific to Brazil were initiated in July 2025. Tariffs under IEEPA have been amended over time. 1.8 the European Union were returned to 10 percent.20 Effective August 7, 2025, FRCs from the European Union were subject to an additional rate of duty of 11.4 percent.21 Effective April 5, 2025, FRCs originating in India were subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem reciprocal duty under IEEPA. Effective April 9, 2025, India was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 26 percent ad valorem. However, effective April 10, 2025, individualized country duties were suspended and the additional duty rate under IEEPA for FRCs originating in India was returned to 10 percent.22 Effective August 7, 2025, India was assigned an individualized country duty of 25 percent.23 Effective August 18, 2025, FRCs were added to the list of derivative steel products that are subject to section 232 tariffs and therefore, FRCs were no longer subject to tariffs initiated in April 2025 under IEEPA.24 Table 1.2 provides a summary of additional tariffs on imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India. 20 Individualized country reciprocal duties for all countries other than China were suspended until August 1, 2025. 90 FR 15041, April 7, 2025. 90 FR 15625, April 15, 2025. 90 FR 30823, July 10, 2025. See also HTS headings 9903.01.25 and 9903.01.50 and U.S. note 2(v) to subchapter III of chapter 99 and related tariff provisions for this duty treatment. USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 99-III-5 to 99-III-14, 99-III-317, & 99-III-321. 21 Products from European Union member countries with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is less than 15 percent were assigned an additional duty rate equal to 15 percent minus its Column 1 Duty Rate. For products from European Union member countries with a Column 1 Duty Rate that is at least 15 percent, the additional ad valorem rate of duty is zero. 90 FR 37963, August 6, 2025. 22 Individualized country reciprocal duties for all countries other than China were suspended until August 1, 2025. 90 FR 15041, April 7, 2025. 90 FR 15625, April 15, 2025. 90 FR 30823, July 10, 2025. See also HTS headings 9903.01.25 and 9903.01.55 and U.S. note 2(v) to subchapter III of chapter 99 and related tariff provisions for this duty treatment. USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 20, Publication 5663, August 2025, pp. 99-III-5 to 99-III-14, 99-III-317, & 99-III-322. 23 90 FR 37963, August 6, 2025. 24 90 FR 40326, August 19, 2025. Although FRCs are no longer subject to tariffs initiated in April 2025 under IEEPA effective August 18, 2025, any non-steel content would remain subject to tariffs initiated in April 2025 under IEEPA. 1.9 Table 1.2 FRCs: Additional tariffs on imports from the Czech Republic and India as of August 19, 2025 Duty rates in percent ad valorem Additional tariff Czech Republic India Steel derivative 232 50 50 Total additional ad valorem rate 50 50 Source: Federal Register notices and other sources cited in this section (Tariff treatment). Note: Duty rates in the table reflect the duty rates for HTS subheading 8607.30.10 as of the writing of this report. See the text above for historical changes to the additional tariffs. The product Description and applications FRCs are comprised of four main metal components–knuckles, coupler bodies, coupler yokes, and follower blocks–in addition to ancillary parts (e.g., coupler locks, coupler lock lifters, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors). Knuckles are typically metal castings in the shape of a hook that pivot on a vertical hinge between a “locked” and an “unlocked” position to allow for interlocking with knuckles of adjacent FRCs.25 Coupler bodies are a metal casting that hold the knuckle and allow it to pivot. The coupler body fits within the coupler yoke, which is a metal casting that attaches the FRC to a freight car.26 The follower block is a rectangular piece of metal that separates the FRC with the adjacent draft gear of a freight car (designed to absorb some of the forces when connecting freight rail cars).27 FRCs are used to connect freight railcars together. Each train car typically has two couplers on either end of the car. When pushed together, the knuckles of the respective FRCs on two cars interlock, eliminating the need for potentially dangerous manual input.28 Figure I-1 shows the interlocking coupler mechanism. In addition to connecting two train cars, the coupler absorbs shocks during breaking. 25 Petition, Exhibit I-8. 26 McConway & Torley, LLC, Yokes and Followers, https://mcconway.com/yokes-followers/, accessed August 19, 2025. 27 McConway & Torley, LLC, Yokes and Followers, https://mcconway.com/yokes-followers/, accessed August 19, 2025. 28 Keefe, Couplers, https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/couplers/, November 27, 2023. 1.10 Figure I-1 FRCs: Interlocked freight rail couplers Source: Keefe, Couplers, https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/couplers/, November 27, 2023. FRCs and components are classified under the following AAR designations: type E, E/F, and F couplers, type E and F knuckles, type E and F yokes, and type E and F follower blocks. Type E couplers, knuckles, yokes, and follower blocks meet the basic standards set by AAR but do not have the additional features included in type F components. Additional type F features include interlocking wing pockets and lugs that reduce the likelihood of certain freight car derailments as well as reducing the gap between coupled knuckles to improve freight car handling. Type E/F couplers contain a basic type E knuckle and type F coupler body components. Most train cars use the E type coupler. Type F couplers are typically used for freight cars transporting heavy loads.29 29 Conference transcript p. 83 (Mautino). 1.11 Figure I-2 shows product specifications for E and F type coupler bodies. Figure I-3 shows FRC components for both type E and F. Figure I-2 FRCs: FRC Specifications Type E Type F Source: McConway & Torley, LLC, https://mcconway.com/freight-coupler/, accessed August 18, 2025. 1.12 Figure I-3 FRCs: FRC Components Type E Type F Coupler Body Knuckle Yoke Follower Block Source: Wabtec, https://www.wabteccorp.com/freight-car/end-of-car-systems/coupler-system/coupler- bodies, accessed August 18, 2025; Wabtec, https://www.wabteccorp.com/freight-car/end-of-car- systems/coupler-system/knuckles, accessed August 18, 2025; Wabtec, https://www.wabteccorp.com/freight-car/end-of-car-systems/coupler-system/yokes-followers-components, accessed August 18, 2025. To ensure interoperability, the main components of FRCs must be manufactured in accordance with Association of American Railroad standards. There are two AAR standards that govern the design and manufacturing of FRC used in North America, commonly known as the M-211 and M-215. The M-211 covers foundry and product approval requirements for the manufacture of couplers, coupler yokes, knuckles, follower blocks, and coupler parts. The M- 211 standard includes a series of gauging and load tests, conducted annually.30 Manufacturers that produce to this standard gain a seat on the Mechanical Committee of Standard Coupler 30 Conference transcript, p. 16 (Mautino). 1.13 Manufacturers, which develops and maintains the M-211 coupler standards in North America.31 M-211 involves specific designs and specifications that requires information proprietary to domestic manufacturers.32 All domestically produced couplers are made to the M-211 standard.33 The M-215 covers complete coupling systems.34 It was modified and expanded from an existing standard to include FRCs deemed “near standard” and requires its own specifications.35 Imported couplers are made to the M-215 standard.36 Regardless of which standard a coupler is manufactured under, the couplers must be interoperable, meaning that freight cars with couplers made to different standards are able to connect.37 Manufacturing processes The manufacturing process for FRCs involves a foundry and machining process involving three main steps: melting and casting, processing and machining, and finishing. First, a combination of steel, carbon quality ferrous scrap, alloy quality ferrous scrap, or ferrous iron units are melted in a furnace, during which certain alloying agents may be added to ensure proper strength and formability specification.38 The metal is then poured into a mold of hardened sand for each FRC component. Most companies use green sand casting, whereby high-pressure squeeze molding lines produce their cast molds.39 Once hardened, the component is removed from the mold and any imperfections present in the mold that were transferred to the casting are removed. The cast steel shape then undergoes processing and machining. Machine tools are used to grind the rough casting into the final desired dimensions, as well as to drill holes and grooves into the components as necessary. The shape may also undergo additional finishing operations and may be subject to additional heat treatment, such as annealing and tempering, designed to 31 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 14; Railway Supply Institute, “Standard Coupler Manufacturers Committee,” https://www.rsiweb.org/committees/standard-coupler-manufacturers-committee/, accessed August 28, 2025. 32 Conference transcript, p. 58 (Mautino), p. 121 (Gotlund), p. 204-205 (Smith); TTX’s postconference brief, p. 9; Strato postconference brief, p. 13. 33 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 14. 34 Conference transcript, p. 121-122 (Gotlund). 35 Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 14 and 30; Conference transcript, p. 121-122 (Gotlund). 36 Conference transcript, p. 122 (Gotlund), p. 204-205 (Smith); Strato’s postconference brief, p. 13, TTX’s postconference brief, p. 9. 37 Conference transcript, p. 125 (Gotlund), p. 164 (Gotlund) 38 Petition, p. 5. 39 Conference transcript p. 79-81 (Mautino) and p. 184 (East); Petition Volume I, p. 9-10. 1.14 strengthen and harden the metal. Once the metal is hardened, machine tools are used to grind the rough casting into the final desired dimensions, as well as to drill holes and grooves into the components as necessary. Once the specified form is achieved, the components are painted, oiled, or primed to prevent rusting. Lastly, the castings are subjected to several safety and fatigue tests to comply with AAR standards. For complete FRC, the individual casted components are assembled along with additional ancillary parts (e.g., coupler locks, coupler lock lifters, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors). These additional parts do not have to be manufactured in foundries certified by AAR but may still be manufactured by the same producers of the FRC components or purchased from secondary manufacturers. One importer uses a proprietary process for the production of its FRCs. This process, referred to as Bedloe Technology, undergoes the same general process as outlined above, but includes specific design parameters, production strategies, and testing requirements.40 It additionally uses what is known as air set or no-bake casting, whereby sand molds are hardened through the addition of a chemical bonding agent.41 For FRCs to be compliant for use in the North American market, the manufacturer must obtain AAR approval, which requires a series of steps. To obtain AAR approval, a company must meet specific requirements to be a North American Railroads supplier. The company must purchase and review the AAR publications related to Administrative Standards and AAR’s Manuals of Standards and Recommended Practices for the component.42 The coupler system must then undergo a series of inspections and approvals, including a detailed design application, component testing under an official test observer, a technical inspection of the facility, and a quality assurance inspection. In addition to design and manufacturing approval under either of the M-211 and M-215 standards discussed above, FRCs must also meet the AAR M-216 standard, which is a knuckle fatigue test that evaluates the knuckle and coupler assemblies under specific loading conditions to assess fatigue life.43 M-216 testing is required 40 Conference transcript p. 122 (Gotlund) and p. 135 (Cunkleman). 41 Conference transcript p. 122 (Gotlund) and p. 134-135 (Cunkleman). 42 Publications required for coupling systems include Section S (Coupling Details), Section B (Couplers and Freight Car Draft Components), Section S-III (Coupler and Yoke Details), and Section J (Specification for Quality Assurance M1003) 43 Conference transcript, p. 16 (Mautino); CTLGroup, “Knuckle M-211 and M-216 AAR Qualification Testing,” https://www.ctlgroup.com/project/knuckle-m-211-m-116-aar-qualification-testing/, accessed August 28, 2025. 1.15 every three years.44 After testing and inspections, the company can request conditional approval, which typically lasts for a period of two years during which sales will be limited. After the conditional approval period, the company can request unlimited approval.45 Domestic like product issues In the preliminary phase of the FRC II investigations, which covered a similar scope as the current investigations, the Commission analyzed three domestic like product issues, making the following findings: (1) the Commission’s traditional domestic like product factors generally supported defining a single domestic like product consisting of all FRCs within the scope; (2) it was not appropriate to define the domestic like product broader than Commerce’s scope definition to include yokes and follower blocks that were out-of-scope components in those investigations; and (3) applying a semi-finished products analysis, the record supported defining upstream in-scope FRC components and downstream fits or assemblies as part of a single domestic like product. In the final phase of the investigations the Commission stated that “there {was} no new information on the record that would warrant the Commission’s reconsideration of its finding in the preliminary determinations that all FRCs belong in a single domestic like product”, and thus found that “all FRCs within the scope belong in a single domestic like product.”46 The domestic like product proposed by the petitioner includes intermediate products (or “unfinished products”) as well as downstream products (or “finished products”).47 U.S. producers and importers were asked to provide their input on the differences and similarities 44 Conference transcript, p. 16 (Mautino); Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 31; TTX’s postconference brief, p. 12. 45 AAR, “Process for Obtaining AAR Approval for Railroad Components”, https://aar.com/standards/approval-process.php. 46 FRC II China Publication, pp. 10 to 11. In the FRC II final phase investigations, the petitioner argued that the Commission should define a single domestic like product, while the respondent parties did not address the domestic like product definition. FRC II China Publication, p. 10. 47 The Commission’s questionnaires defined the intermediate/unfinished products as “freight rail coupler components: An in-scope component of a freight rail coupler (e.g., knuckles and/or coupler bodies) shipped as an individual component or series of components comprising less than a finished coupler fit/assembly.” The Commission’s questionnaires defined the downstream/finished product as a “coupler fit/assembly: A coupler fit/assembly is usually comprised of at least two components, namely, knuckles and coupler bodies but may also include other items (e.g., coupler locks, lock lift assemblies, knuckle pins, knuckle throwers, and rotors).” 1.16 between the intermediate products and downstream products, organized by the five factors typically relating to the Commission’s semifinished like product analysis, in the preliminary phase questionnaires. Table 1.3 presents information on firms’ responses to these questions.48 Table 1.3 FRCs: Count of firms’ responses regarding semifinished product analysis comparing in-scope freight rail coupler fit/assemblies to in-scope coupler components Count number of firms reporting Factor Firm type No Yes End uses other than finished products U.S. producers *** *** Market distinct for unfinished product U.S. producers *** *** Different physical characteristics U.S. producers *** *** Difference in value U.S. producers *** *** Conversion in finished product intensive U.S. producers *** *** End uses other than finished products Importers 2 4 Market distinct for unfinished product Importers 2 4 Different physical characteristics Importers 2 4 Difference in value Importers 1 4 Conversion in finished product intensive Importers 0 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 48 App. D. presents narratives provided by the firms in response to these questions. 2.1 Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market U.S. market characteristics The U.S. FRC market is supplied by two U.S. producers (M&T and Amsted), subject and nonsubject imports. The market for FRCs is comprised of two sectors: the original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) which consumes “fits” (assemblies consisting of a coupler, knuckle, and small castings); and the maintenance/replacement sector which consumes empty couplers and knuckles (referred to by the industry as “loose”).1 Firms building new freight railcars only use new FRCs, while firms refurbishing or reconditioning railcars may use refurbished couplers. The average coupler body replacement rate is every 20-25 years2 while the average knuckle replacement rate is 5 years3 because the knuckle takes the brunt of the force of joining railcars.4 5 *** U.S. producer, (***), reported that the FRC market *** subject to distinctive conditions of competition, while the majority of importers and *** reported that the FRC market *** subject to distinctive conditions of competition. Specifically, U.S. producer *** reported that demand for FRCs is driven by the production of new railcars and the repair of railcars already in service. It continued that, while new railcars require FRC fits consisting of a knuckle and body, FRC repairs may only require an individual part. Accordingly, it concluded that FRCs are sold both as fits and as individual components. Importer *** reported that all FRCs must have AAR approval. It continued that U.S. producers had sold knuckles that lacked AAR approval creating considerable backlash and leading to increased purchases of imported FRCs that are AAR approved. Importer Strato reported that the development of Bedloe technology created distinctive conditions of competition because purchaser TTX demands FRCs made with Bedloe Technology that U.S. producers are unable to produce and are unwilling to develop the capacity to do so.6 Importer Strato also reported that AAR approval takes years to obtain and limits entrance of new FRC producers into the market.7 1 Conference transcript, pp. 64-64 (Mautino). 