ITC Investigation 701-TA-3825 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; Inv. No. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary) from Norway, Laos, Australia, Thailand, and Angola. It's in the preliminary phase and currently in completed status. Commerce initiated the underlying investigation on May 21, 2025. No AD/CVD order has been issued from this investigation yet — the case will appear here once Commerce publishes a final determination.
Phase, parties, documents, and full text from USITC IDS
Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; Inv. No. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary)
Pending ITC investigation (preliminary/completed) on "Silicon Metal".
Parties
Documents
Full text (825,346 chars)
=== C-602-814 - Australia CVD === Federal Register :: Request Access { "imports": { "application": "/assets/application-cc464116.js", "@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-86bf8853.js", "@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-7ea3d58b.js", "@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-25917588.js", "controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-e5a449db.js", "controllers/site_feedback_controller": "/assets/controllers/site_feedback_controller-a99fc93f.js", "controllers/unblock_controller": "/assets/controllers/unblock_controller-9520f896.js" } } import "application" Request Access Due to aggressive automated scraping of FederalRegister.gov and eCFR.gov, programmatic access to these sites is limited to access to our extensive developer APIs. Please visit FederalRegister.gov API documentation or eCFR.gov API documentation to learn more about how to access the API. Your request has been flagged as potentially automated. 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Upload Attachment * I am requesting technical help. site-feedback#openModal" aria-label="Open site help form"> Site Help ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === USITC Institution === 17978 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 82 / Wednesday, April 30, 2025 / Notices Program Area as largely compatible with oil and gas activities, as long as appropriate mitigation measures are applied. Walter D. Cruickshank, Acting Director, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. [FR Doc. 2025–07479 Filed 4–29–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4340–98–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–760–763 and 731–TA–1743–1746 (Preliminary)] Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; Institution of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigations AGENCY : United States International Trade Commission. ACTION : Notice. SUMMARY : The Commission hereby gives notice of the institution of investigations and commencement of preliminary phase antidumping and countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701–TA–760– 763 and 731–TA–1743–1746 (Preliminary) pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’) to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded, by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway, provided for in subheading 2804.69.10 and 2804.69.50 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value, and imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand that are alleged to be subsidized by the Governments of Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand. Unless the Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) extends the time for initiation, the Commission must reach a preliminary determination in antidumping and countervailing duty investigations in 45 days, or in this case by June 9, 2025. The Commission’s views must be transmitted to Commerce within five business days thereafter, or by June 16, 2025. DATES : April 24, 2025. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Jesse Sanchez (202–205–2402), Office of Investigations, U.S. International Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436. Hearing- impaired persons can obtain information on this matter by contacting the Commission’s TDD terminal on 202– 205–1810. Persons with mobility impairments who will need special assistance in gaining access to the Commission should contact the Office of the Secretary at 202–205–2000. General information concerning the Commission may also be obtained by accessing its internet server (https:// www.usitc.gov). The public record for these investigations may be viewed on the Commission’s electronic docket (EDIS) at https://edis.usitc.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Background.—These investigations are being instituted, pursuant to sections 703(a) and 733(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1671b(a) and 1673b(a)), in response to a petition filed on April 24, 2025, by Ferroglobe USA, Inc., Beverly, Ohio, and Mississippi Silicon LLC, Burnsville, Mississippi. For further information concerning the conduct of these investigations and rules of general application, consult the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, part 201, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 201), and part 207, subparts A and B (19 CFR part 207). Participation in the investigations and public service list.—Persons (other than petitioners) wishing to participate in the investigations as parties must file an entry of appearance with the Secretary to the Commission, as provided in §§ 201.11 and 207.10 of the Commission’s rules, not later than seven days after publication of this notice in the Federal Register. Industrial users and (if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level) representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping duty and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to these investigations upon the expiration of the period for filing entries of appearance. Limited disclosure of business proprietary information (BPI) under an administrative protective order (APO) and BPI service list.—Pursuant to § 207.7(a) of the Commission’s rules, the Secretary will make BPI gathered in these investigations available to authorized applicants representing interested parties (as defined in 19 U.S.C. 1677(9)) who are parties to the investigations under the APO issued in the investigations, provided that the application is made not later than seven days after the publication of this notice in the Federal Register. A separate service list will be maintained by the Secretary for those parties authorized to receive BPI under the APO. Conference.—The Office of Investigations will hold a staff conference in connection with the preliminary phase of these investigations beginning at 9:30 a.m. on May 15, 2025. Requests to appear at the conference should be emailed to preliminaryconferences@usitc.gov (DO NOT FILE ON EDIS) on or before noon on May 13, 2025. Please provide an email address for each conference participant in the email. Information on conference procedures, format, and participation, including guidance for requests to appear as a witness via videoconference, will be available on the Commission’s Public Calendar (Calendar (USITC) | United States International Trade Commission). A nonparty who has testimony that may aid the Commission’s deliberations may request permission to participate by submitting a short statement. Please note the Secretary’s Office will accept only electronic filings during this time. Filings must be made through the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov). No in-person paper- based filings or paper copies of any electronic filings will be accepted until further notice. Written submissions.—As provided in §§ 201.8 and 207.15 of the Commission’s rules, any person may submit to the Commission on or before 5:15 p.m. on May 20, 2025, a written brief containing information and arguments pertinent to the subject matter of the investigations. Parties shall file written testimony and supplementary material in connection with their presentation at the conference no later than 4:00 p.m. on May 14, 2025. All written submissions must conform with the provisions of § 201.8 of the Commission’s rules; any submissions that contain BPI must also conform with the requirements of §§ 201.6, 207.3, and 207.7 of the Commission’s rules. The Commission’s Handbook on Filing Procedures, available on the Commission’s website at https:// www.usitc.gov/documents/handbook_ on_filing_procedures.pdf, elaborates upon the Commission’s procedures with respect to filings. In accordance with §§ 201.16(c) and 207.3 of the rules, each document filed by a party to the investigations must be served on all other parties to the investigations (as identified by either the public or BPI service list), and a certificate of service must be timely filed. The Secretary will not accept a document for filing without a certificate of service. VerDate Sep<11>2014 15:50 Apr 29, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00070 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\30APN1.SGM 30APN1 ddrumheller on DSK120RN23PROD with NOTICES1 17979Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 82 / Wednesday, April 30, 2025 / Notices Certification.—Pursuant to § 207.3 of the Commission’s rules, any person submitting information to the Commission in connection with these investigations must certify that the information is accurate and complete to the best of the submitter’s knowledge. In making the certification, the submitter will acknowledge that any information that it submits to the Commission during these investigations may be disclosed to and used: (i) by the Commission, its employees and Offices, and contract personnel (a) for developing or maintaining the records of these or related investigations or reviews, or (b) in internal investigations, audits, reviews, and evaluations relating to the programs, personnel, and operations of the Commission including under 5 U.S.C. Appendix 3; or (ii) by U.S. government employees and contract personnel, solely for cybersecurity purposes. All contract personnel will sign appropriate nondisclosure agreements. Authority: These investigations are being conducted under authority of title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930; this notice is published pursuant to § 207.12 of the Commission’s rules. By order of the Commission. Issued: April 24, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–07458 Filed 4–29–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Prohibited Transaction Class Exemptions for Multiple Employer Plans and Multiple Employer Apprenticeship Plans—PTE 1976–1, PTE 1977–10, PTE 1978–6 ACTION : Notice of availability; request for comments. SUMMARY : The Department of Labor (DOL) is submitting this Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA)-sponsored information collection request (ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA). Public comments on the ICR are invited. DATES : The OMB will consider all written comments that the agency receives on or before May 30, 2025. ADDRESSES : Written comments and recommendations for the proposed information collection should be sent within 30 days of publication of this notice to www.reginfo.gov/public/do/ PRAMain. Find this particular information collection by selecting ‘‘Currently under 30-day Review—Open for Public Comments’’ or by using the search function. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Michael Howell by telephone at 202– 693–6782, or by email at DOL_PRA_ PUBLIC@dol.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : The three prohibited transaction class exemptions (PTEs) included in this ICR, (1) PTE 76– 1, (2) PTE 77–10, and (3) PTE 78–6, exempt certain types of transactions commonly entered into by ‘‘multiemployer’’ plans from certain of the prohibitions contained in sections 406 and 407(a) of ERISA. The Department determined that, in the absence of these exemptions, the affected plans would not be able to operate efficiently or to enter into routine types of transactions necessary for their operations. In order to ensure that the class exemptions for these necessary transactions meet the statutory standards, the Department imposed conditions contained in the exemptions that are information collections. The information collections consist of recordkeeping and third-party disclosures. For additional substantive information about this ICR, see the related notice published in the Federal Register on July 9, 2024 (89 FR 56416). Comments are invited on: (1) whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Department, including whether the information will have practical utility; (2) the accuracy of the agency’s estimates of the burden and cost of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used; (3) ways to enhance the quality, utility and clarity of the information collection; and (4) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, including the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology. This information collection is subject to the PRA. A Federal agency generally cannot conduct or sponsor a collection of information, and the public is generally not required to respond to an information collection, unless the OMB approves it and displays a currently valid OMB Control Number. In addition, notwithstanding any other provisions of law, no person shall generally be subject to penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information that does not display a valid OMB Control Number. See 5 CFR 1320.5(a) and 1320.6. DOL seeks PRA authorization for this information collection for three (3) years. OMB authorization for an ICR cannot be for more than three (3) years without renewal. The DOL notes that information collection requirements submitted to the OMB for existing ICRs receive a month-to-month extension while they undergo review. Agency: DOL–EBSA. Title of Collection: Prohibited Transaction Class Exemptions for Multiple Employer Plans and Multiple Employer Apprenticeship Plans—PTE 1976–1, PTE 1977–10, PTE 1978–6. OMB Control Number: 1210–0058. Affected Public: Private sector, Businesses or other for-profits, Not-for- profit institutions. Total Estimated Number of Respondents: 3,126. Total Estimated Number of Responses: 3,260. Total Estimated Annual Time Burden: 815 hours. Total Estimated Annual Other Costs Burden: $0. (Authority: 44 U.S.C. 3507(a)(1)(D)) Michael Howell, Senior Paperwork Reduction Act Analyst. [FR Doc. 2025–07394 Filed 4–29–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4510–29–P DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request; Affordable Care Act Grandfathered Health Plan Disclosure, Recordkeeping Requirement, and Change in Carrier Disclosure ACTION : Notice of availability; request for comments. SUMMARY : The Department of Labor (DOL) is submitting this Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA)-sponsored information collection request (ICR) to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA). Public comments on the ICR are invited. DATES : The OMB will consider all written comments that the agency receives on or before May 30, 2025. ADDRESSES : Written comments and recommendations for the proposed information collection should be sent within 30 days of publication of this notice to www.reginfo.gov/public/do/ PRAMain. 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──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === USITC Determination - Preliminary === 25076 Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 113 / Friday, June 13, 2025 / Notices 3 90 FR 17392, 90 FR 17406, 90 FR 173765, 90 FR 17384, 90 FR 17395, 90 FR 17380, 90 FR 17388, and 90 FR 17399 (April 25, 2025). 4 The Commission also finds that imports subject to Commerce’s affirmative critical circumstances determination are not likely to undermine seriously the remedial effect of the countervailing and antidumping duty orders on CSPV products from Vietnam. Because of its threat determination, no critical circumstances findings with regard to imports of this product from Thailand were reached. 