2 Conference transcript, p. 64 (Pickard). 3 Conference transcript, p. 50 (Mautino). 4 Petitioners reported that its modified knuckles extended the life cycle of by reducing stress on the FRC. Conference transcript, pp. 68-69 (Mautino). 5 Respondents stated that knuckles manufactured using Bedloe technology last much longer than other knuckles. The estimate of the life cycle of knuckles used on intermodal cars is 9 years and 15 years for knuckles used on boxcars. Conference transcript, p. 124 (Gotlund). 6 Strato post conference brief pg. 17. 7 Conference transcript, pp. 11-12 (Schutz). 2.2 It added that purchasers seek to diversify their supplier pools as a result of the turbulent trade and economic conditions. Apparent U.S. consumption of FRCs remained largely constant in terms of quantity but increased in terms of value from January 2022 to December 2024. Overall, apparent U.S. consumption in the first quarter of 2025 was higher than in the first quarter of 2024 in terms of quantity but lower in terms of value. Impact of section 232 tariffs and tariffs associated with Presidential actions U.S. producers and importers were asked to report the impact of Section 232 tariffs and tariffs associated with 2025 Presidential actions on overall demand, supply, prices, or raw material costs (tables 2.1 and 2.2). U.S. producer *** reported that Section 232 tariffs *** impacted the U.S. FRC market while U.S. producer *** reported that ***. Importer responses were mixed. Importer *** reported that Section 232 tariffs had increased the price of steel, an important raw material used to manufacture FRCs (see Part 5). U.S. producers reported that tariffs associated with 2025 Presidential actions *** on the FRC market or ***. The majority of importers reported that tariffs associated with Presidential actions had impacted the U.S. FRC market by introducing uncertainty into the U.S. market and increasing prices. Table 2.1 FRCs: Count of firms' responses regarding the impact of the 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum imports Firm type No Yes Don’t know U.S. producers *** *** *** Importers *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 2.2 FRCs: Count of firms' responses regarding the impact tariffs associated with Presidential actions on imports Firm type No Yes Don’t know U.S. producers *** *** *** Importers *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Channels of distribution U.S. producers’ sales were fairly evenly divided between OEM manufacturers and the replacement market throughout the period of investigation, while importers sold mainly to the replacement market, as shown in table 2.3. 2.3 Table 2.3 FRCs: Share of U.S. shipments by source, channel of distribution, and period Shares in percent; interim is January through March Source Channel 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 United States OEMs *** *** *** *** *** United States Replacements *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic OEMs *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Replacements *** *** *** *** *** India OEMs *** *** *** *** *** India Replacements *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources OEMs *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Replacements *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources OEMs *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Replacements *** *** *** *** *** All import sources OEMs *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Replacements *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Geographic distribution U.S. producers and importers reported selling FRCs to all regions of the United States (table 2.4). For U.S. producers, *** percent of sales were within 100 miles of their production facility, *** percent were between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent were over 1,000 miles. Importers sold *** percent within 100 miles of their U.S. point of shipment, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles. Table 2.4 FRCs: Count of U.S. producers’ and U.S. importers’ geographic markets Region U.S. producers Czech Republic India Subject sources Northeast *** *** *** *** Midwest *** *** *** *** Southeast *** *** *** *** Central Southwest *** *** *** *** Mountain *** *** *** *** Pacific Coast *** *** *** *** Other *** *** *** *** All regions (except Other) *** *** *** *** Reporting firms 2 1 2 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Other U.S. markets include AK, HI, PR, and VI. Supply and demand considerations U.S. supply Table 2.5 provides a summary of the supply factors regarding FRCs from U.S. producers and from subject countries. 2.4 Table 2.5 FRCs: Supply factors that affect the ability to increase shipments to the U.S. market, by country Quantity in 1,000 pounds; ratio and share in percent Factor Measure United States Czech Republic India Capacity 2022 Quantity *** *** *** Capacity 2024 Quantity *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2022 Ratio *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2024 Ratio *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2022 Ratio *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2024 Ratio *** *** *** Home market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** Non-US export market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** Ability to shift production (firms reporting “yes”) Count *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Responding U.S. producers accounted for virtually all U.S. production of FRCs in 2025. Responding foreign producer/exporter firms accounted for virtually all of U.S. imports of FRCs from India and the Czech Republic during 2025. For additional data on the number of responding firms and their share of U.S. production and of U.S. imports from each subject country, please refer to Parts 3 and 7. Domestic production Based on available information, U.S. producers of FRCs have the ability to respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of U.S.-produced FRCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the availability of unused capacity and some inventories. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include limited ability to shift shipments from alternate markets and a limited ability to shift production to or from alternate products. U.S. producers increased production while decreasing capacity which led to an increase in capacity utilization from 2022 to 2024. U.S. producers’ inventories increased throughout the period. U.S. producers reported selling the vast majority of FRCs into the U.S. market. Half of U.S. producers reported being unable to produce other products on the equipment used to produce FRCs while the other half reported being able to produce bolsters and side frames on the same equipment used to produce FRCs. 2.5 Subject imports from the Czech Republic The Czech Republic entered the global FRC market during the period of investigation and the available data indicates that Czech producers have the ability to respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of FRCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply is the availability of a large amount of unused capacity and the ability to produce other products on the same equipment used to produce FRCs. Factors limiting the ability of Czech producers to respond to changes in demand are non-existent inventories and a complete inability to shift shipments from other markets to the United States. Czech producers report being able to produce steel castings and weldments for the railway and mining industries on the same equipment used to produce FRCs. Subject imports from India Based on available information, producers of FRCs from India have the ability to respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of FRCs to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the demonstrated ability to increase capacity, the availability of some unused capacity, massive inventories, ability to shift shipments from alternate markets or inventories, and ability to shift production to or from alternate products. Indian producers increased both production and production capacity from 2022 to 2024 leading to an increase in capacity utilization. Indian producers’ inventories increased throughout the period while Indian producers reported selling just under half of FRCs in their home market. Indian producers reported being able to produce railway locomotive parts, machinery parts, bogie casting and crossings, and mining castings on the same equipment used to produced FRCs. Imports from nonsubject sources Nonsubject imports accounted for *** percent of total value of U.S. imports in 2024. The largest source of nonsubject imports was Mexico which accounted for *** percent of the value of nonsubject imports in 2024. Supply constraints Both U.S. producers and four of six importers reported that they had not experienced supply constraints since January 1, 2022. Two importers (***) reported they had experienced supply constraints in every year of the period of investigation (table 2.6). 2.6 ***. Importer *** reported that the antidumping and countervailing duty investigations into FRCs from China directly resulted in supply constraints in 2022 and 2023. It continued that those investigations caused it to ***, causing supply constraints in 2024 and 2025. Similarly, *** described the limited availability of FRCs from China as a supply constraint in every year. Table 2.6 FRCs: Count of firms’ responses regarding timing of supply constraints, by firm type and source Period of constraint U.S. producers Importers 2022 *** *** 2023 *** *** 2024 *** *** January 1, 2025 to present *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. demand Based on available information, the overall demand for FRCs is likely to experience small changes in response to changes in price. The main contributing factors are the lack of substitute products and the small cost share of FRCs in the production of new freight railcars and the reconditioning of used freight railcars. End uses and cost share FRCs account for a small share of the cost of the freight railcars in which they are used. U.S. producer *** reported that FRCs make up *** percent of the cost of an OEM railcar. Importers reported that FRCs typically make up between 2 and 3 percent of the cost of a railcar.8 Business cycles U.S. producer *** indicated that the market was *** to business cycles while U.S. producer *** reported that the FRC market ***. However, at the conference M&T described the OEM market as a very cyclical seven-year cycle while the replacement market was more stable.9 The majority of importers indicated that the market was subject to business 8 Importer *** reported that FRCs make up 90 for the cost of repairing defective FRCs. 9 Conference transcript, p. 51 (Mautino). 2.7 cycles. Specifically, importers reported that the FRC market is tied to new railcar construction or railcar refurbishment. Importer Wabtec reported that they business cycle for FRCs in the OEM channel follow an eight-to-ten-year cycle which centers around railcar builders.10 Demand trends U.S. demand for FRCs depends on the demand for U.S.-produced freight railcars and for railcar servicing. All responding firms reported that demand for FRCs remained constant or fluctuated down since January 1, 2022 (table 2.7). Table 2.7 FRCs: Count of firms’ responses regarding overall domestic and foreign demand, by firm type Market Firm type Steadily Increase Fluctuate upward No change Fluctuate downward Steadily decrease Domestic demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Domestic demand Importers 0 0 1 5 0 Foreign demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Foreign demand Importers 0 0 2 2 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. New freight railcar deliveries and new freight railcar orders serve as partial indicators of the demand for FRCs. While freight railcar deliveries and orders only represent the OEM portion of the FRC market and therefore do not provide a complete picture of the demand for FRCs, these indicators describe known demand for new FRCs as the OEM market is required to use new FRCs rather than refurbished FRCs. New freight railcar deliveries fluctuated downward during the period. Freight railcar deliveries during the period of investigation peaked in the fourth quarter of 2022 but declined 60.7 percent overall. New freight railcar orders followed a similar trend peaking in the third quarter of 2022 but declining 2.9 percent over the period (figure 2.1 and table 2.8). 10 Wabtec post conference brief pg. 8. 2.8 Figure 2.1 FRCs: Freight railcar deliveries and freight railcar orders in North America by quarter Sources: Railway Supply Institute. Various reports from https://www.rsiweb.org/data-technical- resources/freight-car-statistics/, accessed August 13, 2025. Table 2.8 FRCs: Freight railcar deliveries and freight railcar orders in North America by quarter Quarter Freight railcar orders Freight railcar deliveries 2022 Q1 12,957 8,043 2022 Q2 11,177 9,629 2022 Q3 25,075 10,821 2022 Q4 11,525 12,242 2023 Q1 8,307 11,296 2023 Q2 16,194 11,919 2023 Q3 9,346 10,545 2023 Q4 4,164 10,994 2024 Q1 5,864 11,087 2024 Q2 9,606 10,781 2024 Q3 5,183 10,619 2024 Q4 4,520 9,999 2025 Q1 5,085 7,810 Sources: Railway Supply Institute. Various reports from https://www.rsiweb.org/data-technical- resources/freight-car-statistics/, accessed August 13, 2025. 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 Quantity (Freight railcars) Freight railcar orders Freight railcar deliveries 2.9 Substitute products Both U.S. producers and the majority of importers reported that there were no substitutes for FRCs.11 Substitutability issues This section assesses the degree to which U.S.-produced FRCs and imports of FRCs from subject countries can be substituted for one another by examining the importance of certain purchasing factors and the comparability of FRCs from domestic and imported sources based on those factors. Based on available data, staff believes that there is a moderate-to-high degree of substitutability between domestically produced FRCs and FRCs imported from subject sources.12 Factors contributing to this level of substitutability include availability, similar lead times for FRCs supplied from inventory and produced-to-order, little preference for particular country of origin or producers, similarities between domestically produced FRCs and FRCs imported from subject countries across multiple purchase factors, interchangeability between domestic and subject sources. Factors reducing substitutability include reported quality and differences other than prices that firms consider, such as AAR approval and Bedloe technology. Factors affecting purchasing decisions Most important purchase factors Purchasers responding to lost sales lost revenue allegations13 were asked to identify the main purchasing factors their firm considered in their purchasing decisions for FRCs. The most often cited top factors firms consider in their purchasing decisions for FRCs were availability/supply and price/cost (2 firms each) and quality and performance/reliability/durability (1 firm each) as shown in table 2.9. Price/cost and performance/reliability/durability were the most frequently cited first-most important factors (cited by 1 firm each); availability/supply and quality were the most frequently reported 11 Importer *** reported that a reconditioned coupler was a substitute for an FRC. 12 The degree of substitution between domestic and imported FRCs depends upon the extent of product differentiation between the domestic and imported products and reflects how easily purchasers can switch from domestically produced FRCs to the FRCs imported from subject countries (or vice versa) when prices change. The degree of substitution may include such factors as quality differences (e.g., grade standards, defect rates, etc.), and differences in sales conditions (e.g., lead times between order and delivery dates, reliability of supply, product services, etc.). 13 This information is compiled from responses by purchasers identified by petitioners to the lost sales lost revenue allegations. See Part V for additional information. 2.10 second-most important factor (one firm each); and availability/supply and price/cost were the most frequently reported third-most important factor (one firm each). Table 2.9 FRCs: Count of ranking of factors used in purchasing decisions as reported by purchasers, by factor Factor First Second Third Total Availability / Supply 0 1 1 2 Price / Cost 1 0 1 2 Quality 0 1 0 1 Performance / Reliability / Durability 1 0 0 1 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Lead times FRCs are primarily sold from inventory. U.S. producers reported that *** percent of their commercial shipments came from inventories, with lead times averaging 15 days. The remaining *** percent of their commercial shipments were produced-to-order, with lead times averaging 26 days. Importers reported that 100 percent of their commercial shipments came from inventories with lead times averaging 21 days. Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported FRCs In order to determine whether U.S.-produced FRCs can generally be used in the same applications as imports from the Czech Republic and India; U.S. producers and importers were asked whether the products can always, frequently, sometimes, or never be used interchangeably. As shown in tables 2.10 to 2.11, the sole responding U.S. producer reported that FRCs from the United States, the Czech Republic, India, and nonsubject countries are *** interchangeable, with the exception of FRCs from the United States and nonsubject countries. In that comparison, two U.S. producers responded, and responses were split between FRCs being *** interchangeable. The majority of importers reported that FRCs from the United States, the Czech Republic, India, and nonsubject countries are always or frequently interchangeable, with the exception of FRCs from the United States and India. In that comparison, half reported that they were always or frequently interchangeable and the remaining half reported that they sometimes were. Importer *** reported that “J” knuckles were not AAR approved and therefore not interchangeable with the “E” type design. Importer *** reported that customers and importers will sometimes request FRCs manufactured to a standard (Bedloe technology) in excess of the minimum AAR standard. It continued that FRCs with Bedloe technology are dimensionally interchangeable with other FRCs, but customers who order Bedloe technology believe that the long-term performance of Bedloe technology is superior to that of other FRCs. 2.11 Table 2.10 FRCs: Count of U.S. producers reporting the interchangeability between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Czech Republic *** *** *** *** United States vs. India *** *** *** *** Czech Republic vs. India *** *** *** *** United States vs. Other *** *** *** *** Czech Republic vs. Other *** *** *** *** India vs. Other *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 2.11 FRCs: Count of importers reporting the interchangeability between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Czech Republic 1 2 1 0 United States vs. India 1 1 2 0 Czech Republic vs. India 2 1 1 0 United States vs. Other 1 3 2 0 Czech Republic vs. Other 2 2 0 0 India vs. Other 2 2 0 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. In addition, U.S. producers and importers were asked to assess how often differences other than price were significant in sales of FRCs from the United States, subject, or nonsubject countries. As seen in tables 2.12 to 2.13, U.S. producer *** reported that there are *** differences other than price between FRCs from the United States, the Czech Republic, India, and nonsubject countries. U.S. producer *** reported that there are *** differences other than price between FRCs from the United States and nonsubject countries. Importer responses were mixed. The majority of responding importers reported that there were always differences other than price between FRCs produced in the United States and those produced in the Czech Republic, India, and nonsubject countries; additionally, at least half of responding importers reported that there are sometimes differences other than price between FRCs produced in the Czech Republic, India, and nonsubject countries. Importer *** reported that it had interacted with customers who reported quality issues with M&T products and a lack of responsiveness from the firm in addressing these issues. It also reported that it had purchased ***. Importer *** also reported that M&T and Amsted had circumvented the AAR approval process and were supplying a new design of unapproved knuckles. It continued that, in response, customers demanding properly approved versions had shifted to other suppliers. Importer *** reported that the availability of supply, reliability of supply, quality, track record, transportation costs and delivery time are important factors other than price that differentiate FRCs from different sources. 2.12 Table 2.12 FRCs: Count of U.S. producers reporting the significance of differences other than price between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Czech Republic *** *** *** *** United States vs. India *** *** *** *** Czech Republic vs. India *** *** *** *** United States vs. Other *** *** *** *** Czech Republic vs. Other *** *** *** *** India vs. Other *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 2.13 FRCs: Count of importers reporting the significance of differences between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Czech Republic 2 0 1 0 United States vs. India 2 0 1 0 Czech Republic vs. India 2 0 1 0 United States vs. Other 1 0 3 0 Czech Republic vs. Other 1 0 1 0 India vs. Other 1 0 1 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.1 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment The Commission analyzes a number of factors in making injury determinations (see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(7)(B) and 1677(7)(C)). Information on the subsidies and dumping margins was presented in Part 1 of this report and information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Part 4 and Part 5. Information on the other factors specified is presented in this section and/or Part 6 and (except as noted) is based on the questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for all U.S. production of FRCs during 2024. U.S. producers The Commission issued a U.S. producer questionnaire to two firms based on information contained in the petition, both of which provided usable data on their operations. Table 3.1 lists U.S. producers of FRCs, their production locations, positions on the petition, and shares of total production. Table 3.1 FRCs: U.S. producers, their positions on the petition, production locations, and shares of reported production, 2024 Firm Position on petition Production location(s) Share of production M&T Petitioner Pittsburgh, PA *** Amsted *** Granite City, IL *** All firms Various Various 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.2 presents information on U.S. producers’ ownership, related and/or affiliated firms. Table 3.2 FRCs: U.S. producers’ ownership, related and/or affiliated firms Reporting firm Relationship type and related firm Details of relationship Amsted *** *** M&T Ownership: FerroWorks LLC *** Amsted *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and conference transcript, pp. 13 and 73 (Mautino). 3.2 As indicated in table 3.2, no U.S. producers are related to foreign producers of the subject merchandise and no U.S. producers are related to U.S. importers of the subject merchandise. In addition, no U.S. producers directly imported FRCs from subject sources or purchased FRCs from subject sources through U.S. importers. Table 3.3 presents events in the U.S. industry since January 1, 2022. Table 3.3 FRCs: Public industry events, since January 1, 2022 Company Event Description M&T Acquisition In August 2024, M&T was acquired by Stellex Capital. Amsted Layoffs In June 2025, Amsted Rail laid off 74 workers from its Granite, Illinois factory due to a business slowdown. Source: Businesswire, “Stellex Capital Management to Acquire Foundry and Forge Platform from Arcosa, INC., Set for New Chapter, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240805820876/en/Stellex- Capital-Management-to-Acquire-Foundry-and-Forge-Platform-from-Arcosa-Inc.-Set-for-New-Chapter, August 5,2024; Freight Waves, “Mass layoffs from freight-related jobs continue across US, Germany”, https://www.freightwaves.com/news/mass-layoffs-from-freight-related-jobs-continue-across-us-germany, May 13, 2025. Producers in the United States were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of FRCs since 2022. *** indicated in their questionnaires that they had experienced such changes. Table 3.4 presents the changes identified by these producers. Table 3.4 FRCs: U.S. producers’ reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2022 Item Firm name and narrative response on changes in operations Production curtailments M&T: Due to rising volumes of dumped Czech imports and dumped and subsidized Indian imports, we have lost sales and market share. Other *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and petitioner’s postconference brief, pp. 3 to 4. U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization Table 3.5 presents U.S. producers’ installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment. Both producers reported production of other products on the same equipment used to produce FRCs (see table 3.9). Installed overall capacity was constant from 2022 to 2024 and in both interim periods, while production fell consistently from 2022 to 2024 and was lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Capacity utilization fell accordingly from 2022 to 2024 and was lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. 3.3 Practical overall capacity utilization also fell from 2022 to 2024, and was lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024, as both capacity and production decreased over these periods. In particular, these ***.1 2 Table 3.5 FRCs: U.S. producers’ installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment as in-scope production, by period Capacity and production in 1,000 pounds; utilization in percent; interim is January through March Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Production *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.6 presents U.S. producers’ reported narratives regarding practical capacity constraints. Table 3.6 FRCs: U.S. producers’ reported capacity constraints since January 1, 2022 Item Firm name and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Existing labor force *** Other constraints *** Other constraints *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 1 ***. Email from ***, August 21, 2025. 2 Overall production for ***. 3.4 Table 3.7 and figure 3.1 present U.S. producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization. U.S. producers’ capacity decreased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024, largely due to ***. Production increased irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 but was *** percent lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024.3 Accordingly, capacity utilization increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, and was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 3.7 FRCs: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Practical capacity Capacity in 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 3.7 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Production Production in 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 3 ***. Email from ***, August 21, 2025. 3.5 Table 3.7 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Capacity utilization Capacity utilization in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Note: Capacity utilization ratio represents the ratio of U.S. producers’ production to their production capacity. Table continued. Table 3.7 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Share of production Share in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Figure 3.1 FRCs: U.S. producers’ output, by period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.6 U.S. producers were asked whether their firms have and/or were able to produce FRCs using the production process patented by Bedloe Industries LLC (for example, StratoMax products with Bedloe technology).4 Amsted reported that it ***. M&T reported that it ***. Alternative products As shown in table 3.8, between *** percent of the products produced during January 2022 to March 2025 by U.S. producers were FRCs. In addition to producing FRCs, Amsted reported producing *** while M&T reported producing ***. Table 3.8 FRCs: U.S. producers’ overall production on the same equipment as in-scope production, by period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; ratio and share in percent; interim is January through March Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 FRCs Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRCs Share *** *** *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4 See Part 1 for more detail on this product. 3.7 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports Table 3.9 presents U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments, export shipments, and total shipments. Both U.S. and export shipments spiked from 2022 to 2023, before decreasing from 2023 to 2024.5 U.S. shipments overall increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 3.9 FRCs: U.S. producers’ shipments, by destination and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; value in 1,000 dollars; unit value in dollars per 1,000 pounds; shares in percent; interim is January through March Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments Value *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments Value *** *** *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments Unit value *** *** *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments Share of value *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.10 presents U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments by share of which shipments were subsequently determined whether or not to meet Association of American Railroads (AAR) standards and/or certifications. U.S. producers were asked to report, in all periods, what percentage of their shipments were “subsequently determined not to meet {AAR} standards and/or certifications”. ***. ***. 5 Most export shipments were reported by ***, which accounted for *** percent of all export shipments from 2022 to 2024. The firm exported to ***. ***. 3.8 Table 3.10 FRCs: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments of AAR standard products, by item and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. shipments to AAR standards Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments not to AAR standards Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments to AAR standards Share *** *** *** U.S. shipments not to AAR standards Share *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. producers’ inventories Table 3.11 presents U.S. producers’ end-of-period inventories and the ratio of these inventories to U.S. producers’ production, U.S. shipments, and total shipments. U.S. producers’ inventories increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 but were *** percent lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. As a ratio to total shipments, inventories increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, and were *** percentage points higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 3.11 FRCs: U.S. producers’ inventories and their ratio to select items, by period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; ratio in percent; interim is January through March Item 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 End-of-period inventory quantity *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. production *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. shipments *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. producers’ imports and purchases of imports from subject sources No U.S. producers directly imported FRCs from subject sources or purchased FRCs from subject sources through U.S. importers in any period. 3.9 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity Table 3.12 shows U.S. producers’ employment-related data. While the number of PRWs, hours worked, and hours worked per PRW increased from 2022 to 2024, other employment indicators decreased during that time. Even as the number of PRWs increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, total wages paid decreased by *** percent over the same period, and hourly wages decreased by *** percent. Most indicators decreased in interim 2025 when compared to interim 2024, however hourly wages were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024 and unit labor costs were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024.6 Table 3.12 FRCs: U.S. producers’ employment related information, by period Interim is January through March Item 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Production and related workers (PRWs) (number) *** *** *** *** *** Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** *** *** Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** *** *** Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** *** *** Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** *** *** Productivity (pounds per hour) *** *** *** *** *** Unit labor costs (dollars per 1,000 pounds) *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6 Amsted reported that the trends in its employment data were driven by ***. M&T reported the following regarding the trends in its employment data: ***. 4.1 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares U.S. importers The Commission issued importer questionnaires to 23 firms believed to be importers of subject FRCs, as well as to all U.S. producers of FRCs.1 Usable questionnaire responses were received from six companies, representing *** percent of U.S. imports from the Czech Republic and India in 2024 under HTS subheading 8607.30.1000.2 Table 4.1 lists all responding U.S. importers of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India and other sources, their locations, and their shares of U.S. imports, in 2024. 1 The Commission issued questionnaires to those firms identified in the petitions and staff research. 2 This HTS number is a “basket” category covering hooks and other coupling devices, buffers, and parts thereof for railway or tramway vehicles of heading 8605 or 8606. Nonsubject products such as couplers used for railway or tramway passenger coaches of heading 8605 are also included in this number. Accordingly, the resulting import data is likely overbroad. Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, staff question 2. On July 1, 2025, the Committee for Statistical Annotation of Tariff Schedules (the 484(f) Committee) annotated HTS number 8607.30.1000 and created new statistical reporting numbers for assembled freight rail couplers and freight rail coupler parts under subheading 8607.30.10 (8607.30.1010, 8607.30.1050, and 8607.30.1090). Petitioner’s postconference brief, exh. 1, staff question 2. As HTS number 8607.30.1000 was in use over the period examined in this report, it is used as the basis for this estimated coverage percentage. 