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 21741 May 21, 2025, and 90 FR 21746, May 21, 2025 and subsidized by the governments of Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.3 4 Background The Commission instituted these investigations effective April 24, 2024, following receipt of petitions filed with the Commission and Commerce by the American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee. The final phase of the investigations was scheduled by the Commission following notification of preliminary determinations by Commerce that imports of CSPV products from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam were subsidized within the meaning of section 703(b) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671b(b)) and sold at LTFV within the meaning of 733(b) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1673b(b)). Notice of the scheduling of the final phase of the Commission’s investigations and of a public hearing to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register on December 30, 2024 and subsequently after (89 FR 106578, December 30, 2024; 90 FR 1191, January 7, 2025; and 90 FR 2023, January 10, 2025). The Commission conducted its hearing on April 15, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. The Commission made these determinations pursuant to §§ 705(b) and 735(b) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671d(b) and 19 U.S.C. 1673d(b)). It completed and filed its determinations in these investigations on June 9, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC. Publication 5631 (June 20252), entitled Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam: Investigation Nos. 701–TA–722–725 and 1690–1693 (Final). By order of the Commission. Issued: June 9, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–10744 Filed 6–12–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–611 and 731– TA–1428 (Review)] Aluminum Wire and Cable From China Determinations On the basis of the record 1 developed in the subject five-year reviews, the United States International Trade Commission (‘‘Commission’’) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), that revocation of the countervailing and antidumping duty orders on aluminum wire and cable from China would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury to an industry in the United States within a reasonably foreseeable time. Background The Commission instituted these reviews on November 1, 2024 (89 FR 87401) and determined on February 4, 2025, that it would conduct expedited reviews (90 FR 11181, March 4, 2025). The Commission made these determinations pursuant to section 751(c) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1675(c)). It completed and filed its determinations in these reviews on June 9, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 5635 (June 2025), entitled Aluminum Wire and Cable from China: Investigation Nos. 701–TA–611 and 731–TA–1428 (Review). By order of the Commission. Issued: June 9, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–10751 Filed 6–12–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation Nos. 701–TA–760–763 and 731–TA–1743–1746 (Preliminary)] Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand Determinations On the basis of the record 1 developed in the subject investigations, the United States International Trade Commission (‘‘Commission’’) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, and Norway, provided for in subheadings 2804.69.10 and 2804.69.50 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (‘‘LTFV’’) and subsidized by the governments of Australia, Laos, and Norway. The Commission also determines that there is a reasonable indication that a U.S. industry is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV and imports of silicon metal from Thailand that are allegedly subsidized by the government of Thailand. 2 Commencement of Final Phase Investigations Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigations. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in § 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) of affirmative preliminary determinations in the investigations under §§ 703(b) or 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determinations are negative, upon notice of affirmative final determinations in those investigations under §§ 705(a) or 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigations need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigations. Any other party may file an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigations after VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:02 Jun 12, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00060 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\13JNN1.SGM 13JNN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES 25077Federal Register / Vol. 90, No. 113 / Friday, June 13, 2025 / Notices 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 17036 (April 23, 2025). 3 The Coalition for Fair Trade in Ceramic Tile is comprised of Crossville, Inc., Crossville, TN; Dal- Tile Corporation, Dallas, TX; Del Conca USA, Inc., Loudon, TN; Wonder Porcelain, Lebanon, TN; Landmark Ceramics—UST, Inc., Mount Pleasant, TN; Florim USA, Clarksville, TN; Florida Tile, Lexington, KY; Portobello America Manufacturing LLC, Pompano Beach, FL; and StonePeak Ceramics Inc., Chicago, IL. publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigations. As provided in section 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigations to parties to the investigations, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https:// edis.usitc.gov), for comment. Background On April 24, 2025, Ferroglobe USA, Inc., Beverly, Ohio, and Mississippi Silicon LLC, Burnsville, Mississippi filed petitions with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand and LTFV imports of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway. Accordingly, effective April 24, 2025, the Commission instituted countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701–TA–760–763 and antidumping duty investigation Nos. 731–TA–1743– 1746 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigations and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of April 30, 2025 (90 FR 17978). The Commission conducted its conference on May 15, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. The Commission made these determinations pursuant to §§ 703(a) and 733(a) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671b(a) and 1673b(a)). It completed and filed its determinations in these investigations on June 9, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 5639 (June 2025), entitled Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand: Investigation Nos. 701 TA–760–763 and 731–TA–1743–1746 (Preliminary). By order of the Commission. Issued: June 9, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–10743 Filed 6–12–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation 701–TA–720 (Final)] Ceramic Tile From India Determination On the basis of the record 1 developed in the subject investigation, the United States International Trade Commission (‘‘Commission’’) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (‘‘the Act’’), that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of ceramic tile from India, provided for in subheadings 6907.21.10, 6907.21.20, 6907.21.30, 6907.21.40, 6907.21.90, 6907.22.10, 6907.22.20, 6907.22.30, 6907.22.40, 6907.22.90, 6907.23.10, 6907.23.20, 6907.23.30, 6907.23.40, 6907.23.90, 6907.30.10, 6907.30.20, 6907.30.30, 6907.30.40, 6907.30.90, 6907.40.10, 6907.40.20, 6907.40.30, 6907.40.40, and 6907.40.90 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that have been found by the U.S. Department of Commerce (‘‘Commerce’’) to be subsidized by the government of India. 2 Background The Commission instituted this investigation effective April 19, 2024, following receipt of a petition filed with the Commission and Commerce by Coalition for Fair Trade in Ceramic Tile.3 The Commission scheduled the final phase of the investigation following notification of a preliminary determination by Commerce that imports of ceramic tile from India were being subsidized within the meaning of section 703(b) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671b(b)). Notice of the scheduling of the final phase of the Commission’s investigation and of a public hearing to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of December 20, 2024 (89 FR 104206). The Commission conducted its hearing on April 17, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. The Commission made this determination pursuant to § 705(b) of the Act (19 U.S.C. 1671d(b)). It completed and filed its determination in this investigation on June 9, 2025. The views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 5630 (June 2025), entitled Ceramic Tile from India: Investigation 701–TA–720 (Final). By order of the Commission. Issued: June 9, 2025. Lisa Barton, Secretary to the Commission. [FR Doc. 2025–10752 Filed 6–12–25; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7020–02–P DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives [Docket No. 2025N–01] Commerce in Explosives; 2025 Annual List of Explosive Materials AGENCY : Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); Department of Justice. ACTION : Notice of List of Explosive Materials. SUMMARY : This notice publishes the 2025 List of Explosive Materials, as required by law. The 2025 list is the same as the 2024 list published by ATF. DATES : The list becomes effective June 13, 2025. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT : Nicole Handera, Chief; Firearms and Explosives Industry Division; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; United States Department of Justice; 99 New York Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20226; (202) 648–7090. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 841(d) and 27 CFR 555.23, the Department of Justice must publish and revise at least annually in the Federal Register a list of explosives determined to be within the coverage of 18 U.S.C. 841 et seq. The list covers not only explosives, but also blasting agents and detonators, all of which are defined as ‘‘explosive materials’’ in 18 U.S.C. 841(c). Each material listed, as well as all mixtures containing any of these materials, constitute ‘‘explosive VerDate Sep<11>2014 17:02 Jun 12, 2025 Jkt 265001 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\13JNN1.SGM 13JNN1 khammond on DSK9W7S144PROD with NOTICES ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === Publication 5639 === Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand Investigation Nos. 701-TA-760–763 and 731-TA-1743–1746 (Preliminary) Publication 5639 June 2025 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 COMMISSIONERS Amy A. Karpel, Chair David S. Johanson Jason E. Kearns Catherine DeFilippo Director of Operations Staff assigned Jesse Sanchez, Investigator Kristin Smyth, Industry Analyst Stephanie Myers Irizarry, Economist Christopher Robinson, Accountant Willa Wang, Statistician Lane Hurewitz, Attorney David Goldfine, Attorney Nathanael Comley, Supervisory Investigator U.S. International Trade Commission Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand Investigation No(s). 701-TA-760–763 and 731-TA-1743–1746 (Preliminary) U.S. International Trade Commission Publication 5639 June 2025 CONTENTS Page i Determinations…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 of th Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 1.1 Statutory criteria ...................................................................................................................... 1.2 Organization of report.............................................................................................................. 1.3 Market summary ...................................................................................................................... 1.3 Summary data and data sources .............................................................................................. 1.4 Previous and related investigations ......................................................................................... 1.5 Nature and extent of alleged subsidies and sales at LTFV ....................................................... 1.6 Alleged subsidies .................................................................................................................. 1.6 Alleged sales at LTFV ............................................................................................................ 1.6 The subject merchandise ......................................................................................................... 1.6 Commerce’s scope ............................................................................................................... 1.6 Tariff treatment .................................................................................................................... 1.7 The product .............................................................................................................................. 1.8 Description and applications ................................................................................................ 1.8 Manufacturing processes ................................................................................................... 1.11 Domestic like product issues.................................................................................................. 1.14 Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market ....................................................... 2.1 U.S. market characteristics....................................................................................................... 2.1 Impact of section 301 tariffs,232 tariffs, and new or modified tariffs .................................... 2.1 Channels of distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.2 Geographic distribution ........................................................................................................... 2.5 Supply and demand considerations ......................................................................................... 2.5 U.S. supply ............................................................................................................................ 2.5 U.S. demand ......................................................................................................................... 2.9 Substitutability issues............................................................................................................. 2.10 CONTENTS Page ii Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market .......................................... (Continued) Factors affecting purchasing decisions............................................................................... 2.11 Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported silicon metal ................................................ 2.12 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment .................................... 3.1 U.S. producers .......................................................................................................................... 3.1 U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization .................................................................. 3.5 Alternative products ............................................................................................................. 3.8 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports ............................................................................ 3.9 Captive consumption ............................................................................................................. 3.11 Transfers and sales ............................................................................................................. 3.11 First statutory criterion in captive consumption................................................................ 3.11 Second statutory criterion in captive consumption ........................................................... 3.12 U.S. producers’ inventories .................................................................................................... 3.13 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity ........................................................................... 3.14 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares .............................. 4.1 U.S. importers........................................................................................................................... 4.1 U.S. imports .............................................................................................................................. 4.3 Negligibility ............................................................................................................................. 4.13 Cumulation considerations .................................................................................................... 4.17 Fungibility ........................................................................................................................... 