4.2 Table 4.1 FRCs: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of imports within each source, 2024 Share in percent Firm Headquarters Czech Republic India Subject sources Nonsubject sources All import sources Amsted Chicago, IL *** *** *** *** *** Greenbrier Lake Oswego, OR *** *** *** *** *** Jaxon Mineral Ridge, OH *** *** *** *** *** Strato Saginaw, TX *** *** *** *** *** Trinity Dallas, TX *** *** *** *** *** Wabtec Pittsburgh, PA *** *** *** *** *** All firms Various 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. imports Tables 4.2 and 4.3 and figure 4.1 present data for U.S. imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India and all other sources. There were no subject imports in 2022; imports from India were first reported in 2023, and imports from both sources became present in 2024. Imports from subject sources increased *** percent from 2023 to 2024. As a ratio to U.S. production, U.S. imports from subject sources increased from *** to *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024.3 3 Wabtec and Strato have worked to leverage existing relationships or form new relationships with Czech and Indian producers to allow them to source AAR-approved FRC products. Wabtec has a longstanding relationship with the Indian firm Texmaco Rail & Engineering Limited (“Texmaco”) that goes back to 2007, when Wabtec obtained AAR certification for the facility to manufacture certain (non- FRC) rail components. Wabtec started working with the firm in January 2021 to produce couplers, and ultimately the AAR granted approval in August 2024 for the firm to produce these products. Wabtec’s postconference brief, pp. 18 to 19. Wabtec also sources FRCs from the Czech producer CKD Kutna Hora (“CKD”) and has had a relationship with that firm going back to 2003. Wabtec helped it obtain AAR approval for certain rail products in prior years, and in 2023, when the Czech firm was facing bankruptcy, Wabtec expanded its operations involving the firm to include casting of AAR-approved couplers and knuckles. Due to Wabtec’s prior interactions with the AAR involving that firm and existing relationships with certain personnel, the AAR was able to approve CKD for couple and knuckle production in November 2023. Wabtec’s postconference brief, p. 19. Strato’s relationship with the Indian producer Kharagpur Metal Reforming Industry’s Private limited (“KMRI”) goes back several years. Beginning in 2021 and 2022, Strato began looking to expand and diversify its Bedloe supply chain, and evaluated foundries in the U.S., Mexico, Canada, Turkey, Brazil, Myanmar, and India that had the potential for producing Bedloe FRC. Strato identified KMRI as “the only viable candidate” with the potential to manufacture Bedloe FRC, however the firm liked AAR-approved capacity and certain necessary infrastructure. Strato collaborated with KMRI over eleven months in 2023 to help the company obtain necessary facility-level certifications, and then followed up by helping the firm obtain product level authorizations. Strato’s inaugural production order was placed with KMRI in early 2024. Strato’s postconference brief, pp. 21 to 23. 4.3 Table 4.2 FRCs: U.S. imports by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Value in 1,000 dollars; Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; Shares and ratios in percent; Ratio represents the ratio to U.S. production; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Czech Republic Quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Value *** *** *** *** *** India Value *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Value *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Value *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Value *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Unit value *** *** *** *** *** India Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Unit value *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Czech Republic Share of value *** *** *** *** *** India Share of value *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share of value *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of value *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Czech Republic Ratio *** *** *** *** *** India Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.4 Table 4.3 FRCs: Changes in U.S. imports, by source and period Changes (Δ) in percent (%) or percentage point (ppt) Source Measure 2022 to 2024 2022 to 2023 2023 to 2024 Interim 2024 to 2025 Czech Republic %Δ Quantity ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India %Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources %Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Quantity ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** All import sources %Δ Quantity ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Czech Republic %Δ Value ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India %Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources %Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Value ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** All import sources %Δ Value ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Czech Republic %Δ Unit value ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India %Δ Unit value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Subject sources %Δ Unit value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources %Δ Unit value ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources %Δ Unit value ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Czech Republic ppt Δ Quantity ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India ppt Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources ppt Δ Quantity ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Quantity ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** All import sources ppt Δ Quantity *** *** *** *** Czech Republic ppt Δ Value ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India ppt Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources ppt Δ Value ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Value ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** All import sources ppt Δ Value *** *** *** *** Czech Republic ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources ppt Δ Ratio ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources ppt Δ Ratio ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** All import sources ppt Δ Ratio ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. 4.5 Figure 4.1 FRCs: U.S. import quantities and average unit values, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Tables 4.4 presents data for U.S. imports of FRCs as reported by U.S. producers. Amsted was the only U.S. producer reporting imports of FRCs, entirely from ***. Table 4.4 FRCs: U.S. producers' and/or their affiliates U.S. imports, by sources and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Shares in percent; Shares represent the portion of imports from the specified source that U.S. producers' and/or their affiliates control; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Czech Republic Quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share *** *** *** *** *** India Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.6 Negligibility The statute requires that an investigation be terminated without an injury determination if imports of the subject merchandise are found to be negligible.4 Negligible imports are generally defined in the Act, as amended, as imports from a country of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product where such imports account for less than 3 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month period for which data are available that precedes the filing of the petition or the initiation of the investigation. However, if there are imports of such merchandise from a number of countries subject to investigations initiated on the same day that individually account for less than 3 percent of the total volume of the subject merchandise, and if the imports from those countries collectively account for more than 7 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States during the applicable 12-month period, then imports from such countries are deemed not to be negligible.5 Imports from the Czech Republic and India accounted for *** percent and *** percent, respectively, of total imports of FRCs by quantity from July 2024 through June 2025 (table 4.5). Table 4.5 FRCs: U.S. imports in the twelve-month period preceding the filing of the petition, July 2024 through June 2025 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Share of quantity in percent Source of imports Quantity Share of quantity Czech Republic *** *** India *** *** All other sources *** *** All import sources *** 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4 Sections 703(a)(1), 705(b)(1), 733(a)(1), and 735(b)(1) of the Act (19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a)(1), 1671d(b)(1), 1673b(a)(1), and 1673d(b)(1)). 5 Section 771 (24) of the Act (19 U.S.C § 1677(24)). 4.7 Cumulation considerations In assessing whether imports should be cumulated, the Commission determines whether U.S. imports from the subject countries compete with each other and with the domestic like product and has generally considered four factors: (1) fungibility, (2) presence of sales or offers to sell in the same geographical markets, (3) common or similar channels of distribution, and (4) simultaneous presence in the market. Information regarding channels of distribution, market areas, and interchangeability appear in Part 2. Additional information concerning fungibility, geographical markets, and simultaneous presence in the market is presented below. Fungibility Table 4.6 and figure 4.2 present U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and by product type, in 2024. *** complete FRCs were shipped by U.S. producers in 2024, with the remainder being shipped from imports from nonsubject sources. Knuckles were shipped from all sources in 2024, however, only *** percent of all shipments of knuckles in 2024 were from imports from the Czech Republic. Coupler bodies were shipped from all sources in 2024. Table 4.6 FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and by product type, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds Source Complete FRCs Knuckles Coupler bodies FRC components All product types U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** *** *** All sources *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 4.8 Table 4.6 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and by product type, 2024 Share across in percent Source Complete FRCs Knuckles Coupler bodies FRC components All product types U.S. producers *** *** *** *** 100.0 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** 100.0 India *** *** *** *** 100.0 Subject sources *** *** *** *** 100.0 Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** 100.0 All import sources *** *** *** *** 100.0 All sources *** *** *** *** 100.0 Table continued. Table 4.6 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and by product type, 2024 Share down in percent Source Complete FRCs Knuckles Coupler bodies FRC components All product types U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** *** *** All sources 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. “FRC components” is the sum of knuckles and coupler bodies that are sold separately. 4.9 Figure 4.2 FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and by product type, 2024 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Geographical markets Table 4.7 presents U.S. imports by source and border of entry in 2024. Imports from the Czech Republic entered through Northern and Southern borders of entry in 2024, while imports from India and nonsubject sources entered through each border of entry in 2024. 4.10 Table 4.7 Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds Source East North South West All borders Czech Republic — 11 1,230 — 1,241 India 606 271 1,405 2,274 4,556 Subject sources 606 281 2,635 2,274 5,797 Nonsubject sources 6,790 10,991 28,143 804 46,728 All import sources 7,396 11,272 30,779 3,077 52,525 Table continued. Table 4.7 (Continued) Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Share in percent Source East North South West All borders Czech Republic — 0.9 99.1 — 100.0 India 13.3 5.9 30.8 49.9 100.0 Subject sources 10.5 4.9 45.5 39.2 100.0 Nonsubject sources 14.5 23.5 60.2 1.7 100.0 All import sources 14.1 21.5 58.6 5.9 100.0 Table continued. Table 4.7 (Continued) Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Share in percent Source East North South West All borders Czech Republic — 0.1 4.0 — 2.4 India 8.2 2.4 4.6 73.9 8.7 Subject sources 8.2 2.5 8.6 73.9 11.0 Nonsubject sources 91.8 97.5 91.4 26.1 89.0 All import sources 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using statistical reporting number 8607.30.1000, accessed August 20,2025. Imports are based on the imports for consumption data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.11 Presence in the market Table 4.8 and figures 4.3 and 4.4 present U.S. imports by month and source from January 2022 to June 2025. Imports from the Czech Republic were present in 19 of 42 months during this period, and imports from India were present in 41 of 42 months during this period. Table 4.8 Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports, by month and source Quantity in 1,000 pounds Year Month Czech Republic India Subject sources Nonsubject sources All import sources 2022 January — — — 5,244 5,244 2022 February — 431 431 6,239 6,671 2022 March — 280 280 6,140 6,420 2022 April 1 18 18 5,122 5,140 2022 May — 331 331 4,588 4,918 2022 June — 118 118 4,935 5,052 2022 July — 271 271 5,206 5,477 2022 August 0 194 194 6,362 6,557 2022 September — 260 260 5,099 5,359 2022 October — 224 224 5,616 5,840 2022 November — 226 226 5,313 5,538 2022 December — 63 63 7,983 8,047 2023 January — 77 77 4,208 4,285 2023 February — 234 234 5,749 5,983 2023 March — 264 264 3,630 3,894 2023 April — 210 210 4,384 4,594 2023 May — 7 7 4,567 4,574 2023 June — 502 502 4,152 4,654 2023 July — 47 47 3,409 3,456 2023 August — 311 311 3,781 4,092 2023 September — 244 244 2,790 3,034 2023 October — 404 404 4,718 5,123 2023 November — 115 115 4,476 4,591 2023 December 2 222 225 4,181 4,406 Table continued. 4.12 Table 4.8 (Continued) Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports, by month and source Quantity in 1,000 pounds Year Month Czech Republic India Subject sources Nonsubject sources All import sources 2024 January 0 146 146 4,020 4,166 2024 February — 166 166 2,829 2,995 2024 March 0 170 170 3,161 3,331 2024 April — 367 367 3,580 3,947 2024 May 0 357 357 3,822 4,179 2024 June 77 145 222 4,977 5,199 2024 July 105 404 509 5,115 5,624 2024 August 246 351 596 4,748 5,345 2024 September 70 450 520 4,124 4,644 2024 October 54 847 902 3,425 4,326 2024 November 250 557 806 3,610 4,417 2024 December 438 597 1,036 3,316 4,352 2025 January 107 757 865 3,794 4,658 2025 February 250 737 987 3,234 4,221 2025 March 364 679 1,043 2,857 3,900 2025 April 780 910 1,690 3,268 4,958 2025 May 567 623 1,190 3,192 4,381 2025 June 241 848 1,089 2,490 3,579 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using statistical reporting number 8607.30.1000, accessed August 20,2025. Imports are based on the imports for consumption data series. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.13 Figure 4.3 Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports from individual subject sources, by source and by month Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using statistical reporting number 8607.30.1000, accessed August 20,2025. Imports are based on the imports for consumption data series. Figure 4.4 Hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles: U.S. imports from aggregated subject and nonsubject sources, by month Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using statistical reporting number 8607.30.1000, accessed August 20,2025. Imports are based on the imports for consumption data series. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 2022 2023 2024 2025 Quantity (1,000 pounds) Czech Republic India 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 2022 2023 2024 2025 Quantity (1,000 pounds) Subject Nonsubject 4.14 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares Quantity Table 4.9 and figure 5.5 present data on apparent U.S. consumption and U.S. market shares by quantity. The share held by U.S. producers increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, but was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The share held by imports from subject sources increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, and was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The share held by imports from nonsubject sources decreased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, and was *** percentage points lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 4.9 FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on quantity, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Shares in percent; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share *** *** *** *** *** India Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.15 Figure 4.5 FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption based on quantity, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires Value Table 4.10 and figure 4.6 present data on apparent U.S. consumption and U.S. market shares by value. Table 4.10 FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on value, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars; Shares in percent; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers Value *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Value *** *** *** *** *** India Value *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Value *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Value *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Value *** *** *** *** *** All sources Value *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share *** *** *** *** *** India Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4.16 Figure 4.6 FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption based on value, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. shipments by channel Tables 4.11 and 4.12, and figure 4.7, present data on U.S. producers’ and U.S. importers’ U.S. shipments by channel of distribution. U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments for the replacement market constituted between *** percent of U.S. apparent consumption between 2022 and 2024, while shipments of imports from subject sources constituted between *** percent of U.S. apparent consumption over the same period. U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments for the OEM market constituted between *** percent of U.S. apparent consumption between 2022 and 2024, while shipments of imports from subject sources constituted between *** percent of U.S. apparent consumption over the same period.6 6 Detailed U.S. shipment data by channel and product type is presented in App. E. 4.17 Table 4.11 FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments for the replacement market, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Shares and ratios in percent; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share *** *** *** *** *** India Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Ratio *** *** *** *** *** India Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratios are to overall apparent U.S. consumption quantity. 