4.17 Geographical markets ........................................................................................................ 4.20 Presence in the market ...................................................................................................... 4.22 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares .................................................................... 4.28 Quantity .............................................................................................................................. 4.28 Value ................................................................................................................................... 4.34 Part 5: Pricing data ......................................................................................................... 5.1 Factors affecting prices ............................................................................................................ 5.1 Raw material costs ............................................................................................................... 5.1 CONTENTS Page iii Part 5: Pricing data ............................................................................................ (Continued) Transportation costs to the U.S. market .............................................................................. 5.3 U.S. inland transportation costs ........................................................................................... 5.3 Pricing practices ....................................................................................................................... 5.4 Pricing methods .................................................................................................................... 5.4 Sales terms and discounts .................................................................................................... 5.5 Price data.................................................................................................................................. 5.5 Price trends......................................................................................................................... 5.13 Price comparisons .............................................................................................................. 5.14 Lost sales and lost revenue .................................................................................................... 5.18 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers ................................................................. 6.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 6.1 Operations on Silicon metal ..................................................................................................... 6.2 Net sales ............................................................................................................................. 6.14 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss......................................................................... 6.15 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss................................................................... 6.18 All other expenses and net income or loss ........................................................................ 6.18 Variance analysis .................................................................................................................... 6.19 Capital expenditures and research and development expenses ........................................... 6.21 Assets and return on assets ................................................................................................... 6.22 Capital and investment .......................................................................................................... 6.23 Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries .......................... 7.1 Subject countries ...................................................................................................................... 7.3 Changes in operations .......................................................................................................... 7.8 Installed and practical overall capacity ................................................................................ 7.9 Constraints on capacity ........................................................................................................ 7.9 Operations on silicon metal................................................................................................ 7.12 Alternative products ........................................................................................................... 7.21 CONTENTS Page iv Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries ............. (Continued) Exports ................................................................................................................................ 7.22 U.S. inventories of imported merchandise ............................................................................ 7.23 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders........................................................................................ 7.26 Third-country trade actions ................................................................................................... 7.27 Information on nonsubject countries .................................................................................... 7.27 Appendixes A. Federal Register notices ................................................................................................. A.1 B. List of staff conference witnesses .................................................................................. B.1 C. Summary data ................................................................................................................ C.1 D. U.S shipments by product grade .................................................................................... D.1 E. U.S. shipments by channel of distribution ..................................................................... E.1 F. Quarterly imports by product grade .............................................................................. F.1 Note.—Information that would reveal confidential operations of individual firms may not be published. Such information is identified by brackets ([ ]) in confidential reports and is deleted and replaced with asterisks (***) in public reports. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as em dashes (—) in tables. If using a screen reader, we recommend increasing the verbosity setting. 1 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Investigation Nos. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary) Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand DETERMINATIONS On the basis of the record1 developed in the subject investigations, the United States International Trade Commission (“Commission”) determines, pursuant to the Tariff Act of 1930 (“the Act”), that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, and Norway, provided for in subheadings 2804.69.10 and 2804.69.50 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, that are alleged to be sold in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”) and subsidized by the governments of Australia, Laos, and Norway. The Commission also determines that there is a reasonable indication that a U.S. industry is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV and imports of silicon metal from Thailand that are allegedly subsidized by the government of Thailand.2 COMMENCEMENT OF FINAL PHASE INVESTIGATIONS Pursuant to section 207.18 of the Commission’s rules, the Commission also gives notice of the commencement of the final phase of its investigations. The Commission will issue a final phase notice of scheduling, which will be published in the Federal Register as provided in § 207.21 of the Commission’s rules, upon notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of affirmative preliminary determinations in the investigations under §§ 703(b) or 733(b) of the Act, or, if the preliminary determinations are negative, upon notice of affirmative final determinations in those investigations under §§ 705(a) or 735(a) of the Act. Parties that filed entries of appearance in the preliminary phase of the investigations need not enter a separate appearance for the final phase of the investigations. Any other party may file 1 The record is defined in § 207.2(f) of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (19 CFR 207.2(f)). 2 90 FR 21741 May 21, 2025, and 90 FR 21746, May 21, 2025 2 an entry of appearance for the final phase of the investigations after publication of the final phase notice of scheduling. Industrial users, and, if the merchandise under investigation is sold at the retail level, representative consumer organizations have the right to appear as parties in Commission antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. The Secretary will prepare a public service list containing the names and addresses of all persons, or their representatives, who are parties to the investigations. As provided in section 207.20 of the Commission’s rules, the Director of the Office of Investigations will circulate draft questionnaires for the final phase of the investigations to parties to the investigations, placing copies on the Commission’s Electronic Document Information System (EDIS, https://edis.usitc.gov), for comment. BACKGROUND On April 24, 2025, Ferroglobe USA, Inc., Beverly, Ohio, and Mississippi Silicon LLC, Burnsville, Mississippi filed petitions with the Commission and Commerce, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand and LTFV imports of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway. Accordingly, effective April 24, 2025, the Commission instituted countervailing duty investigation Nos. 701-TA-760-763 and antidumping duty investigation Nos. 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary). Notice of the institution of the Commission’s investigations and of a public conference to be held in connection therewith was given by posting copies of the notice in the Office of the Secretary, U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, and by publishing the notice in the Federal Register of April 30, 2025 (90 FR 17978). The Commission conducted its conference on May 15, 2025. All persons who requested the opportunity were permitted to participate. 3 Views of the Commission Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of silicon metal from Australia, Laos, and South Korea that are allegedly sold in the United States at less than fair value (“LTFV”) and subsidized by the governments of Australia, Laos, and Norway. We also find that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV and imports of silicon metal from Thailand that are allegedly subsidized by the government of Thailand. I. The Legal Standard for Preliminary Determinations The legal standard for preliminary antidumping and countervailing duty determinations requires the Commission to determine, based upon the information available at the time of the preliminary determinations, whether there is a reasonable indication that a domestic industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury, or that the establishment of an industry is materially retarded, by reason of the allegedly unfairly traded imports.1 In applying this standard, the Commission weighs the evidence before it and determines whether “(1) the record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is no material injury or threat of such injury; and (2) no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation.”2 II. Background The petitions in these investigations were filed on April 24, 2025, by Ferroglobe USA, Inc. (“Ferroglobe”) and Mississippi Silicon LLC (“MS Silicon”) (collectively, “Petitioners”), domestic producers of silicon metal.3 Petitioners appeared at the staff conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a postconference brief.4 Several respondent entities participated in the investigations. Simcoa Operations Pty, Ltd. (“Simcoa”) and Shintech Inc. (“Shintech”), an Australian producer and exporter to the 1 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a) (2000); see also American Lamb Co. v. United States, 785 F.2d 994, 1001-04 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Aristech Chem. Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 353, 354-55 (1996). No party argues that the establishment of an industry in the United States is materially retarded by the allegedly unfairly traded imports. 2 American Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001; see also Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United States, 35 F.3d 1535, 1543 (Fed. Cir. 1994). 3 Petitions, EDIS Doc. 849529 (Apr. 24, 2025). 4 Petitioners’ Written Testimony, EDIS Doc. 851644 (May 14, 2025) (“Pet. Written Testimony”); Petitioners’ Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 851644 (May 20, 2025) (“Pet. Postconference Br.”) at 1. 4 United States and a U.S. importer of silicon metal from Australia, respectively, appeared at the staff conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a postconference brief.5 Elkem ASA (“Elkem”), a Norwegian producer of silicon metal, submitted written witness testimony for the conference and a postconference brief.6 Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC (“WPNA”), a U.S. importer of silicon metal from Norway and U.S. purchaser, and Wacker Chemicals Norway AS (collectively “Wacker”), a Norwegian producer of silicon metal, appeared at the staff conference accompanied by counsel and submitted a postconference brief.7 In addition, the Royal Thai Government (“RTG”) submitted a postconference brief,8 and Lao Green Resources Silicon Factory Sole Co., Ltd., a non-party and U.S. importer of silicon metal produced in Laos, submitted a written statement.9 U.S. industry data are based on the questionnaire responses of two domestic producers, accounting for all known U.S. production of silicon metal in 2024.10 U.S. import data are based on official Commerce import statistics (under HTS subheadings 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000) and usable questionnaire responses from 11 U.S. importers, accounting for 80.6 percent of subject imports from the five countries in 2024 -- including *** percent of subject imports from Angola, *** percent of subject imports from Australia, *** percent of subject imports from Laos, *** percent of subject imports from Norway, and *** percent of subject imports from Thailand -- and *** percent of nonsubject imports that year.11 The Commission received responses to its questionnaires from five foreign producers of subject merchandise: 5 Simcoa Operations Pty, Ltd. (“Simcoa”) and Shintech Inc. (“Shintech”) Written Testimony (May 14, 2025) (“Simcoa’s Written Testimony”), EDIS Doc. 851275; Simcoa and Shintec’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 851676 (May 20, 2025) (“Simcoa’s Postconference Br.”) at 1. 6 Elkem ASA Written Testimony, EDIS Doc. 851273 (May 15, 2025) (“Elkem Written Testimony”) Elkem’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 851644 (May 20, 2025) (“Elkem Postconference Br.”) at 1. 7 Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC (“WPNA”) and Wacker Chemicals Norway AS’ Written Testimony, EDIS Doc. 851279 (May 14, 2025) (“Wacker’s Written Testimony”); Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC (“WPNA”) and Wacker Chemicals Norway AS’ Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 851650 (May 20, 2025) (“Wacker’s Postconference Br.”) at 1. 8 Royal Thai Government’s Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. 851631 (May 20, 2025) (“RTG’s Postconference Br.”) at 1. 9 Lao Green Resources Silicon Factory Sole Co, Ltd.’s Non-Party Written Submission, EDIS Doc. 851011 (May 13, 2025) (“Lao Green’s Written Submission”) at 1. 10 Confidential Staff Report, INV-XX-074 (June 2, 2025), as revised by INV-XX-086 (June 4, 2025) (“CR”); Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand, Inv. Nos. 760-TA-763 & 731- TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 5639 (June 2025) (“PR”) at 1.5, 3.1, and Table 3.1; see also Petition, Volume I at 2 (“Petition”) (unless otherwise specified all citations to the Petitions refer to Volume I). 11 CR/PR at 1.4, 4.1. Imports are based on unadjusted official Commerce import statistics. Id. at Table 4.2 note. Related information are based on U.S. importer questionnaire responses. See id. at 4.1. 5 one producer/exporter in Australia, estimated to have accounted for *** percent of production of subject merchandise in Australia in 2024; two producers/exporters in Norway, estimated to have accounted for *** percent of production of subject merchandise from Norway in 2024; and two producers/exporters in Thailand, estimated to have accounted for *** percent of production of subject merchandise from Thailand in 2024.12 No responses were received from any producers/exporters in Angola or Laos.13 III. Domestic Like Product In determining whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of the subject merchandise, the Commission first defines the “domestic like product” and the “industry.”14 Section 771(4)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (“the Tariff Act”), defines the relevant domestic industry as the “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”15 In turn, the Tariff Act defines “domestic like product” as “a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation.”16 By statute, the Commission’s “domestic like product” analysis begins with the “article subject to an investigation,” i.e., the subject merchandise as determined by Commerce.17 Therefore, Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value is “necessarily the starting point of the Commission’s like product analysis.”18 The Commission then defines the domestic like product 12 CR/PR at 7.4, Table 7.1. Exports to the United States from the one responding firm in Australia accounted for *** percent of U.S. imports of silicon metal from Australia in 2024; exports to the United States from the two responding firms in Norway accounted for *** percent of U.S. imports of silicon metal from Norway in 2024; and exports to the United States from the two responding firms in Thailand accounted for *** percent of U.S. imports of silicon metal from Thailand in 2024. CR/PR at 7.4, Table 7.1. 13 CR/PR at Table 7.1 14 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 15 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 16 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). 17 19 U.S.C. § 1677(10). The Commission must accept Commerce’s determination as to the scope of the imported merchandise that is subsidized and/or sold at less than fair value. See, e.g., USEC, Inc. v. United States, 34 Fed. App’x 725, 730 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“The ITC may not modify the class or kind of imported merchandise examined by Commerce.”); Algoma Steel Corp. v. United States, 688 F. Supp. 639, 644 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1988), aff’d, 865 F.3d 240 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 919 (1989). 18 Cleo Inc. v. United States, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see also Hitachi Metals, Ltd. v. (Continued…) 6 in light of the imported articles Commerce has identified.19 The decision regarding the appropriate domestic like product(s) in an investigation is a factual determination, and the Commission has applied the statutory standard of “like” or “most similar in characteristics and uses” on a case-by-case basis.20 No single factor is dispositive, and the Commission may consider other factors it deems relevant based on the facts of a particular investigation.21 The Commission looks for clear dividing lines among possible like products and disregards minor variations.22 It may, where appropriate, include domestic articles in the domestic like product in addition to those described in the scope.23 In its notices of initiation, Commerce defined the imported merchandise within the scope of these investigations as: The scope of this investigation covers all forms and sizes of silicon metal, including silicon metal powder. Silicon metal contains at least 85.00 percent but less than 99.99 percent silicon, and less than 4.00 percent iron, by actual weight. United States, Case No. 19-1289, slip op. at 8-9 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 7, 2020) (the statute requires the Commission to start with Commerce’s subject merchandise in reaching its own like product determination). 19 Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1298 n.1 (“Commerce’s {scope} finding does not control the Commission’s {like product} determination.”); Hosiden Corp. v. Advanced Display Mfrs., 85 F.3d 1561, 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (the Commission may find a single like product corresponding to several different classes or kinds defined by Commerce); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 748–52 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (affirming the Commission’s determination defining six like products in investigations where Commerce found five classes or kinds). 20 See, e.g., Cleo, 501 F.3d at 1299; NEC Corp. v. Dep’t of Commerce, 36 F. Supp. 2d 380, 383 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998); Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 CIT 450, 455 (1995); Torrington Co. v. United States, 747 F. Supp. 744, 749 n.3 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1990), aff’d, 938 F.2d 1278 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (“every like product determination ‘must be made on the particular record at issue’ and the ‘unique facts of each case’”). The Commission generally considers a number of factors including the following: (1) physical characteristics and uses; (2) interchangeability; (3) channels of distribution; (4) customer and producer perceptions of the products; (5) common manufacturing facilities, production processes, and production employees; and, where appropriate, (6) price. See Nippon, 19 CIT at 455 n.4; Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F. Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 21 See, e.g., S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 90-91 (1979). 22 See, e.g., Nippon, 19 CIT at 455; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748-49; see also S. Rep. No. 96-249 at 90-91 (Congress has indicated that the like product standard should not be interpreted in “such a narrow fashion as to permit minor differences in physical characteristics or uses to lead to the conclusion that the product and article are not ‘like’ each other, nor should the definition of ‘like product’ be interpreted in such a fashion as to prevent consideration of an industry adversely affected by the imports under consideration.”). 23 See, e.g., Pure Magnesium from China and Israel, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-403 and 731-TA-895-96 (Final), USITC Pub. 3467 (Nov. 2001) at 8 n.34; Torrington, 747 F. Supp. at 748-49 (holding that the Commission is not legally required to limit the domestic like product to the product advocated by the petitioner, co-extensive with the scope). 7 Semiconductor grade silicon (merchandise containing at least 99.99 percent silicon by actual weight and classifiable under Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading 2804.61.0000) is excluded from the scope of this investigation. Silicon metal is currently classifiable under subheadings 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000 of the HTSUS. While the HTSUS numbers are provided for convenience and customs purposes, the written description of the scope remains dispositive.24 25 Silicon is a light chemical element with metallic and nonmetallic characteristics. It is a semiconductor, meaning it is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature, but can be highly conductive when it is heated.26 Silicon metal is primarily used by the aluminum and chemical industries. Silicon metal is a product normally composed almost entirely of elemental silicon, along with small amounts of other elements, such as iron, aluminum, and calcium. It is manufactured and sold in various degrees of purity. Silicon metal is often described in terms of “grades” which refer to ranges of specifications establishing the minimum amounts of silicon and the maximum amounts of other elements, such as boron, iron, calcium and aluminum that silicon metal may contain. Unlike grades for some other industrial products, different “grades” of silicon metal do not necessarily differ in terms of quality; rather, the ranges of specifications that determine “grades” vary depending on the type of end use of the silicon metal. There are five general end uses using five broadly defined categories of silicon metal, generally ranked in descending order of purity as: (1) semiconductor; (2) solar; (3) chemical (or silicones); (4) metallurgical used to produce primary aluminum; and (5) metallurgical used to produce 24 Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Norway: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations, 90 Fed. Reg. 21741, 21746 (May 21, 2025) (“AD Initiation Notice”); Silicon Metal From Australia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Norway, and Thailand: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 90 Fed. Reg. 21746, 21750 (May 21, 2025) (“CVD Initiation Notice”). Commerce’s scope is identical in both the AD and CVD investigations. See id. 25 The scope in these investigations is the same as the scope in prior related investigations on silicon metal from various countries – including the 2018 investigations on silicon metal from Australia and Norway. See, e.g., Silicon Metal from Australia, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Norway, Inv. Nos. 701-TA- 567-569 and 731-TA-1343-1345 (Final), USITC Pub. 4773 (Apr. 2018) (“USITC Pub. 4773”); Silicon Metal from Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Third Review), USITC Pub. 5058 at 19 (Aug. 2020) (“USITC Pub. 5058”); Silicon Metal from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-652 and 731-TA-1524-1526 (Prelim.), USITC Pub. 5107 (Aug. 2020) (“USITC Pub. 5107”); and Silicon Metal from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-652 and 731-TA-1524- 1526 (Final), USITC Pub. 5180 at 19 (Apr. 2021) (“USITC Pub. 5180”). 26 CR/PR at 1.8. 8 secondary aluminum.27 Whether domestic or imported, it is usually sold in lump form, typically ranging from 6 inches x ½ inch to 4 inches x ¼ inch, or in powder form.28 Silicon metal is used in the production of both primary aluminum (produced from ore) and secondary aluminum (produced from scrap).29 Silicon metal is a necessary ingredient in aluminum casting alloys, where it improves fluidity, castability, strength, and weldability when added to aluminum.30 Chemical manufacturers also consume silicon metal to produce silicones and polysilicon.31 A. Arguments of the Parties Petitioners argue that the Commission should define a single domestic like product consisting of silicon metal coextensive with the scope of the investigations.32 None of the Respondents objected to Petitioners’ proposed definition for purposes of the preliminary phase investigations.33 B. Analysis Based on the record, we define a single domestic like product consisting of all silicon metal, coextensive with the scope. Physical Characteristics and Uses. All domestically produced silicon metal within the scope shares the same basic physical characteristics and end uses. While different specifications of silicon metal can possess minor differences in terms of its silicon content by weight or the presence or absence of minor elements, all domestically produced silicon metal products within the scope are composed almost entirely of elemental silicon in various degrees of purity.34 Silicon metal is used as an alloying agent in the production of primary and secondary aluminum, to produce silicones (which are used for a variety of applications, including adhesives, resins, lubricants, plastomers, anti-foaming agents, and water repellent compounds), and to produce polysilicon, a high purity form of silicon metal primarily used in the manufacturing of semiconductors and solar cells.35 Manufacturing Facilities, Production Processes and Employees. In general, all domestically produced silicon metal within the scope, regardless of specification, is produced 27 CR/PR at 1.10; see also Petition at 5. 28 CR/PR at 1.8. 29 CR/PR at 1.8. 30 CR/PR at 1.8-1.9. 31 CR/PR at 1.9. 32 Petitioners’ Postconference Br. at 7-8; Petition at 16-19. 33 CR/PR at 1.14. 34 Petition at 17, citing USITC Pub. 5107 at 7. 35 CR/PR at 1.8 to 1.11; Petition at 17, citing USITC Pub. 5107 at 7-8. 9 using essentially the same production process and employees, in the same manufacturing facilities.36 Silicon metal is produced in submerged-arc electric furnaces, using a highly energy- intensive smelting process. Silicon metal producers typically manufacture different grades of silicon metal using the same inputs, facilities, furnaces, and employees. As long as the raw materials are of sufficient quality, all specifications or grades of silicon metal can be produced on the same equipment with the same input materials.37 Channels of Distribution. A substantial majority of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers went to *** during the January 2022-December 2024 period of investigation (“POI”).38 A substantial portion of their remaining U.S. shipments went to ***.39 Smaller percentages went to ***.40 Interchangeability. According to Petitioners, silicon metal produced to the same specifications (or of the same “grade”) is entirely interchangeable, and silicon metal of a higher grade can be, and frequently is, used for lower grade applications.41 On the other hand, Respondents argue that silicon metal of different grades is not interchangeable and that, for example, aluminum grade silicon metal is not interchangeable with chemical grade silicon 36 Conference Transcript, EDIS Doc. 851915 (“Conference Tr.”) at 41-42 (Lage), 42 (Gordon). 37 CR/PR at 1.11 to 1.13; Petition at 17, citing USITC Pub. 5107 at 8. 38 CR/PR at Table 2.4; see also Petition at 17, citing USITC Pub. 5107 at 8. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers going to chemical producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. CR/PR at Table 2.4. 39 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 40 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers going to primary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI (2022-2024). Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers going to other end users ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments by domestic producers going to distributors ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the POI. Id. 41 Pet. Postconference Br. at 15 (silicon metal is a fungible commodity product, as silicon metal meeting a particular specification is generally fungible regardless of source), at 16 (“*** producer or importer reported that silicon metal from any source was “never” interchangeable); Petition at 18; Conference Tr. at 21 (Chaal); Pet. Written Conference Testimony. Exh. 2 (testimony of Mohammed Chaal, EDIS Doc. 85120 (May 14, 2025) at 3; see also Pet. Postconference Br. at 7-8. Petitioners state that it is a “misnomer” to speak of “grades” of silicon metal, since the issue is one of different specifications rather than different “grades.” Written Conference Testimony of Mohammed Chaal at 3. 10 metal. They also dispute that higher grade silicon metal is used in lower grade applications, contending that this would be commercially impracticable.42 Producer and Customer Perceptions. Petitioners assert that both producers and customers consider silicon metal within the scope to be a single product category.43 Price. The pricing data on the record of the preliminary phase of the investigations indicates that different grades of silicon metal were sold within similar price ranges during the POI.44 Conclusion. The record indicates that all types of domestically produced silicon metal within the scope share the same basic physical characteristics and general uses, are sold through the same channels of distribution, and are produced in the same production facilities using the same production processes and employees. Petitioners maintain that producers and customers view all silicon metal products as belonging to the same family of products, and the pricing data indicate that different types of domestically produced silicon metal were sold within similar price ranges during the POI. On the other hand, Petitioners and Respondents disagree as to the interchangeability of different types of silicon metal in the same end uses. In light of the preponderance of similarities between the silicon metal products used in different end use applications, and in the absence of any contrary argument, we define a single domestic like product consisting of all silicon metal, coextensive with Commerce’s scope. IV. Domestic Industry The domestic industry is defined as the domestic “producers as a whole of a domestic like product, or those producers whose collective output of a domestic like product constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of the product.”45 In defining the domestic industry, the Commission’s general practice has been to include in the industry producers of all domestic production of the like product, whether toll-produced, captively consumed, or sold in the domestic merchant market. There are no related parties or other domestic industry issues in the preliminary phase of these investigations.46 Accordingly, consistent with our definition of the domestic like product, we define the domestic industry to include all U.S. producers of silicon metal. 