4.18 Table 4.12 FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments for the OEM market, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Shares and ratios in percent; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Quantity *** *** *** *** *** India Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Share *** *** *** *** *** India Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Ratio *** *** *** *** *** India Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratios are to overall apparent U.S. consumption quantity. 4.19 Figure 4.7 FRCs: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers U.S. shipments, by channel and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. U.S. shipments by specific circumstances Tables 4.13 presents data on U.S. producers’ and U.S. importers’ U.S. shipments by specific circumstances. This table presents data for two factors which are unique to this market: first, the portion of U.S. producers’ shipments which go to ***, and second the portion of import volumes as reported by Strato that largely reflect the Bedloe technology portion of the market. 4.20 Table 4.13 FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on quantity data detailing effect of specific elements, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers: *** Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers: All other sales Quantity *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources: All other products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources: All other products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources: All other products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 4.21 Table 4.13 (Continued) FRCs: Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares based on quantity data detailing effect of specific elements, by source and period Share in percent; Interim period is January through March Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 U.S. producers: *** Share *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers: All other sales Share *** *** *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources: All other products Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources: All other products Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources: Bedloe TTX/Strato Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources: All other products Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratios are to overall apparent U.S. consumption quantity. 5.1 Part 5: Pricing data Factors affecting prices Raw material costs Raw materials, as a share of U.S. producers’ cost of goods sold (COGS), generally remained constant from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, and were *** percent in January to March 2025 compared to *** percent in the same period in 2024. FRCs are produced from pig iron and ferrous scrap metal using a standard foundry process. The price of steel scrap fluctuated throughout the period but ended the period at a lower price than it began (figure 5.1 and table 5.1). Figure 5.1 FRCs: Raw material prices for steel scrap, by type and month * * * * * * * Source: ***, accessed August 6, 2025 5.2 Table 5.1 FRCs: Raw material prices for steel scrap, by type and month Price in dollars per gross ton Period Steel scrap No1 busheling Steel scrap No1 heavy melt Steel scrap shredded auto scrap January 2022 *** *** *** February 2022 *** *** *** March 2022 *** *** *** April 2022 *** *** *** May 2022 *** *** *** June 2022 *** *** *** July 2022 *** *** *** August 2022 *** *** *** September 2022 *** *** *** October 2022 *** *** *** November 2022 *** *** *** December 2022 *** *** *** January 2023 *** *** *** February 2023 *** *** *** March 2023 *** *** *** April 2023 *** *** *** May 2023 *** *** *** June 2023 *** *** *** July 2023 *** *** *** August 2023 *** *** *** September 2023 *** *** *** October 2023 *** *** *** November 2023 *** *** *** December 2023 *** *** *** January 2024 *** *** *** February 2024 *** *** *** March 2024 *** *** *** April 2024 *** *** *** May 2024 *** *** *** June 2024 *** *** *** July 2024 *** *** *** August 2024 *** *** *** September 2024 *** *** *** October 2024 *** *** *** November 2024 *** *** *** December 2024 *** *** *** January 2025 *** *** *** February 2025 *** *** *** March 2025 *** *** *** Source: ***, accessed August 6, 2025 5.3 The manufacturing process for FRCs includes molding, metal melting, heat treatment, finishing, assembly, testing, and quality control. Thus, energy, namely from natural gas or electricity, is a key input for foundries. The price for natural gas for commercial users has fluctuated throughout the period but decreased overall, ending the period 15.6 percent lower than it began (figure 5.2 and table 5.2). The industrial price of electricity for commercial users similarly fluctuated throughout the period but increased overall, ending the period 7.2 percent higher than it began (figure 5.3 and table 5.3). Figure 5.2 FRCs: Indexed U.S. natural gas industrial price, by month Index in percent, Jan 2022 = 100.0 percent. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3035us3m.htm, released on July, 31, 2025. 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2022 2023 2024 2025 (index, Jan 2022 = 100.0 percent) Natural gas Electricity 5.4 Table 5.2: Indexed U.S. natural gas industrial price, by month Index in percent, Jan 2022 = 100.0 percent. Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 100.0 110.6 77.8 89.8 February 113.1 91.7 74.0 88.4 March 95.5 77.0 57.9 84.4 April 103.2 62.2 51.6 *** May 125.0 54.5 49.0 *** June 143.9 54.2 57.0 *** July 121.6 59.2 55.6 *** August 145.5 58.6 47.8 *** September 148.2 58.7 50.5 *** October 110.6 62.4 58.7 *** November 104.2 67.0 60.4 *** December 124.5 69.0 77.8 *** Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3035us3m.htm, released on July, 31, 2025. Table 5.3: FRCs: Indexed U.S. electricity industrial price, by month Index in percent, Jan 2022 = 100.0 percent. Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 100.0 113.8 112.7 115.7 February 101.3 111.4 108.5 114.5 March 102.5 108.5 107.2 114.9 April 107.1 104.5 108.3 *** May 114.7 106.3 109.7 *** June 123.1 112.8 117.2 *** July 129.5 116.3 121.7 *** August 130.5 123.8 120.7 *** September 126.0 117.2 117.8 *** October 117.5 111.4 113.4 *** November 113.2 108.3 109.5 *** December 118.2 105.8 111.4 *** Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3035us3m.htm, released on July, 31, 2025. Transportation costs to the U.S. market Transportation costs for FRCs shipped from subject countries to the United States averaged 9.8 percent for FRCs from the Czech Republic and 7.6 percent for FRCs from India. 5.5 These estimates were derived from official import data and represent the transportation and other charges on imports.1 U.S. inland transportation costs The majority of responding U.S. producers and importers reported that purchasers arrange for the transportation of FRCs. U.S. producer *** estimated that U.S. inland transportation costs were *** percent while the sole responding importer reported costs of *** percent. Pricing practices Pricing methods U.S. producers and importers reported setting prices using transaction-by-transaction negotiations, contracts, and set price lists (table 5.4). Table 5.4 FRCs: Count of U.S. producers’ and importers’ reported price setting methods Method U.S. producers Importers Transaction-by-transaction *** 1 Contract *** 4 Set price list *** 4 Other *** 0 Responding firms 2 4 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: The sum of responses down may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was instructed to check all applicable price setting methods employed. U.S. producers reported selling the majority of their FRCs under annual contracts and spot sales, while importers reported selling *** their FRCs in the spot market (table 5.5). 1 The estimated transportation costs were obtained by subtracting the customs value from the c.i.f. value of the imports for 2024 and then dividing by the customs value based on the HTS statistical reporting numbers 860.73.01000, 8607.30.1010, 8607.30.1050, 8607.30.1090. 5.6 Table 5.5 FRCs: U.S. producers’ and importers’ shares of commercial U.S. shipments by type of sale, 2024 Share in percent Type of sale U.S. producers Subject importers Long-term contracts *** *** Annual contracts *** *** Short-term contracts *** *** Spot sales *** *** Total 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown. One U.S. producer (***) reported that it ***. U.S. producer *** reported *** in all types of contracts. U.S. producer *** reported that it indexes prices to raw material cost in short- term contracts. U.S producer *** reported that it fixed prices, did not renegotiate prices, and index prices to raw material costs for annual and long-term contracts. U.S. producers reported that the length of long-term contracts typically range from *** to *** years. Sales terms and discounts U.S. producers and importers typically quote prices on an f.o.b. basis. Producers and importers offer quantity and total volume discounts. U.S. producer *** reported that it offered rebates on an annual, quarterly, or contractual basis. Price data The Commission requested U.S. producers and importers provide quarterly data for the total quantity and f.o.b. value of the following FRC products shipped to unrelated U.S. customers from January 2022 to March 2025. Product 1.-- SE60, Grade E steel coupler (also known as an “assembly” or a “fit”), double shelves, 21.5” shank length, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M- 215 specifications Product 2.-- E50 coupler knuckle, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M- 215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 5.7 Product 3.-- SBE60 coupler body, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M- 215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 Two U.S. producers and two importers provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters.2 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. commercial shipments of FRCs, *** percent of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from the Czech Republic, and *** percent of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from India in 2024. Price data for products 1 to 3 are presented in tables 5.6 to 5.8 and figures 5.3 to 5.5. 2 Per-unit pricing data are calculated from total quantity and total value data provided by U.S. producers and importers. The precision and variation of these figures may be affected by rounding, limited quantities, and producer or importer estimates. 5.8 Table 5.6 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per pounds, quantity in 1,000 pounds, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Czech Republic price Czech Republic quantity Czech Republic margin India price India quantity India margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2025 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: SE60, Grade E steel coupler (also known as an “assembly” or a “fit”), double shelves, 21.5” shank length, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications 5.9 Figure 5.3 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, by source and quarter Price of product 1 * * * * * * * Volume of product 1 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: SE60, Grade E steel coupler (also known as an “assembly” or a “fit”), double shelves, 21.5” shank length, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications 5.10 Table 5.7 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per pounds, quantity in 1,000 pounds, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Czech Republic price Czech Republic quantity Czech Republic margin India price India quantity India margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2025 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: E50 coupler knuckle, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 5.11 Figure 5.4 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2, by source and quarter Price of product 2 * * * * * * * Volume of product 2 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: E50 coupler knuckle, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 5.12 Table 5.8 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per pounds, quantity in 1,000 pounds, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Czech Republic price Czech Republic quantity Czech Republic margin India price India quantity India margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2025 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: SBE60 coupler body, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 5.13 Figure 5.5 FRCs: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3, by source and quarter Price of product 3 * * * * * * * Volume of product 3 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: SBE60 coupler body, grade E steel, produced to AAR M-211 and/or AAR M-215 specifications, not otherwise included as part of the complete coupler assembly in product 1 5.14 Price trends In general, prices increased from January 2022 to March 2025. Table 5.9 summarizes the price trends, by country and by product. As shown in the table, domestic price increases ranged from *** to *** percent from January 2022 to March 2025. There was insufficient pricing data to determine trends for subject imports over the same period. Table 5.9 FRCs: Summary of price data, by product and source, January 2022 to March 2025 Quantity in 1,000 pounds, price in dollars per pounds Product Source Number of quarters Quantity of shipments Low price High price First quarter price Last quarter price Percent change in price over period Product 1 United States 13 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Czech Republic — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 India — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 United States 13 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Czech Republic 2 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 India 4 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 United States 13 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Czech Republic 3 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 India 9 *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percent change column is percentage change from the first quarter 2022 to the last quarter in 2025. 5.15 Figure 5.6 FRCs: Indexed U.S. producer prices, by quarter * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 5.10 FRCs: Indexed U.S. producer prices, by quarter Index in percent, 2022 Q1= 100.0 percent Period Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 2022 Q1 100.0 100.0 100.0 2022 Q2 *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** 2025 Q1 *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 5.16 Price comparisons As shown in table 5.11, prices for product imported from Czech Republic and India were below those for U.S.-produced product in 16 of 18 instances (*** pounds); margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. In the remaining 2 instances (*** pounds), prices for product from Czech Republic and India were between *** and *** percent above prices for the domestic product. Product from both the Czech Republic and India undersold U.S. product in a majority of comparisons (table 5.12). Underselling increased throughout the period of investigation with the majority of underselling taking place in 2024 and the largest average margins in interim 2025 (table 5.13). Table 5.11 FRCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by product Quantity in 1,000 pounds; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling — *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling 6 *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling 10 *** *** *** *** Total, all products Underselling 16 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling — *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling — *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Total, all products Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. 5.17 Table 5.12 FRCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by source Quantity in 1,000 pounds; margin in percent Source Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Czech Republic Underselling 5 *** *** *** *** India Underselling 11 *** *** *** *** Total, all subject sources Underselling 16 *** *** *** *** Czech Republic Overselling — *** *** *** *** India Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Total, all subject sources Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. Table 5.13 FRCs: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by year Quantity in 1,000 pounds; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling — *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling 2 *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling 10 *** *** *** *** January through March 2025 Underselling 4 *** *** *** *** All periods Underselling 16 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling — *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling — *** *** *** *** January through March 2025 Overselling — *** *** *** *** All periods Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. Lost sales and lost revenue The Commission requested that U.S. producers of FRCs report purchasers with which they experienced instances of lost sales or revenue due to competition from imports of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India from January 2022 to March 2025. U.S. producer *** 5.18 submitted lost sales allegations. It identified five firms with which they lost sales. Five alleged lost sales were due to imports from India in 2024 while one was due to imports from the Czech Republic in 2025. Staff contacted five purchasers and received responses from two purchasers. Responding purchasers reported purchasing *** pounds of FRCs from January 2022 to March 2025 (table 5.14). During 2024, responding purchasers purchased 70.8 percent of their FRCs from U.S. producers, 8.4 percent from India, and 20.8 percent from nonsubject countries. Purchasers were asked about changes in their purchasing patterns from different sources since 2022. Of the responding purchasers, one reported that its purchases of U.S. produced FRCs fluctuated up, and one reported that its purchases of U.S. produced FRCs fluctuated down. Neither purchaser reported purchases from the Czech Republic. One purchaser (***) reported purchasing FRCs from India since 2022. It elaborated that these purchases had increased steadily over the period. Purchaser *** reported that its purchasing of FRCs followed the same trends as the demand for railcars, which it described as cyclical. Purchaser *** reported that ***. *** of the responding purchasers reported that, since 2022, they had purchased imported FRCs from the Czech Republic or India instead of U.S.