42 Elkem’s Postconference Br. at 14 (not all silicon metal is substitutable), Response to Staff’s Questions, Exh. 1 at 8-9 (limited interchangeability and substitutability); Wacker’s Postconference Br. at 3, 9-13; Simcoa’s Postconference Br. at 12-18. 43 Pet. Postconference Br. at 8; Petition at 18; Conference Tr. at 42-43 (Lage), 43 (Bay). 44 CR/PR at Table 5.7. 45 19 U.S.C. § 1677(4)(A). 46 No domestic producer imported or purchased subject merchandise during the POI, or is affiliated with any U.S. importer or subject exporter of subject merchandise. CR/PR at Table 3.2. 11 V. Negligible Imports Section 771(24) of the Tariff Act, which defines “negligibility,” provides that imports from a subject country that are less than 3 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month period for which data are available that precedes the filing of the petition or self-initiation, as the case may be, shall be deemed negligible.47 The statute further provides that subject imports from a single country which comprise less than 3 percent of total such imports of the product may not be considered negligible if there are several countries subject to investigation with negligible imports and the sum of such imports from all those countries collectively accounts for more than 7 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States.48 In the case of countervailing duty investigations involving developing countries (as designated by the United States Trade Representative), the statute indicates that the negligibility thresholds are 4 percent and 9 percent, rather than 3 percent and 7 percent.49 Additionally, even if subject imports are found to be negligible for purposes of present material injury, they shall not be treated as negligible for purposes of a threat analysis should the Commission determine that there is a potential that subject imports from the country concerned will imminently account for more than 3 percent (4 percent for developing countries in CVD investigations) of all such merchandise imported into the United States.50 The Commission also assesses whether there is a potential that the aggregate volumes of subject imports from all countries with currently negligible imports will imminently exceed 7 percent of all such merchandise imported in the United States.51 To assess the potential for imports to imminently surpass the negligibility for purposes of a threat analysis, the Commission typically has examined the share of total imports, especially toward the latter period of the POI, production capacity, capacity utilization, and inventories.52 47 19 U.S.C. § 1677(24)(A)(i). 48 19 U.S.C. § 1677(24)(A)(ii). 49 19 U.S.C. § 1677(24)(B). 50 19 U.S.C. § 1677(24)(A)(iv). 51 19 U.S.C. § 1677(24)(A)(iv). 52 See Certain Steel Concrete Reinforcing Bars from Belarus, China, Korea, Latvia, and Moldova, Inv. Nos. 731-873-874 and 877-879 (Final), USITC Pub. 3440 (July 2001); Certain Stainless Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings from Germany, Inv. No. 731-TA-864 (Final), USITC Pub. 3372 (Nov. 2000); Certain Cold- Rolled Steel Products from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Venezuela, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-33-396 and 731-TA-829-840 (Prelim), USITC Pub. 3214 (July 1999). 12 A. Arguments of the Parties Petitioners’ Arguments. Petitioners argue that official import statistics show that subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are not negligible for purposes of present material injury.53 They also argue that there is a potential for subject imports from both Angola and Thailand to imminently exceed the negligibility threshold for purposes of threat.54 With respect to Angola, Petitioners contend that the potential for subject imports from Angola to exceed the three percent threshold is clear from data showing that they exceeded the threshold in two of the last three quarters, and in six of the last nine months, of the POI.55 As further support, they argue that the Angolan silicon metal industry is adding large amounts of capacity56 and is aggressively targeting all sectors and customers in the U.S. market,57 and that U.S. importers’ reported significant quantities of arranged imports from Angola for delivery in the near future.58 With respect to Thailand, Petitioners note that Thailand has historically represented a high proportion of total imports,59 including 4.9 percent of total imports in 2022.60 In Petitioners’ view, this demonstrates that Thai producers have the ability, experience, and customer base to quickly ship large volumes of subject merchandise to the U.S. market.61 Further, Petitioners claim that high energy prices in Thailand explain the reduced presence of subject imports from Thailand in the U.S. market during the POI. They, however, allege that the Thai government is taking actions to artificially reduce energy prices to bolster its industrial 53 Conference Tr. at 6 (Bay); Petition at 21-24, Exh. I-13. See also CR/PR at Table 4.7. 54 Pet. Postconference Br. at 3, 9-14; see also Conference Tr. at 6 (Bay); Petition at 21-24, Exh. I- 13. Petitioners also note that there were no representatives on behalf of the silicon metal producers in Angola at the staff conference – and no producer of subject merchandise in Angola provided a questionnaire response. Id. at 3. Accordingly, Petitioners state that there is limited information on the record pertaining to imports and the potential for future imports from Angola. See id. 55 Pet. Postconference Br. at 10, citing Petitioners’ Witness Testimony & Slide Presentation, at Exh. 5, Slide 9, EDIS Doc. 851210 (May 14, 2025); Conference Tr. at 31 (Pope). 56 Pet. Postconference Br. at 10, citing Petition at 41-42. For example, in ***, Zhongan Hengtai (“ZHAT”), an Angolan facility ***. Pet. Postconference Br. at 10 n.30. 57 Pet. Postconference Br. at 10. Petitioners assert that the Angolan product is being marketed to both aluminum and chemical customers. Conference Tr. at 27 (Cook) and 145 (Majumdar). 58 Pet. Postconference Br. at 10 & n.32. For example, the questionnaire response of ***. Id. at 10 n.32, citing *** U.S. Importers’ Questionnaire, EDIS Doc. 851218 at 8. Further, importer ***. Pet. Postconference Br. at 10 n.32, citing *** U.S. Importers’ Questionnaire Response, EDIS Doc. 850682 at 8. 59 Pet. Postconference Br. at 11. 60 Pet. Postconference Br. at 11, Exh. 2 (market share analysis). 61 Pet. Postconference Br. at 11. For example, Petitioners note that this includes prior relationships with customers requiring higher purity silicon metal, such as Respondent Wacker. Id., citing Conference Tr. at 144 (Majumdar). 13 base and attract investments in data centers.62 Given the likelihood that declining electricity costs will permit Thai producers to *** production and shipments, Petitioners assert that the Thai producers are likely to direct as much of their silicon metal production to the United States as possible, creating the potential for such imports to imminently exceed the negligibility threshold.63 Respondents’ Arguments. The RTG argues that subject imports from Thailand are unlikely to imminently exceed the three percent negligibility threshold.64 It contends that *** of the *** U.S. importers that imported subject merchandise from Thailand from April 2024 to March 2025 reported *** arranged imports of silicon metal for ***.65 RTG also criticizes the Petitioners’ reliance on subject imports from Thailand in 2022 as the basis for its contentions, arguing that conditions for the Thai industry have changed dramatically since that time.66 While agreeing with the Petitioners that the level of subject imports from Thailand is highly sensitive to changes in energy prices in Thailand, the RTG argues that the high energy prices make it highly unlikely that subject imports from Thailand will imminently exceed the three percent threshold.67 Noting that Thailand generates most of its energy with liquified natural gas (“LNG”),68 the RTG contends that the market price for LNG increased substantially following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.69 Given this, the RTG asserts that the volume of subject imports from Thailand in 2022, when LNG prices were much lower, is not indicative of what the volume is likely to be in the imminent future.70 In its view, the price of LNG is likely to remain elevated, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and other factors, and will likely continue to limit subject imports from Thailand to negligible levels.71 62 Pet. Postconference Br. at 3. 63 Pet. Postconference Br. at 14. 64 Royal Thai Government Postconference Brief, EDIS Doc. No. 851631 at 7-10 (May 20, 2025) (“RTG Postconference Br.”). No other Respondents addressed negligibility for threat. 65 RTG Postconference Br. at 7, citing U.S. Importer Questionnaire Response of *** EDIS Doc. No. 850860, pg. 9 at Question II-3a; U.S. Importer Questionnaire Response of *** EDIS Doc. No. 850719, pg. 8 at Question II-3a; U.S. Importer Questionnaire Response of *** EDIS Doc. No. 851400, pg. 8 at Question II-3a. 66 RTG Postconference Br. at 7. 67 RTG Postconference Br. at 7. 68 RTG Postconference Br. at 7, citing Conference Tr. at 144-145 (Majumdar). 69 RTG Postconference Br. at 9, citing Conference Tr. at 144-145 (Majumdar). 70 RTG Postconference Br. at 9. 71 RTG Postconference Br. at 10. 14 Finally, the RTG asserts that subject imports from Thailand and Angola combined are unlikely to imminently exceed the seven percent negligibility threshold.72 B. Analysis We first consider what data to use for calculating import shares for purpose of our negligibility analysis. We rely on official import statistics for determining the volume of subject imports from each subject country and the total volume of imports, as Petitioners propose and to which Respondents raise no objection.73 The relevant HTS statistical reporting numbers are coextensive with the scope and include no out-of-scope products.74 By contrast, the share of subject imports covered by importers questionnaire responses, based on official import statistics, was *** percent for Angola, *** percent for Australia, *** percent for Laos, *** percent for Norway, and *** percent for Thailand.75 Given the less than complete coverage afforded by importer questionnaire responses, and the *** coverage with respect to subject imports from Angola, the best information available on the record for purposes of our negligibility calculations consists of official U.S. import statistics under the primary HTS numbers.76 Subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are above the statutory negligibility threshold. Based on official import statistics, during the 12-month period preceding the filing of the petitions (April 2024-March 2025), subject imports from Australia accounted for 8.3 percent of total imports, subject imports from Laos accounted for 4.9 percent of total imports, and subject imports from Norway accounted for 10.4 percent of total imports.77 Because subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are above the 3 percent negligibility threshold, we find that imports from these three countries subject to the antidumping and countervailing duty investigations are not negligible. 72 RTG Postconference Br. at 10. RTG asserts that by either measure – the general import statistics or the U.S. importers questionnaire responses, imports from Angola and Thailand fall far below the seven percent threshold. Id. at 5. 73 See, e.g., Pet. Postconference Br. at 2, Exh. 2; Simcoa’s Postconference Br. at 1-3; Elkem’s Postconference Br. at 1-3. The staff report sets forth U.S. imports from the five subject countries based on 2024 HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000. CR/PR at 4.13 & Table 4.6. 74 See CR/PR at 1.4 n.8, 4.5, 4.12, Tables 4.2 & 4.6. Petitioner’s counsel indicated that the primary HTS codes specific to silicon metal (2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000) do not contain any out-of- scope merchandise. See Pet. Postconference Br. at 2. Nor do the Respondents contest that census data are likely to be the best available evidence for calculating the denominator of total. See, e.g., Simcoa’s Postconference Br. at 1-3; Elkem’s Postconference Br. at 1-3. 75 CR/PR at 4.1. 76 CR/PR at Table 4.6. 77 CR/PR at Table 4.6. The volume of imports from each of these countries subject to the antidumping and countervailing duty investigations is the same. Id. 15 Subject imports from Angola and Thailand, however, accounted for 1.9 percent and 1.2 percent, respectively.78 The Commission has consistently found that it may not aggregate individually negligible subject imports in countervailing duty investigations with subject imports that are individually negligible in antidumping duty investigations.79 Because imports from Angola subject to the antidumping duty investigation and imports from Thailand subject to the countervailing duty investigation are below the 3 percent negligibility threshold individually, we find that such imports are negligible for purposes of the Commission’s analysis of present material injury. We next examine whether imports from Angola subject to the antidumping duty investigation and imports from Thailand subject to the countervailing duty investigation are negligible for purposes of a threat analysis. Angola. First, we consider whether imports from Angola subject to the antidumping duty investigation have the potential to imminently exceed the three percent negligibility threshold for purposes of determining threat of material injury. After entering the U.S. market for the first time in June 2024, subject imports from Angola rapidly increased their share of total imports during the rolling 12-month periods through March 2025, from 0.1 percent in June 2024 to 0.2-1.2 percent during the July-December period, 1.4 percent in January 2025, 1.8 percent in February 2025, and 1.9 percent in March 2025.80 Data concerning arranged imports indicate that this increasing trend is likely to continue, with the volume of arranged subject imports from Angola for 2025 accounting for *** percent of total arranged imports that year.81 There is limited information on the record concerning the subject industry in Angola because no Angolan producer responded to the Commission’s questionnaire. According to a 78 CR Table 4.6. Subject import volume is the same with respect to imports of silicon metal from each source subject to antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. 79 See, e.g., Large Diameter Welded Pipe from Canada, Greece, Korea, and Turkey, Inv. Nos. 701- TA-595-596 and 731-TA-1401, 1403, 1405-1406 (Final), USITC Pub. 4883 (April 2019) at 10 n.25 (April 2019); Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Brazil, India, Korea, Russia, and the United Kingdom, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-540, 542-544 and 731-TA-1283, 1285, 1287, and 1289-1290 (Final), USITC Pub. 4637 at 13 n.69 (Sept. 2016); Certain Carbon and Alloy Steel Cut-to-Length Plate from Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Taiwan, and Turkey, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-559-561 and 731-TA-1317-1328 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4615 at 22-23 (May 2016). See also, Nucor Corp. v. United States, 296 F.Supp.3d 1276 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2018) (affirming Commission’s separate treatment of dumped and subsidized imports for negligibility). 80 CR/PR at Table 4.7. 81 CR/PR at Table 7.16. Arranged imports from Angola accounted for *** percent of total arranged imports from January to December 2025. Id. They were *** percent, *** percent, *** percent, and *** percent of total arranged imports for the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2025, respectively. Id. 16 trade press article submitted by Petitioner, Zhongan Hengtai, a subject Angolan producer ***.82 Thus, the information available indicates that the subject industry in Angola has the ability to further increase its exports to the U.S. market in the imminent future. The record in the preliminary phase of these investigations does not provide clear and convincing evidence that there is not a potential for subject imports from Angola to imminently exceed the negligibility threshold, as required by the American Lamb standard.83 In light of the recent entry of subject imports from Angola into the U.S. market in June 2024, their rapid increase as a share of total imports during the rolling 12-month periods through March 2025, their even higher share of total arranged imports reported for 2025, and the information available indicating that the Angolan industry recently increased its capacity, we find that imports from Angola subject to the antidumping duty investigation have the potential to exceed the 3 percent negligibility threshold in the imminent future, and are therefore not negligible for threat purposes. Thailand. We next consider whether imports from Thailand subject to the countervailing duty investigation have the potential to imminently exceed the 3 percent negligibility threshold for purposes of determining threat of material injury. In considering whether such subject imports have the potential imminently to exceed the negligibility threshold, the Commission has considered whether such imports have exceeded the statutory threshold for a sustained period prior to the filing of the petition.84 We observe that based on official import statistics, subject imports from Thailand accounted for over 3 percent of total imports during the eight rolling 12-month periods from January 2023 through August 2023, declining irregularly from 4.8 percent of total imports in the 12-month period ending in January 2023 to 3.2 percent of total imports in the 12-month period ending in August 2023.85 Subject imports from Thailand then declined below 3 percent of total imports in the 12-month period ending in September 2023 and remained under 3 percent of total imports through the 12- month period ending March 2025.86 After increasing from 2.0 percent of total imports in the 12-month period ending in December 2023 to 2.8 percent of total imports in the 12-month 82 See Petition at 22-23, Exh. I-14 (***). 83 American Lamb Co., 785 F.2d at 1001; Co-Steel Raritan, Inc. v. United States, 357 F.3d 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 84 See, e.g., Cold-Rolled Steel, USITC Pub. 4637 at 9 (subject imports from India exceeded statutory negligibility threshold for final six months of 12-month negligibility period). 85 CR/PR at Table 4.7. 86 CR/PR at Table 4.7. 17 period ending in March 2024, subject imports from Thailand declined irregularly as a share of total imports to 1.2 percent in the 12-month period ending in March 2025.87 The record indicates that the volume of subject imports from Thailand declined during the POI as electricity prices in Thailand increased. Because the production of silicon metal is energy-intensive, the cost of electricity is an important cost in the production of silicon metal.88 At the conference, officials from Mississippi Silicon and Wacker attributed the decline in subject imports from Thailand to the high electricity costs in Thailand.89 The RGT claims that electricity prices in Thailand increased after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and increased prices for the LNG used to generate electricity in Thailand, and Thai producer GS Energy reported that ***.90 Responding Thai producers had increasing amounts of excess capacity as their capacity increased, but their production declined during the POI. Thai producers’ capacity increased *** percent while their production declined *** percent from 2022 to 2024, resulting in a decline in their capacity utilization from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.91 In 2024, Thai producers possessed excess capacity of *** short tons, and they project that their capacity will remain above 2022 levels in 2025 and 2026, at *** short tons.92 Thai producers’ inventories declined from *** short tons in 2022, equivalent to *** percent of total shipments, to *** short tons in 2024, equivalent to *** percent of total shipments.93 The record also indicates that the export orientation of Thai producers declined during the POI but remained appreciable. Responding Thai producers’ exports as a share of total shipments declined irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, while their exports to the United States as a share of total shipments declined irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.94 Thai producers project that their exports as a share of total shipments will be *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026, and that their exports to the United States as a share of total shipments will be *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026.95 On the other hand, GTA data covering exports of silicon metal under HTS subheading 2804.69 indicate that Thai exports of such merchandise increased from 6,766 short tons in 2022 87 CR/PR at Table 4.7. 88 CR/PR at 1.12 (Electricity accounts for 21 percent of the cost of producing silicon metal), 4.36. 89 Conf. Tr. at 84 (Lage), 144-45 (Majundar). 90 RGT’s Postconference Br. at 9-10. 91 CR/PR at Table 7.10. 92 Calculated from CR/PR at 7.10. 93 CR/PR at Table 7.12. 94 CR/PR at Tables 7.10, 7.11. 95 CR/PR at Table 7.11. 18 to 37,762 short tons in 2024, while Thai exports of silicon metal to the United States increased from 4,656 short tons in 2022 to 10,953 short tons in 2024.96 Several factors suggest that there may not be a potential for subject imports from Thailand to imminently exceed the 3 percent negligibility threshold. First, as discussed above, subject imports from Thailand accounted for only 1.2 percent of total imports during the April 2024 through March 2025 period - less than half of the 3 percent negligibility threshold.97 Second, official import statistics show that the monthly volume of subject imports from Thailand has declined irregularly throughout the POI while the monthly volume of total imports has increased irregularly.98 Third, these same monthly data show that subject imports from Thailand were last above the three percent threshold in August 2023. 99 In addition, responding importers reported no arranged imports from Thailand.100 Therefore, there are no pending deliveries that would be indicative of significantly increased exports to the U.S. market in the imminent future. Nevertheless, in order for subject imports from Thailand to have reached the 3 percent negligibility threshold in the rolling 12-month period ending in March 2025, such imports would need to have increased from 2,191 shorts tons to 5,530 short tons – an increase of only 3,339 short tons.101 Subject imports from Thailand exceeded this level of monthly volume in every month of the January-March 2023 period, and approached 3 percent of total imports during the 12-month period ending in March 2024. Given the substantial excess capacity possessed by Thai producers and their export orientation, the record indicates that they would have the ability to increase their exports to the United States to a non-negligible level in the imminent future. While parties agree that the decline in subject imports from Thailand is attributable to electricity prices, they disagree as to the likelihood of a decline in electricity prices that would incentivize Thai imports to increase beyond the negligibility threshold. Petitioners submitted an article from Bloomberg reporting that the Thai government aims to reduce electricity prices 96 CR/PR at Table 7.14. We note that GTA data, which are sourced from various national statistical authorities in the foreign countries, may not align with official U.S. import statistics for several reasons, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) product reported at the time of export may not yet be collected as reported imports to due to freight time and other reporting lags; (2) product reported as exported under the 2804.69 code in various countries, including Thailand, may have also been classified under a different code by U.S. importers when reported with CBP; and (3) differences in reporting reliability of import and export data sources. 97 CR/PR at Table 4.6. 98 CR/PR at Table 4.7 99 CR/PR at Table 7.16. 100 CR/PR at Table 7.16 (Thailand was the only one of the five subject imports that had no arranged imports); see also RTG Postconference Br. at 9. 101 Derived from CR/PR at Table 4.6. 19 by 25 percent, from $0.11 per unit to $0.08 per unit, by next year, as a means of attracting data centers.102 The RTG, on the other hand, argues that the price of LNG, and thus the price of electricity generated from LNG, is likely to remain elevated, due to the Russia/Ukraine war and other factors, and will likely continue to limit subject imports from Thailand to negligible levels.103 Based on the foregoing, including information at odds with the Thai producers’ assertion that high electricity prices are likely to keep subject imports from Thai below the negligibility threshold in the imminent future, and evidence showing that subject imports from Thailand exceeded the negligibility threshold in the rolling 12-month periods earlier in the POI and approached the negligibility threshold in the rolling 12-month period ending in March 2024, and that the Thai industry possesses substantial excess capacity and is export-oriented, we cannot conclude that, under American Lamb, the record as a whole contains clear and convincing evidence that there is not a potential for subject imports from Thailand to imminently exceed the negligibility threshold and that no likelihood exists that contrary evidence will arise in a final investigation. We therefore find that imports from Thailand subject to the countervailing duty investigation have the potential to exceed the 3 percent negligibility threshold in the imminent future and are therefore not negligible for threat purposes. VI. Cumulation For purposes of evaluating the volume and effects for a determination of reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports, section 771(7)(G)(i) of the Tariff Act requires the Commission to cumulate subject imports from all countries as to which petitions were filed and/or investigations self-initiated by Commerce on the same day, if such imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product in the U.S. market. In assessing whether subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product, the Commission generally has considered four factors: (1) the degree of fungibility between subject imports from different countries and between subject imports and the domestic like product, including consideration of specific customer requirements and other quality related questions; 102 Pet. Postconference Br. at 9 & n. 42, Exhibit 23. 103 RTG Postconference Br. at 10. In any final phase of these investigations, the Commission will seek additional information on electricity prices in Thailand and their impacts on silicon metal production in the country, as well as information on the Government of Thailand’s attempt to reduce electricity prices in the country. 20 (2) the presence of sales or offers to sell in the same geographic markets of subject imports from different countries and the domestic like product; (3) the existence of common or similar channels of distribution for subject imports from different countries and the domestic like product; and (4) whether the subject imports are simultaneously present in the market.104 While no single factor is necessarily determinative, and the list of factors is not exclusive, these factors are intended to provide the Commission with a framework for determining whether the subject imports compete with each other and with the domestic like product.105 Only a “reasonable overlap” of competition is required.106 A. Arguments of the Parties Petitioners’ Argument. Petitioners argue that the Commission should cumulate imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway for its analysis of reasonable indication of present material injury, contending that imports from these three subject sources compete with each other and the domestic like product in the U.S. market.107 Petitioners assert that the petitions for the three subject countries were filed on the same day, that none of the statutory exceptions to cumulation apply, and that there is a reasonable overlap in competition between and among subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway and the domestic like product.108 104 See Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-278-280 (Final), USITC Pub. 1845 (May 1986), aff’d, Fundicao Tupy, S.A. v. United States, 678 F. Supp. 898 (Ct. Int’l Trade), aff’d, 859 F.2d 915 (Fed. Cir. 1988). 105 See, e.g., Wieland Werke, AG v. United States, 718 F. Supp. 50 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1989). 106 The Statement of Administrative Action (SAA) to the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), expressly states that “the new section will not affect current Commission practice under which the statutory requirement is satisfied if there is a reasonable overlap of competition.” H.R. Rep. No. 103- 316, Vol. I at 848 (1994) (citing Fundicao Tupy, 678 F. Supp. at 902); see Goss Graphic Sys., Inc. v. United States, 33 F. Supp. 2d 1082, 1087 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1998) (“cumulation does not require two products to be highly fungible”); Wieland Werke, AG, 718 F. Supp. at 52 (“Completely overlapping markets are not required.”). 107 Pet. Postconference Br. at 14; see also id. at 15-18. As noted, Petitioners acknowledge that subject imports from Angola and Thailand are below the three percent negligibility threshold and therefore should not be cumulated for purposes of present material injury. See id. at 8-9. 108 Pet. Postconference Br. at 14-18. 21 Respondents’ Argument. For purposes of the preliminary phase of these investigations, Respondents have not raised any cumulation arguments.109 B. Analysis We consider subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway on a cumulated basis, because the statutory criteria for cumulation are satisfied and the record shows a reasonable overlap in competition. As an initial matter, Petitioners filed the antidumping and countervailing duty petitions with respect to all three countries on the same day, April 24, 2025.110 Imports from Angola subject to the antidumping duty investigation and imports from Thailand subject to the countervailing duty investigation may not be cumulated for purposes of present material injury and may only be cumulated for threat of material injury. Fungibility. *** U.S. producers reported that the domestic like product and subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are *** interchangeable, and that subject imports from all three sources are *** interchangeable with each other.111 A majority of responding importers reported that the domestic like product is always or frequently interchangeable with subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, and that subject imports from all three sources are always or frequently interchangeable with each other.112 The Commission’s pricing data reflect that there were overlapping sales of the domestic like product and subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway reported for pricing product 2 (sales to secondary aluminum producers) during the POI, particularly from the first quarter of 2024 through the fourth quarter of 2024, indicating that the domestic like product and subject imports from all three sources were competing head-to-head for sales in the U.S. market.113 The record also shows substantial overlap between the domestic like product and subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway in terms of grade. A majority of U.S. shipments of the domestic like product and subject imports from Australia and Norway, and a 109 Respondent Elkem does not challenge cumulation of subject imports from Norway, Australia, and Laos for present material injury purposes, but reserves the right to challenge cumulation based on the record of any final phase investigation. See Elkem Postconf. Br. at 1. 110 CR/PR Table 1.1. 111 CR/PR at Table 2.11; see also Pet. Postconference Br. at 15-16; Petition at 15 (there is a high degree of substitutability between U.S.-origin and imported silicon metal, with relative price an important factors in purchasing decisions; and published price indices for silicon metal are referenced by purchasers in all sectors), 25 (silicon metal is a fungible product; imports from all sources and the domestic product compete on the basis of price). 