-produced product. *** of the responding purchasers reported that U.S. producers had reduced prices in order to compete with lower-priced imports from the Czech Republic or India. Table 5.14 FRCs: Purchasers’ reported purchases and imports, by firm and source Quantity in 1,000 pounds, share in percent Purchaser Domestic quantity Subject quantity All other quantity Change in domestic share Change in subject share Change in all other share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: All other includes all other sources and unknown sources. Change is the percentage point change in the share of the firm’s total purchases of domestic and/or subject country imports between first and last years. In responding to the lost sales lost revenue survey, some purchasers provided additional information on purchases and market dynamics. Purchaser *** reported that it has a strong preference for FRCs made with Bedloe technology. It elaborated that *** percent of its 5.19 knuckles by weight contained Bedloe technology because of what TTX described as Bedloe technology’s superior performance, reliability, and durability. Purchaser *** also stated that ***. Purchaser *** further stated that ***. 6.1 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers Background1 Two U.S. producers, Amsted and M&T, provided usable financial results on their FRC operations. Both U.S. producers reported financial data on a calendar-year basis.2 Amsted and M&T rely on accounting systems that generate/report overall financial results on a U.S. GAAP basis.3 Commercial sales of FRCs comprise *** percent of the U.S. producers’ aggregate net sales quantity and include sales of freight rail coupler fits/assemblies and components (knuckles and coupler bodies). Figure 6.1 presents each responding firm’s share of the total reported net sales quantity in 2024. 1 The following abbreviations are used in the tables and/or text of this section: generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), fiscal year (“FY”), net sales (“NS”), cost of goods sold (“COGS”), selling, general, and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”), average unit values (“AUVs”), research and development expenses (“R&D expenses”), and return on assets (“ROA”). 2 ***. *** U.S. producer questionnaire response, sections 3.2A.1 and 3.14. 3 U.S. producer questionnaire responses, section 3.2. 6.2 Figure 6.1 FRCs: U.S. producers’ share of net sales quantity in 2024, by firm * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Operations on FRCs Table 6.1 presents aggregated data on U.S. producers’ operations in relation to FRCs, while table 6.2 presents corresponding changes in AUVs. Table 6.3 presents selected company- specific financial data. 6.3 Table 6.1 FRCs: U.S. producers’ results of operations, by item and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; value in 1,000 dollars; ratios and shares in percent; unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; count in number of firms reporting; interim is January through March Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Total net sales Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Total net sales Value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** *** *** Other expenses or (income) Value *** *** *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Share of COGS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share of COGS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share of COGS *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Total Share of COGS *** *** *** *** *** Total net sales Unit value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Unit value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** *** *** Data Count 2 2 2 2 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. 6.4 Table 6.2 FRCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods Changes in percent; interim is January through March Item 2022 to 2024 2022 to 2023 2023 to 2024 Interim 2024 to interim 2025 Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. Table 6.2 (Continued) FRCs: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods Changes in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Item 2022 to 2024 2022 to 2023 2023 to 2024 Interim 2024 to interim 2025 Total net sales ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** SG&A expense ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. 6.5 Table 6.3 FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net sales quantity Quantity in 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net sales value Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period COGS Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Gross profit or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 6.6 Table 6.3 (Continued)FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period SG&A expenses Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Operating income or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net income or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period COGS to net sales ratio Ratios in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 6.7 Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Gross profit or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period SG&A expenses to net sales ratio Ratios in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Operating income or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net income or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 6.8 Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit net sales value Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit raw material costs Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit direct labor costs Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit other factory costs Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 6.9 Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit COGS Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit gross profit or (loss) Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit SG&A expenses Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit operating income or (loss) Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 6.10 Table 6.3 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit net income or (loss) Unit values in dollars per 1,000 pounds; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Net sales As shown in table 6.1, total net sales quantity and value each increased from 2022 to 2023, but decreased from 2023 to 2024, for overall increases from 2022 to 2024 of *** and *** percent, respectively. While the rates of the increase and the decrease differed, both U.S. producers experienced the same directional trends for the annual year periods. In interim 2025, total net sales quantity and value were *** and *** percent lower, respectively, than they were in interim 2024. Both companies experienced the same directional trend in net sales values between the comparable interim periods, but *** net sales quantity in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The industry’s net sales AUV increased each year from 2022 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent; it was higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The increase from 2022 to 2024 was primarily driven by the increase in *** net sales AUVs, as *** net sales AUV ***. The firm-specific directional trends in net sales AUVs also differed between the comparable interim periods, with *** reporting a net sales AUV in interim 2025 that was higher than in interim 2024, and *** reporting one that was lower. 6.11 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss Raw material costs, which accounted for the *** share of total COGS in each reporting period, increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024 but were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Raw material cost AUVs increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, with the ***.4 They were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Raw material cost AUVs increased for both U.S. producers from 2022 to 2023, but the companies had diverging directional trends from 2023 to 2024 and between the comparable interim periods. ***. Table 6.4 presents details on specific raw material inputs as a share of total raw material costs in 2024. Scrap steel accounted for *** percent of total raw material costs, and other material inputs, including ***, accounted for the remaining *** percent.5 Table 6.4 FRCs: U.S. producers’ raw material costs in 2024 Value in 1,000 dollars; share of value in percent Item Value Share of value Steel scrap *** *** Other material inputs *** *** All raw materials *** 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4 Between 2022 and 2023, raw material cost AUVs increased *** percent, which was ***. This ***. *** accounted for *** percent of total net sales quantity in 2022, *** percent in 2023, and *** percent in 2024. 5 *** U.S. producer questionnaire response, section 3.9c. Email from ***, August 12, 2025. 6.12 Direct labor costs, which accounted for the *** share of COGS in each period examined, increased from 2022 to 2023 but decreased from 2023 to 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent between 2022 and 2024; they were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The direct labor cost AUVs increased each year from 2022 to 2024 but were *** lower in interim 2025 compared with interim 2024. Both U.S. producers reported annual increases in their direct labor AUVs from 2022 to 2024, but between the comparable interim periods the firms’ directional trends differed, with *** direct labor AUV being higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024, and *** being lower. The *** component of COGS throughout the period examined was other factory costs, which increased from 2022 to 2023 but decreased in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent. Other factory costs were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2025. The other factory cost AUVs increased each year from 2022 to 2024 but were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The trends were largely driven by ***.6 The directional trends for total COGS were similar to those of its individual components and net sales, increasing from 2022 to 2023 before decreasing in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percent from 2022 to 2024. The average unit value of total COGS increased each year from 2022 to 2024 but was lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. As a ratio to net sales, total COGS increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024 but was lower in interim 2025 (at *** percent) than in interim 2024 (at *** percent). As shown in table 6.1, the increase in net sales value between 2022 to 2023 didn’t keep pace with the increase in total COGS, causing gross profit to decrease from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 (***). From 2023 to 2024 both net sales value and COGS declined, but the decline in net sales value was larger, causing gross profit to worsen to *** in 2024. The U.S. producers’ aggregate gross profit was higher in interim 2025 (***) when compared with interim 2024 (***) as the decrease in total COGS was larger than the decrease in net sales value.7 6 ***. Email from ***, August 21, 2025. 7 ***. 6.13 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss U.S. producers’ SG&A expenses increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024 and were higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The SG&A expense ratio (total SG&A expenses divided by total net sales value) decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and 2024 but was higher in interim 2025 (at *** percent) than in interim 2024 (at *** percent). The decline in the SG&A expense ratio from 2022 to 2024 was attributable to ***, as *** ratio increased from 2022 to 2024. Both companies had higher SG&A expense ratios in interim 2025 than in interim 2024.8 Operating income followed trends that were similar to gross profit with the differences reflecting fluctuations in SG&A expenses. As a ratio to net sales, operating income worsened from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024; it was *** percent in interim 2025, which was an improvement from *** percent in interim 2024. As shown in table 6.3, ***. All other expenses and net income or loss Classified below the operating income level are interest expenses, other expenses, and other income. In table VI-1, these items are aggregated with the net amount shown. ***. *** U.S. producer reported *** other expenses or other income. Net income, which ***, worsened from 2022 to 2024 but was somewhat improved in interim 2025 when compared with interim 2024.9 8 ***. Email from ***, August 12, 2025. 9 Given the mix of coupler fits/assemblies and components, and changes in product mix during the period, a variance analysis is not shown in this section of the report. 6.14 Capital expenditures and research and development expenses Table 6.5 presents capital expenditures, by firm, and table 6.7 presents R&D expenses, by firm. Tables 6.6 and 6.8 present the firms’ narrative explanations of the nature, focus, and significance of their capital expenditures and R&D expenses, respectively. Capital expenditures increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024 and were higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. R&D expenses decreased from 2022 to 2024 and were lower in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 6.5 FRCs: U.S. producers’ capital expenditures, by firm and period Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.6 FRCs: U.S. producers’ narrative descriptions of their capital expenditures, by firm Firm Narrative on capital expenditures Amsted *** M&T *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.7 FRCs: U.S. producers’ R&D expenses, by firm and period Value in 1,000 dollars; interim is January through March Firm 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Amsted *** *** *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: ***. 6.15 Assets and return on assets Table 6.9 presents data on the U.S. producers’ total assets while table 6.10 presents their operating ROA.10 Table 6.11 presents U.S. producers’ narrative responses explaining their major asset categories and any significant changes in asset levels over time. Table 6.9 FRCs: U.S. producers’ total net assets, by firm and period Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Amsted *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.10 FRCs: U.S. producers’ ROA, by firm and period Ratio in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Amsted *** *** *** M&T *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.11 FRCs: U.S. producers’ narrative descriptions of their total net assets, by firm Firm Narrative on assets Amsted *** M&T *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: ***. In response to questions from staff, ***. Email, ***, August 21, 2025. 10 The operating ROA is calculated as operating income divided by total assets. With respect to a firm’s overall operations, the total asset value reflects an aggregation of a number of assets which are generally not product specific. Thus, high-level allocations are generally required in order to report a total asset value on a product-specific basis. 6.16 Capital and investment The Commission requested U.S. producers of FRCs to describe any actual or potential negative effects of imports of FRCs from Czech Republic and India on their firms’ growth, investment, ability to raise capital, development and production efforts, or the scale of capital investments.11 Table 6.12 presents the number of firms reporting an impact in each category and table 6.13 provides the U.S. producers’ narrative responses. Table 6.12 FRCs: Count of firms indicating actual and anticipated negative effects of imports from subject sources on investment, growth, and development since January 1, 2022, by effect Number of firms reporting Effect Category Count Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion projects Investment *** Denial or rejection of investment proposal Investment *** Reduction in the size of capital investments Investment *** Return on specific investments negatively impacted Investment *** Other investment effects Investment *** Any negative effects on investment Investment *** Rejection of bank loans Growth *** Lowering of credit rating Growth *** Problem related to the issue of stocks or bonds Growth *** Ability to service debt Growth *** Other growth and development effects Growth *** Any negative effects on growth and development Growth *** Anticipated negative effects of imports Future *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: ***. 11 In its postconference brief, petitioner asserts that the domestic industry’s financial indicators demonstrate that subject imports have negatively affected U.S. producers’ growth and development. Petitioner’s postconference brief, p. 21. 6.17 Table 6.13 FRCs: U.S. producers’ narratives relating to actual and anticipated negative effects of imports on investment, growth, and development, since January 1, 2022, by firm and effect Item Firm name and narrative on impact of imports *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.1 Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries Section 771(7)(F)(ⅰ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅰ)) provides that— In determining whether an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports (or sales for importation) of the subject merchandise, the Commission shall consider, among other relevant economic factors1-- (I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies Agreement), and whether imports of the subject merchandise are likely to increase, (II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, (IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices, and are likely to increase demand for further imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, 1 Section 771(7)(F)(ⅱ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅱ)) provides that “The Commission shall consider {these factors} . . . as a whole in making a determination of whether further dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted under this title. The presence or absence of any factor which the Commission is required to consider . . . shall not necessarily give decisive guidance with respect to the determination. Such a determination may not be made on the basis of mere conjecture or supposition.” 