112 CR/PR at Table 2.11; see also Pet. Postconference Br. at 16, citing Responses to the U.S. Producers’ Questionnaire at Question IV-20; Responses to the U.S. Importers’ Questionnaire at Question III-20. 113 CR/PR at Table 5.5. 22 smaller percentage of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos, were of metallurgical grade silicon metal.114 A majority of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos, and smaller percentages of U.S. shipments of the domestic like product and subject imports of Australia and Norway, were of high purity grade.115 Channels of Distribution. A substantial majority of U.S. commercial shipments of the domestic like product were sold to *** during the POI,116 with the balance sold to *** throughout the POI.117 A majority of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Australia were sold to ***, and most of the remainder were sold to ***, during the POI.118 A majority of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Laos were sold to ***, and the remainder were sold to ***, during the POI.119 A majority of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Norway were sold to ***, and most of the remainder were sold to ***, during the POI.120 Thus, there was overlap between the domestic like product and subject 114 CR/PR at Table 4.8. In 2024, *** percent of U.S. shipments of the domestic like product were of metallurgical grade silicon metal, while *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Australia were of metallurgical grade, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos were of metallurgical grade, and *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Norway were of metallurgical grade. CR/PR at Table 4.8. 115 CR/PR at Table 4.8. In 2024, *** percent of U.S. shipments of the domestic like product were of high purity grade silicon metal, while *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Australia were of high purity grade, while *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos were of high purity grade, and while *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Norway were of high purity metallurgical grade. CR/PR at Table 4.8. 116 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of the domestic like product going to polysilicon and chemical producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 117 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of the domestic like product going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 118 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Australia going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Australia going to chemical producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 119 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Laos going to distributors ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Laos going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 120 CR/PR at Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Norway going to “other end users” ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from (Continued…) 23 imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway with respect to sales to secondary aluminum producers, and also between the domestic like product and subject imports from Australia with respect to sales to chemical producers. Geographic Overlap. U.S. producers and importers of subject merchandise from Australia, Laos, and Norway reported selling to all regions of the United States during the POI.121 Simultaneous Presence in Market. The domestic like product was present in the U.S. market throughout the POI.122 During the 36-month POI, subject imports from Australia were present in the U.S. market for 32 months, subject imports from Laos were present in 25 months, and subject imports from Norway were present in all 36 months.123 Conclusion. The record in the preliminary phase of these investigations indicates that subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are generally fungible with the domestic like product and each other. The record also indicates that imports from each of the subject countries and the domestic like product were generally sold in overlapping channels of distribution and geographic markets and were simultaneously present in the U.S. market during the POI. Because there appears to be a reasonable overlap of competition between and among imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, and the domestic like product, we cumulate subject imports from these three countries for purposes of our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of material injury by reason of subject imports. VII. Reasonable Indication of Material Injury by Reason of Subject Imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway A. Legal Standard In the preliminary phase of antidumping and countervailing duty investigations, the Commission determines whether there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of the imports under investigation.124 In making this determination, the Commission must consider the volume of subject imports, their effect on prices for the domestic like product, and their impact on domestic producers of the domestic like product, but only in the context of U.S. production Norway going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 121 CR/PR at Table 2.5. The regions include the Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, Central Southwest, Mountain, and Pacific Coast. Id. 122 CR/PR at Tables 5.4 to 5.5; see also Petition at 27. 123 CR/PR at Table 4.10. 124 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 24 operations.125 The statute defines “material injury” as “harm which is not inconsequential, immaterial, or unimportant.”126 In assessing whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is materially injured by reason of subject imports, we consider all relevant economic factors that bear on the state of the industry in the United States.127 No single factor is dispositive, and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.”128 Although the statute requires the Commission to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is “materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of” unfairly traded imports,129 it does not define the phrase “by reason of,” indicating that this aspect of the injury analysis is left to the Commission’s reasonable exercise of its discretion.130 In identifying a causal link, if any, between subject imports and material injury to the domestic industry, the Commission examines the facts of record that relate to the significance of the volume and price effects of the subject imports and any impact of those imports on the condition of the domestic industry. This evaluation under the “by reason of” standard must ensure that subject imports are more than a minimal or tangential cause of injury and that there is a sufficient causal, not merely a temporal, nexus between subject imports and material injury.131 In many investigations, there are other economic factors at work, some or all of which may also be having adverse effects on the domestic industry. Such economic factors might include nonsubject imports; changes in technology, demand, or consumer tastes; competition 125 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). The Commission “may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination” but shall “identify each {such} factor ... and explain in full its relevance to the determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B). 126 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(A). 127 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 128 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). 129 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a), 1673b(a). 130 Angus Chemical Co. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1478, 1484-85 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“{T}he statute does not ‘compel the commissioners’ to employ {a particular methodology}.”), aff’g, 944 F. Supp. 943, 951 (Ct. Int’l Trade 1996). 131 The Federal Circuit, in addressing the causation standard of the statute, observed that “{a}s long as its effects are not merely incidental, tangential, or trivial, the foreign product sold at less than fair value meets the causation requirement.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. USITC, 345 F.3d 1379, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2003). This was further ratified in Mittal Steel Point Lisas Ltd. v. United States, 542 F.3d 867, 873 (Fed. Cir. 2008), where the Federal Circuit, quoting Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 722 (Fed. Cir. 1997), stated that “this court requires evidence in the record ‘to show that the harm occurred “by reason of” the LTFV imports, not by reason of a minimal or tangential contribution to material harm caused by LTFV goods.’” See also Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n v. USITC, 266 F.3d 1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2001). 25 among domestic producers; or management decisions by domestic producers. The legislative history explains that the Commission must examine factors other than subject imports to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other factors to the subject imports, thereby inflating an otherwise tangential cause of injury into one that satisfies the statutory material injury threshold.132 In performing its examination, however, the Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfairly traded imports.133 Nor does the “by reason of” standard require that unfairly traded imports be the “principal” cause of injury or contemplate that injury from unfairly traded imports be weighed against other factors, such as nonsubject imports, which may be contributing to overall injury to an industry.134 It is clear that the existence of injury caused by other factors does not compel a negative determination.135 132 SAA at 851-52 (“{T}he Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.”); S. Rep. 96-249 at 75 (1979) (the Commission “will consider information which indicates that harm is caused by factors other than less- than-fair-value imports.”); H.R. Rep. 96-317 at 47 (1979) (“in examining the overall injury being experienced by a domestic industry, the ITC will take into account evidence presented to it which demonstrates that the harm attributed by the petitioner to the subsidized or dumped imports is attributable to such other factors;” those factors include “the volume and prices of nonsubsidized imports or imports sold at fair value, contraction in demand or changes in patterns of consumption, trade restrictive practices of and competition between the foreign and domestic producers, developments in technology and the export performance and productivity of the domestic industry”); accord Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 877. 133 SAA at 851-52 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports.”); Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Ass’n, 266 F.3d at 1345 (“{T}he Commission need not isolate the injury caused by other factors from injury caused by unfair imports ... . Rather, the Commission must examine other factors to ensure that it is not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” (emphasis in original)); Asociacion de Productores de Salmon y Trucha de Chile AG v. United States, 180 F. Supp. 2d 1360, 1375 (Ct. Int’l Trade 2002) (“{t}he Commission is not required to isolate the effects of subject imports from other factors contributing to injury” or make “bright-line distinctions” between the effects of subject imports and other causes.); see also Softwood Lumber from Canada, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-414 and 731-TA-928 (Remand), USITC Pub. 3658 at 100-01 (Dec. 2003) (Commission recognized that “{i}f an alleged other factor is found not to have or threaten to have injurious effects to the domestic industry, i.e., it is not an ‘other causal factor,’ then there is nothing to further examine regarding attribution to injury”), citing Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722 (the statute “does not suggest that an importer of LTFV goods can escape countervailing duties by finding some tangential or minor cause unrelated to the LTFV goods that contributed to the harmful effects on domestic market prices.”). 134 S. Rep. 96-249 at 74-75; H.R. Rep. 96-317 at 47. 135 See Nippon Steel Corp., 345 F.3d at 1381 (“an affirmative material-injury determination under the statute requires no more than a substantial-factor showing. That is, the ‘dumping’ need not be the sole or principal cause of injury.”). 26 Assessment of whether material injury to the domestic industry is “by reason of” subject imports “does not require the Commission to address the causation issue in any particular way” as long as “the injury to the domestic industry can reasonably be attributed to the subject imports.”136 The Commission ensures that it has “evidence in the record” to “show that the harm occurred ‘by reason of’ the LTFV imports,” and that it is “not attributing injury from other sources to the subject imports.” 137 The Federal Circuit has examined and affirmed various Commission methodologies and has disavowed “rigid adherence to a specific formula.”138 The question of whether the material injury threshold for subject imports is satisfied notwithstanding any injury from other factors is factual, subject to review under the substantial evidence standard.139 Congress has delegated this factual finding to the Commission because of the agency’s institutional expertise in resolving injury issues.140 B. Conditions of Competition and the Business Cycle The following conditions of competition inform our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of material injury or threat of material injury by reason of subject imports. 1. Captive Production The domestic industry internally transfers a portion of its production of silicon metal for the manufacturing of downstream products. We therefore consider the applicability of the statutory captive production provision, and whether to focus our analysis primarily on the 136 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 876 &78; see also id. at 873 (“While the Commission may not enter an affirmative determination unless it finds that a domestic industry is materially injured ‘by reason of’ subject imports, the Commission is not required to follow a single methodology for making that determination ... {and has} broad discretion with respect to its choice of methodology.”), citing United States Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 1996) and S. Rep. 96-249 at 75. In its decision in Swiff-Train v. United States, 793 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2015), the Federal Circuit affirmed the Commission’s causation analysis as comporting with the Court’s guidance in Mittal. 137 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873 (quoting from Gerald Metals, 132 F.3d at 722), 877-79. We note that one relevant “other factor” may involve the presence of significant volumes of price-competitive nonsubject imports in the U.S. market, particularly when a commodity product is at issue. In appropriate cases, the Commission collects information regarding nonsubject imports and producers in nonsubject countries in order to conduct its analysis. 138 Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414 F.3d 1331, 1336, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 879 (“Bratsk did not read into the antidumping statute a Procrustean formula for determining whether a domestic injury was ‘by reason’ of subject imports.”). 139 We provide in our discussion below a full analysis of other factors alleged to have caused any material injury experienced by the domestic industry. 140 Mittal Steel, 542 F.3d at 873; Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1350, citing U.S. Steel Group, 96 F.3d at 1357; S. Rep. 96-249 at 75 (“The determination of the ITC with respect to causation is ... complex and difficult, and is a matter for the judgment of the ITC.”). 