7.2 (VI) the potential for product-shifting if production facilities in the foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products, (VII) in any investigation under this title which involves imports of both a raw agricultural product (within the meaning of paragraph (4)(E)(ⅳ)) and any product processed from such raw agricultural product, the likelihood that there will be increased imports, by reason of product shifting, if there is an affirmative determination by the Commission under section 705(b)(1) or 735(b)(1) with respect to either the raw agricultural product or the processed agricultural product (but not both), (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the time).2 Information on the nature of the alleged subsidies was presented earlier in this report; information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Parts 4 and 5; and information on the effects of imports of the subject merchandise on U.S. producers’ existing development and production efforts is presented in Part 6. Information on inventories of the subject merchandise; foreign producers’ operations, including the potential for “product-shifting;” any other threat indicators, if applicable; and any dumping in third- country markets, follows. Also presented in this section of the report is information obtained for consideration by the Commission on nonsubject countries. 2 Section 771(7)(F)(ⅲ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅲ)) further provides that, in antidumping investigations, “. . . the Commission shall consider whether dumping in the markets of foreign countries (as evidenced by dumping findings or antidumping remedies in other WTO member markets against the same class or kind of merchandise manufactured or exported by the same party as under investigation) suggests a threat of material injury to the domestic industry.” 7.3 Subject countries The Commission issued foreign producers’ or exporters’ questionnaires to four firms believed to produce and/or export FRCs from the Czech Republic and India.3 Usable responses to the Commission’s questionnaire were received from all four firms. Table 7.1 presents the number of producers/exporters that responded to the Commission’s questionnaire, their estimated share of total production of FRCs, and their exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports, by each subject country in 2024. Table 7.1 FRCs: Number of responding producers/exporters, approximate share of production, and exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports, by subject foreign industry, 2024 Subject foreign industry Number of responding firms Approximate share of production (percent) Exports as a share of U.S. imports from subject country (percent) Czech Republic *** *** *** India *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: “Approximate share of production” reflects the responding firms’ estimates of their production as a share of total country production of FRCs in 2024. Since not all firms have perfect knowledge of the industry in their home market, different firms might use different denominators in estimating their firm's share of the total requested. For countries in which more than one firm responded, the average denominator for reasonably reported estimates is used in the share presented. Approximate shares are rounded to the nearest whole number. Note: “Exports as a share of U.S. imports” reflects a comparison of export data reported by firms in response to the Commission’s foreign producer/exporter questionnaire with import data provided by firms in response to the Commission’s importer questionnaire. Note: Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” represent values greater than zero, but less than “0.05” percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “---”. 3 These firms were identified through a review of information submitted in the petitions. 7.4 Table 7.2 presents information on the FRCs operations of the responding producers in the Czech Republic and India,4 and table 7.3 presents summary information on the subject foreign industries by source. Table 7.2 FRCs: Summary data on responding subject foreign producers, by firm, 2024 Producer and (subject foreign industry) Production (1,000 pounds) Share of reported production (percent) Exports to the United States (1,000 pounds) Share of reported exports to the United States (percent) Total shipments (1,000 pounds) Share of firm's total shipments exported to the United States (percent) Czech Republic: ČKD *** *** *** *** *** *** India: Kharagpur *** *** *** *** *** *** India: Steelcast *** *** *** *** *** *** India: Texmaco *** *** *** *** *** *** All individual producers *** 100.0 *** 100.0 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Table 7.3 FRCs: Summary data for subject foreign producers, by subject foreign industry, 2024 Subject foreign industry Production (1,000 pounds) Share of reported production (percent) Exports to the United States (1,000 pounds) Share of reported exports to the United States (percent) Total shipments (1,000 pounds) Share of firm's total shipments exported to the United States (percent) Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4 ***. 7.5 Table 7.4 presents events in the subject countries’ industries since January 1, 2022. Table 7.4 Important industry events in Subject Countries since January 1, 2022 Company Event Description Wabtec Expansion In December 2022, Wabtec India announced the 80,000-sq-ft expansion of its Hosur plant, which manufactures couplers for Vande Baharat Express. Texmaco Rail & Engineering Ltd Partnership Announcement In February 2025, Texmaco signed a global supply and services agreement with U.S.-based Trinity Rail Group LLC to enhance rolling stock manufacturing and technology integration. Under this partnership, Texmaco will act as a key supplier of rolling stock components, including foundry products, for North America and other international markets. Meanwhile, Trinity will contribute its advanced technology solutions to co-develop next- generation high-payload rolling stock. Source: Wabtec, “Wabtec Expands Its Transit Manufacturing Capabilities in India to Meet Demand”, https://www.wabteccorp.com/wabtec-expands-its-transit-manufacturing-capabilities-in-india-to-meet- demand, accessed August 20, 2025; Machine Maker, “Texmaco and Trinity Forge Global Alliance for Advanced Rail Solutions”, https://themachinemaker.com/news/texmaco-and-trinity-forge-global-alliance- for-advanced-rail-solutions/, February 15, 2025. Changes in operations and anticipated changes in operations Subject producers were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of FRCs since 2022. Two of four producers indicated in their questionnaires that they had experienced such changes. Additionally, *** reported anticipated changes in operations. Tables 7.5 presents the changes or anticipated changes identified by these producers. Table 7.5 FRCs: Reported changes in operations in the subject countries since January 1, 2022, by change, subject foreign industry, and firm Item Firm name (subject foreign industry) and accompanying narrative response regarding changes in operations Plant openings *** Expansions *** Expansions *** Anticipated changes in operations *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.6 Installed and practical overall capacity Table 7.6 presents data on subject producers’ installed capacity, practical overall capacity, and practical FRCs capacity and production on the same equipment. All producers reported production of other products on the same equipment used to produce FRCs (see table 7.14). Installed overall capacity increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Overall production increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. As installed overall capacity increased by a greater degree than production from 2022 to 2024, capacity utilization fell by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. It was however higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 7.6 FRCs: Subject producers’ installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment as in-scope production, by period Capacity and production in 1,000 pounds; Utilization in percent; Interim period is January through March Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Production *** *** *** *** *** Practical FRCs Utilization *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.7 Constraints on capacity Tables 7.7 and 7.8 presents subject producers’ reported production and capacity constraints since January 1, 2022. Table 7.7 FRCs: Count of reported production constraints, by subject foreign industry and type of constraint Count in number of firms reporting Type of constraint Czech Republic India Subject producers Production bottlenecks 1 1 2 Existing labor force 1 2 3 Supply of material inputs 1 1 2 Fuel or energy 1 1 2 Storage capacity 0 0 0 Logistics/transportation 0 1 1 Other constraints 0 0 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 7.8 FRCs: Subject producers’ reported practical overall capacity constraints since January 1, 2022, by constraint and firm Type of contraint Subject foreign industry, firm name, and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Production bottlenecks *** Production bottlenecks *** Existing labor force *** Existing labor force *** Existing labor force *** Supply of material inputs *** Supply of material inputs *** Fuel or energy *** Fuel or energy *** Logistics/transportation *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.8 Operations on FRCs Aggregate FRCs operations in the subject countries Table 7.9 presents information on the FRCs operations of the responding producers/exporters (aggregate data for all subject foreign industries). Table 7.9 FRCs: Data on subject foreign industries, by item and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Item 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Production *** *** *** *** *** *** *** End-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 7.9 Table 7.9 (Continued) FRCs: Data on subject foreign industries, by period Shares and ratios in percent; Interim period is January through March Item 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity utilization ratio *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to production *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.10 Practical FRCs capacity and production by subject foreign industry Table 7.10 presents information on subject producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization by subject country. Practical capacity increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Production increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and was *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. As practical capacity increased by a greater degree than production from 2022 to 2024, capacity utilization fell by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. It was however *** percentage points higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 7.10 FRCs: Subject producers’ output: Practical capacity, by source and period Practical capacity Capacity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.10 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ output: Production, by source and period Production Production in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.10 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ output: Capacity utilization, by source and period Capacity utilization Capacity utilization in percent; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Note: Capacity utilization ratio represents the ratio of the subject producer’s production to its production capacity. 7.11 Table 7.10 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ output: Share of production, by source and period Share of production Share in percent; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Subject foreign producers were asked whether their firms have and/or were able to produce FRCs using the production process patented by Bedloe Industries LLC (for example, StratoMax products with Bedloe technology). Table 7.11 presents information reported by subject producers’ regarding these capabilities.5 Table 7.11 FRCs: Foreign producers’ counts of their Bedloe production capabilities Firm Counts Able and actually produced 1 Able and did not produce 1 Not able to produce 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 5 CKD reported that ***. Kharagpur reported that ***. Texmaco reported that it ***. Steelcast reported that ***. 7.12 FRCs exports, by subject country Table 7.12 presents information on subject producers’ exports of FRCs by subject country. Exports to the United States increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024 and were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. This increase was driven by ***. Table 7.12 FRCs: Subject producers’ exports: Exports to the United States, by source and period Exports to the United States Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 7.12 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ exports: Share of total shipments exported to the United States, by source and period Share of total shipments exported to the United States Share in percent; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 7.12 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ exports: Exports to all destination markets, by source and period Total exports Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.13 Table 7.12 (Continued) FRCs: Subject producers’ exports: Share of total shipments exported to all destinations, by source and period Share of total shipments exported Share in percent; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.14 FRCs inventories, by subject foreign industry Table 7.13 presents information on ending inventory of the responding producers by subject foreign country. Inventories increased by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, and were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. The increase was largely driven by ***. Table 7.13 FRCs: Subject foreign industries’ ending inventories: Ending inventories, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 7.13 (Continued) FRCs: Subject foreign industries’ ending inventories: Ratio of ending inventories to total shipments, by source and period Ratio in percent; Interim period is January through March Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.15 Alternative products As shown in table 7.14, responding firms in the Czech Republic and India primarily produced other products on the same equipment and machinery used to produce FRCs. The share of production accounted for by FRCs increased however by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, and was *** percentage points higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 7.14 FRCs: Subject foreign industries’ overall production on the same equipment as in- scope production, by product type and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Shares in percent; Interim period is January through March Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 FRCs Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRCs Share *** *** *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.16 Exports Table 7.15 presents Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”) data for exports of hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof, for railway or tramway vehicles, from subject countries to the United States and to all destination markets. Table 7.15 Hooks And Other Coupling Devices, Buffers And Parts Thereof, For Railway Or Tramway Vehicles: Global exports from subject exporters: Exports to the United States, by exporter and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Czech Republic Quantity 22 0 361 India Quantity 1,381 1,314 212 Subject exporters Quantity 1,404 1,315 573 Table continued. Table 7.15 (Continued) Hooks And Other Coupling Devices, Buffers And Parts Thereof, For Railway Or Tramway Vehicles: Global exports from subject exporters: Exports to all destination markets, by exporter and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Czech Republic Quantity 15,273 20,151 21,930 India Quantity 3,466 2,633 1,353 Subject exporters Quantity 18,739 22,785 23,282 Table continued. Table 7.15 (Continued) Hooks And Other Coupling Devices, Buffers And Parts Thereof, For Railway Or Tramway Vehicles: Global exports from subject exporters: Share of exports exported to the United States, by exporter and period Share in percent Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Czech Republic Share 0.1 0.0 1.6 India Share 39.9 49.9 15.7 Subject exporters Share 7.5 5.8 2.5 Source: Official exports statistics and official global imports statistics from Eurostat and (India) Ministry of Commerce under HS subheading 8607.30 as reported by various national statistical authorities in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed August 20, 2025. Note: Shares represent the shares of value exported to the United States out of all destination markets. Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.17 U.S. inventories of imported merchandise Table 7.16 presents data on U.S. importers’ reported inventories of FRCs. Importers’ inventories of FRCs imported from subject sources increased by *** percent from 2023 to 2024 (inventories of imports from subject sources were *** in 2022). Importers’ inventories of FRCs imported from subject sources were *** percent higher in interim 2025 than in interim 2024. Table 7.16 FRCs: U.S. importers’ inventories and their ratio to select items, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds; Ratio in percent; Interim period is January through March Measure Source 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Inventories quantity Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to imports Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** Inventories quantity India *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to imports India *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports India *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports India *** *** *** *** *** Inventories quantity Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to imports Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Subject sources *** *** *** *** *** Inventories quantity Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** *** *** Inventories quantity All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to imports All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.18 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders The Commission requested importers to indicate whether they imported or arranged for the importation of FRCs from the Czech Republic and India after March 31, 2025. Their reported data are presented in table 7.17. Arranged imports from subject sources were reported to be scheduled in all four quarters following March 31, 2025. Table 7.17 FRCs: U.S. importers’ arranged imports, by source and period Quantity in 1,000 pounds Source Q2 2025 Q3 2025 Q4 2025 Q1 2026 Total Czech Republic *** *** *** *** *** India *** *** *** *** *** Subect sources *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubect sources *** *** *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Third-country trade actions Based on available information, no other trade actions have been taken against FRCs from Czech Republic and India. Information on nonsubject countries China is the largest exporter of hooks and other coupling devices, buffers and parts thereof (a category that includes freight rail couplers) in 2024, exceeding exports from the United States and subject sources (table 7.18) . Its export values increased by 11.6 percent from $173.7 million in 2022 to $193.9 million in 2024. Poland and Germany also have large export values, greater than that of subject countries and less than that of the United States. Exports of hooks and other coupling devices from Poland increased by 23.0 percent, from $107.6 million in 2022 to $132.3 million in 2024. Exports of hooks and other coupling devices from Germany increased by 2.3 percent from $123.4 million in 2022 to $126.2 million in 2023, before decreasing by 17.0 percent to $104.8 million in 2024. 7.19 Table 7.18 Hooks And Other Coupling Devices, Buffers And Parts Thereof, For Railway Or Tramway Vehicles: Global exports, by reporting country and by period Value in 1,000 dollars; shares are in percent Exporting country Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Value 212,855 226,031 152,298 Czech Republic Value 45,127 67,947 71,112 India Value 7,944 7,992 6,285 Subject sources Value 53,071 75,939 77,397 China Value 173,710 165,869 193,870 Poland Value 107,600 120,943 132,332 Germany Value 123,379 126,235 104,800 United Kingdom Value 22,877 25,457 45,241 Sweden Value 36,638 37,945 35,252 Mexico Value 27,702 36,670 34,393 Japan Value 6,333 10,485 17,117 France Value 12,090 10,001 10,853 Spain Value 5,873 7,459 9,378 All other exporters Value 58,830 57,549 58,984 All reporting exporters Value 840,958 900,583 871,915 United States Share of value 25.3 25.1 17.5 Czech Republic Share of value 5.4 7.5 8.2 India Share of value 0.9 0.9 0.7 Subject sources Share of value 6.3 8.4 8.9 China Share of value 20.7 18.4 22.2 Poland Share of value 12.8 13.4 15.2 Germany Share of value 14.7 14.0 12.0 United Kingdom Share of value 2.7 2.8 5.2 Sweden Share of value 4.4 4.2 4.0 Mexico Share of value 3.3 4.1 3.9 Japan Share of value 0.8 1.2 2.0 France Share of value 1.4 1.1 1.2 Spain Share of value 0.7 0.8 1.1 All other exporters Share of value 7.0 6.4 6.8 All reporting exporters Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Official exports statistics under HS subheading 8607.30 as reported by various national statistical authorities in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed August 5, 2025. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. United States is shown at the top followed by the countries under investigation, all remaining top exporting countries in descending order of 2024 data. Note: HS subheadings 8607.30 contain products outside of the scope of this investigation. A.1 APPENDIX A FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES A.3 The Commission makes available notices relevant to its investigations and reviews on its website, www.usitc.gov. In addition, the following tabulation presents, in chronological order, Federal Register notices issued by the Commission and Commerce during the current proceeding. Citation Title Link 90 FR 35734, July 29, 2025 Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof From Czech Republic and India; Institution of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigations https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR- 2025-07-29/pdf/2025-14232.pdf 90 FR 40055, August 18, 2025 Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof From India: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR- 2025-08-18/pdf/2025-15636.pdf 90 FR 40059, August 18, 2025 Certain Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof From the Czech Republic and India: Initiation of Less- Than-Fair-Value Investigations https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR- 2025-08-18/pdf/2025-15633.pdf B.1 APPENDIX B LIST OF STAFF CONFERENCE WITNESSES B.3 CALENDAR OF PUBLIC PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE Those listed below appeared as witnesses at the United States International Trade Commission’s preliminary conference: Subject: Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India Inv. Nos.: 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary) Date and Time: August 16, 2025 – 9:30 a.m. Sessions were held in connection with these preliminary phase investigations in the Main Hearing Room (Room 101), 500 E Street, SW., Washington, D.C. OPENING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Daniel B. Pickard, Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC) In Opposition to Imposition (Andrew T. Schutz, Grunfeld Desiderio Lebowitz Silverman & Klestadt LLP) In Support of the Imposition of the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders: Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC Washington, DC on behalf of Coalition of Freight Coupler Producers Scott Mautino, Chief Operating Officer, FerroWorks LLC, parent company of McConway & Torley Christopher LeFevre, Director of Sales, FerroWorks LLC Daniel B. Pickard ) Claire M. Webster ) – OF COUNSEL Carson Easterling ) B.4 In Opposition to the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders: Grunfeld Desiderio Lebowitz Silverman & Klestadt LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Strato Brian Cunkelman, President, Strato Andrew T. Schutz ) – OF COUNSEL Covington & Burling LLP Washington, DC on behalf of TTX Company (“TTX”) Erik L. Gotlund, Assistant Vice President of Engineering and Research, TTX James M. Smith ) – OF COUNSEL Jones Day Washington, DC on behalf of Wabtec Corporation David East, Wabtec Corporation Joe Steltzer, Wabtec Corporation David Morrell ) – OF COUNSEL REBUTTAL/CLOSING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Daniel B. Pickard, Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC) In Opposition to Imposition (James M. Smith, Covington & Burling LLP and David Morrell, Jones Day) C.1 APPENDIX C SUMMARY DATA Table C.1 FRCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market, by item and period Interim Item 2022 2023 2024 2024 2025 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 U.S. consumption quantity: Amount................................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Producers' share (fn1)............................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Czech Republic................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India................................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources.............................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources........................ *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** All import sources....................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** U.S. consumption value: Amount................................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Producers' share (fn1)............................. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Importers' share (fn1): Czech Republic................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India................................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources.............................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources........................ *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** All import sources....................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from: Czech Republic: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity.................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** ▲*** India: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity.................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Subject sources: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Ending inventory quantity.................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Ending inventory quantity.................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** All import sources: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Ending inventory quantity.................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Table continued. C.3 Quantity=1,000 pounds; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per 1,000 pounds; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted; Interim period is January through March Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Interim Calendar year Table C.1 Continued FRCs: Summary data concerning the U.S. market, by item and period Interim Item 2022 2023 2024 2024 2025 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 U.S. producers': Practical capacity quantity....................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** *** ▼*** ▼*** Production quantity................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Capacity utilization (fn1).......................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** U.S. shipments: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Export shipments: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Ending inventory quantity........................ *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Inventories/total shipments (fn1)............. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Production workers................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Hours worked (1,000s)............................ *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Wages paid ($1,000)............................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Hourly wages (dollars per hour)............... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Productivity (pounds per hour)................ *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit labor costs....................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Net sales: Quantity.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Value.................................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value........................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)..................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn2)....................... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** SG&A expenses...................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss) (fn2).............. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss) (fn2)........................ *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit COGS.............................................. *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses.............................. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn2)....... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn2)................. *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS/sales (fn1).................................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)..... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Capital expenditures............................... *** *** *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Research and development expenses..... *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Total assets............................................ *** *** *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** *** fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points. Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires.508-compliant tables for these data are contained in parts 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this fn2.--Percent changes only calculated when both comparison values represent profits; The directional change in profitability provided when one or both comparison values represent a loss. Note.--Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. C.4 Quantity=1,000 pounds; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per 1,000 pounds; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted; Interim period is January through March Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Interim Calendar year D.1 APPENDIX D NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF SEMIFINISHED LIKE PRODUCT FACTORS D.3 Table D.1 FRCs: U.S. producers’ narrative descriptions of semifinished like product factors, by firm Item Producer name and narrative on semi finished product Market distinct for unfinished product *** Difference in value *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table D.2 FRCs: U.S. importers’ narrative descriptions of semifinished like product factors, by firm Item Importer name and narrative on semi finished product End uses other than finished products *** Market distinct for unfinished product *** Different physical characteristics *** Difference in value *** End uses other than finished products *** Market distinct for unfinished product *** Different physical characteristics *** Difference in value *** End uses other than finished products *** Market distinct for unfinished product *** Table continued. D.4 Table D.2 (Continued) FRCs: U.S. importers’ narrative descriptions of their U.S. shipments of semifinished products, by firm Item Importer name and narrative on semi finished product Different physical characteristics *** Difference in value *** End uses other than finished products *** Market distinct for unfinished product *** Different physical characteristics *** Difference in value *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. E.1 APPENDIX E DETAILED U.S. SHIPMENT DATA BY CHANNEL AND PRODUCT TYPE E.3 Table E.1 FRCs: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.4 Table E.2 FRCs: U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from the Czech Republic, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share — — 100.0 — 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share — — 100.0 — 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share — — 100.0 — 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.5 Table E.3 FRCs: U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from the India, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 — Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.6 Table E.4 FRCs: U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from subject sources, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.7 Table E.5 FRCs: U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from nonsubject sources, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 — 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.8 Table E.6 FRCs: U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from the all import sources, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. E.9 Table E.7 FRCs: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments of imports from the all import sources, by product type, channel, and by period, 2024 Quantity in 1,000 pounds; shares in percent Product type Channel Measure 2022 2023 2024 Interim 2024 Interim 2025 Complete FRC OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components OEM Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types OEM Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components Replacement Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types Replacement Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Complete FRC All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Complete FRC All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Knuckles All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** Coupler bodies All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** FRC components All channels Share *** *** *** *** *** All product types All channels Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. 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Investigation 701-TA-3839 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Freight Rail Couplers and Parts Thereof from Czech Republic and India; Inv. No. 701-TA-775 and 731-TA-1759-1760 (Preliminary) from Czech Republic, India. The ITC determines whether U.S. industry is materially injured (or threatened) by imports under investigation; Commerce determines whether dumping or subsidization is occurring. Both findings are required for an AD/CVD order to be issued.
701-TA-3839 is in the preliminary phase, with status completed. Preliminary phase — the ITC's initial 45-day determination on whether there's a reasonable indication of injury. A negative preliminary terminates the investigation; an affirmative one moves it forward.
Not yet. 701-TA-3839 has not produced an AD/CVD order in Tandom's catalog. If both Commerce and the ITC issue affirmative final determinations, an order would issue and link to this investigation. Until then, no cash deposits apply.
Tandom guides relevant to AD/CVD investigations
Cash deposit cascade, separate rates, all-others, and PRC-wide rates. Worked example on case A-570-910 (galvanized welded steel pipe from China) with three exporter-specific rates.
Open resource
Scope text is authoritative; the HTS list is illustrative. Read scope, find past rulings, and file a 19 CFR 351.225 inquiry. Worked example on case A-570-106 (wooden cabinets from China).
Open resource
The USITC publishes investigation determinations and milestones on its Investigations Data Service (IDS) at ids.usitc.gov. Tandom's catalog re-syncs from IDS daily; new phases, votes, and determinations appear here within 24 hours of USITC publication.
A practical workflow for checking antidumping and countervailing duty exposure on a US entry. For brokers and ops teams who need the answer before filing.
Open resource