27 merchant market when assessing market share and the factors affecting the financial performance of the domestic industry.141 a) Arguments of the Parties Petitioners contend that the captive production provision does not apply in these investigations.142 They note the Commission’s finding from its 2018 and 2021 investigations of silicon metal that the captive production provision did not apply in those investigations because the second statutory criterion was not satisfied.143 Respondents raised no argument concerning whether the captive production provision applies in these investigations. b) Analysis Threshold Criterion. The provision can be applied only if, as a threshold matter, significant production of the domestic like product is internally transferred and significant production is sold in the merchant market. The domestic industry internally transferred between *** and *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments during the POI, while it sold 141 The captive production provision can be applied only if, as a threshold matter, significant production of the domestic like product is internally transferred and significant production is sold in the merchant market. The captive production provision, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iv), as amended by the Trade Preferences Extension Act (“TPEA”) of 2015, provides: (iv) CAPTIVE PRODUCTION – If domestic producers internally transfer significant production of the domestic like product for the production of a downstream article and sell significant production of the domestic like product in the merchant market, and the Commission finds that- (I) the domestic like product produced that is internally transferred for processing into that downstream article does not enter the merchant market for the domestic like product, and (II) the domestic like product is the predominant material input in the production of that downstream article. The SAA indicates that where a domestic like product is transferred internally for the production of another article coming within the definition of the domestic like product, such transfers do not constitute internal transfers for the production of a “downstream article” for purposes of the captive production provision. SAA at 853. The TPEA eliminated what had been the third statutory criterion of the captive production provision. Pub. L. 114-27, § 503(c). 142 Pet. Postconference Br., Response to Staff Question 2, Exh. 1 at A-4. 143 Pet. Postconference Br., Response to Staff Question 2, Exh. 1 at A-4, citing USITC Pub. 4773 at 19 n.102 and USITC Pub. 5180 at 17-18. 28 between *** and *** percent of its U.S. shipments commercially.144 Thus, the record shows that a significant portion of production of silicon metal is both internally transferred and sold in the merchant market, in satisfaction of the threshold criterion. First Statutory Criterion. The first criterion of the captive consumption provision focuses on whether the domestic like product that is internally transferred for further processing into downstream articles is in fact sold in the merchant market for the domestic like product.145 The domestic industry further processed into out-of-scope downstream articles between *** and *** percent of its internal transfers during the POI, while *** percent was diverted to the merchant market for the domestic like product in 2022.146 As nearly all internal transfers were processed into downstream articles and did not enter the merchant market for the domestic like product, this criterion appears met. Second Statutory Criterion. In applying the second statutory criterion, the Commission generally considers whether the domestic like product is the predominant material input into a downstream product by referring to its share of the raw material cost of the downstream product,147 but the Commission has also construed “predominant” material input to mean the main or strongest element, and not necessarily a majority of the inputs by value.148 In these investigations, domestic producers reported that internally transferred silicon metal accounted for *** percent of the quantity and *** percent of the value of the finished cost of the downstream articles.149 Based on these shares, the second criterion appears unmet. 144 CR at Table 3.10. 145 See, e.g., Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Argentina and South Africa, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-404, 731-TA-898, 905 (Final), USITC Pub. 3446 at 15-16 (Aug. 2001); Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Products from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey and Venezuela, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-393 and 731-TA-829-40 (Final) (Remand), USITC Pub. 3691 at 2 & n.19 (May 2004). 146 CR/PR at Table 3.11. 147 See, e.g., Emulsion Styrene-Butadiene Rubber from Czechia and Russia, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-1575 and 731-TA-1577 (Final), USITC Pub. 5392 at 19 (Jan. 2023) (confidential version at 25, EDIS Doc. No. 787280) (“In these investigations, Goodyear indicated that internally consumed ESBR accounted for *** percent of the value and *** percent of the total weight of raw materials used to produce tires. We find that these shares are insufficient to satisfy this criterion”). 148 See Polyvinyl Alcohol from Germany and Japan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-1015-16 (Final), USITC Pub. 3604 at 15 n.69 (June 2003). 149 CR/PR at Table 3.13. 29 Conclusion. Because the second criteria of the captive production provision does not appear to be satisfied, we find that the captive production provision does not apply. 1. Demand Conditions U.S. demand for silicon metal is driven by demand for the end uses in which it is used as an input.150 Chemical producers, primary aluminum producers, and secondary aluminum producers are the principal end users of silicon metal.151 Silicon metal is used in a variety of applications, including in the production of aluminum (automobiles/commercial), chemicals (silicones), and polysilicon (solar and electronics).152 *** U.S. producers reported that U.S. demand for silicon metal fluctuated upward during the POI, and the vast majority of U.S. importers reported that U.S. demand for silicon metal steadily increased or fluctuated upward during the POI.153 Apparent U.S. consumption of silicon metal declined from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023, and then increased to *** short tons in 2024, a level *** percent lower than in 2022.154 2. Supply Conditions The domestic industry was the second-largest supplier of silicon metal to the U.S. market in 2022 and 2024 and the largest supplier to the U.S. market in 2023.155 The domestic industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, but then declined to *** percent in 2024, for an overall decline of *** percentage points between 2022 and 2024.156 The domestic industry consists of two domestic producers, Ferroglobe and MS Silicon.157 In 2024, Ferroglobe accounted for *** percent of U.S. production of silicon metal, while MS 150 CR/PR at 2.9. 151 CR/PR at 1.8-1.9 & 2.9. 152 CR/PR at 1.8-1.9 & 2.9. Six of 10 responding importers reported that the U.S. market for silicon metal is subject to fluctuations both during and across years and is affected by overall silicon demand and demand for aluminum and polysilicon products that use silicon metal. Id. at 2.9. 153 CR/PR at Table 2.7. Six importers reported that U.S. demand for silicon metal steadily increased or fluctuated upward while two importers reported that U.S. demand for silicon metal fluctuated downward since January 1, 2022. Id. 154 CR/PR at Tables 4.11 & C.1. 155 CR/PR at Table C.1. 156 CR/PR at Table C.1. 157 CR/PR at Table 3.1. 30 Silicon accounted for *** of domestic production.158 The domestic industry’s reported practical capacity was below apparent U.S. consumption throughout the POI.159 The industry’s practical capacity declined overall by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, declining from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023 and *** short tons in 2024.160 The industry’s capacity utilization fluctuated but increased overall by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, declining from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, before increasing to *** percent in 2024.161 Ferroglobe, the largest domestic producer of silicon metal, idled its facility in Selma, Alabama beginning in December 2023, and it remained closed for the rest of the POI.162 Cumulated subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway were the smallest source of supply to the U.S. market throughout POI, but increased overall from 2022-2024 and especially between 2023 and 2024.163 Cumulated subject imports’ market share increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024, for an overall increase of *** percentage points from 2022-2024.164 Nonsubject imports were the largest source of supply to the U.S. market in 2022 and 2024 and the second-largest source of supply in 2023.165 Nonsubject imports’ market share declined from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, but then increased to *** percent in 2024, for an overall decline of *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024.166 The largest sources of nonsubject imports during the POI were Brazil and Canada.167 Both U.S. producers and all responding U.S. importers reported that they did not experience supply constraints during the POI.168 3. Substitutability and Other Conditions Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that there is a high degree of substitutability between domestically produced silicon metal and silicon metal imported from subject sources.169 As discussed in section VI.B. above, both U.S. 158 CR/PR at Table 3.1. 159 CR/PR at Table C.1. Petitioners acknowledge that the domestic industry is unable to satisfy all the demand for silicon metal in the U.S. market. Petitioners’ Postconference Br. at 22. 160 CR/PR at Tables 3.5 & C.1. 161 CR/PR at Tables 3.7 & C.1. 162 CR/PR at Tables 3.3 & 3.4. 163 CR/PR at Table C.1. 164 CR/PR at Table C.1. 165 CR/PR at Table C.1. 166 CR/PR at Table C.1. 167 CR/PR at Table 4.3. 168 CR/PR at 2.8. 169 CR/PR at 2.10. 31 producers and the majority of responding importers reported that the domestic like product and subject imports from all sources are always or frequently interchangeable.170 Differences in some purchasing factors, including silicon metal composition characteristics and reliability of supply, may limit substitutability to some extent.171 We also find that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions for silicon metal, among other important factors. Responding purchasers reported that price was among the top three factors that influenced their purchasing decisions, along with quality and availability/supply.172 Of those factors, quality was the most frequently cited top factor (cited by 10 firms), followed by price (four firms), and availability/supply (three firms).173 Both U.S. producers and the vast majority of responding U.S. importers reported that differences other than price between subject imports and the domestic like product were sometimes or never significant.174 During the POI, U.S. producers sold the majority of their silicon metal to chemical producers, lesser but appreciable quantities to secondary aluminum producers and other end users, and very small quantities to primary aluminum producers and distributors.175 U.S. importers sold substantial quantities of subject merchandise to secondary aluminum producers, distributors, and other end users throughout the POI; small quantities of subject merchandise to chemical producers in 2022 and 2023; substantial quantities to chemical producers in 2024; and small quantities of subject merchandise to primary aluminum producers during the POI.176 The *** shipments by domestic producers were produced-to-order, with lead times averaging *** days.177 U.S. importers reported that the majority of their shipments were from U.S. inventories with lead times averaging *** days, lesser but substantial quantities of their shipments were produced-to-order with lead times averaging *** days, and smaller but appreciable quantities of their shipments were from foreign inventories with lead times averaging *** days.178 170 CR/PR at Tables 2.9 & 2.10. 171 CR/PR at 2.10 & Table 2.10. 172 CR/PR at Table 2.8. 173 CR/PR at Table 2.8. Quality was the most frequently cited second-most important factor (cited by six firms), followed by price (three firms), and availability/supply (two firms). Id. Availability/supply was the most frequently cited third-most important factor (cited by six firms), followed by price (five firms), and quality (two firms). Id. 174 CR/PR at Tables 2.11 & 2.12. 175 CR/PR at Table 2.1. 176 CR/PR at Table 2.4 (less Angola and Thailand). 177 CR/PR at 2.11. 178 CR/PR at 2.11. 32 *** and nearly all responding importers reported setting prices using transaction-by- transaction negotiations and contracts.179 Both U.S. producers reported selling *** of their silicon metal through annual contracts, while also selling small quantities via short-term contracts, long-term contracts, and spot sales.180 Responding U.S. importers reported selling *** of their silicon metal through annual contracts, while also selling lesser but substantial quantities via short-term contracts, long-term contracts, and spot sales.181 U.S. producers also reported that their annual contracts *** for price renegotiation, fix *** (and in the case of ***, fix quantity as well), and *** prices to raw material costs, and that silicon metal prices are set using various price indices, such as those published in the CRU’s Monitor or Platts’ Metals Week.182 On the other hand, information available suggests that a large portion of a U.S. importers’ prices were not fixed to price indices.183 Silicon metal is produced from mined quartzite and consists almost entirely of elemental silicon with very small amounts of impurities (such as iron, calcium, and aluminum).184 U.S. producers reported that raw materials as a share of their cost of goods sold (“COGS”) increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.185 Effective April 5, 2025, silicon metal originating in Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand became subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem duty under the International 179 CR/PR at Table 5.2. 180 CR/PR at Table 5.3. 181 CR/PR at Table 5.3. 182 CR/PR at 5.5. The prices published in these indices, which the domestic producers base their prices on, reflect sales of silicon metal to the secondary aluminum market (i.e., the market demanding the lowest purity silicon metal). Petitioners’ Postconference Br. at 19-20. According to Petitioner, the prices in the secondary aluminum market are referenced by purchasers in the other parts of the market, which it alleges causes pricing in all parts of the silicon market to often move together. Respondent Elkem appears to disagree and suggest that the domestic producers’ pricing practices could explain any injury to the domestic industry since ***, which demands a higher purity silicon metal than the silicon metal sold in the secondary aluminum market. See Elkem’s Postconference Br. at 12-13. The Commission will explore this issue further in any final phase of the investigations. 183 Simcoa’s Postconference Br. at Responses to Commission Staff Questions p. 6 and Exh. 1. 184 CR/PR at 5.1. 185 CR/PR at Table 6.3. 33 Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”).186 The imposition of these duties is currently subject to a legal challenge before the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.187 C. Volume of Subject Imports Section 771(7)(C)(i) of the Tariff Act provides that the “Commission shall consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States, is significant.”188 Cumulated subject imports, by volume, increased overall by 84.2 percent between 2022 and 2024, declining from 20,204 short tons in 2022 to 16,877 short tons in 2023, before increasing to 37,218 short tons in 2024.189 Cumulated subject imports’ share of apparent U.S. consumption increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, increasing from *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.190 Most of the increase in cumulated subject imports’ share of apparent U.S. consumption over the POI occurred between 2023 and 2024, as cumulated subject imports captured *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry.191 Based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that the volume of cumulated subject imports and the increase in that volume are significant in absolute terms and relative to consumption in the United States.192 186 CR/PR at 1.7. Effective April 9, 2025, Angola was instead assigned an individualized country duty of 32 percent ad valorem, Laos was instead assigned an individualized country duty of 48 percent ad valorem, Norway was instead assigned an individualized country duty of 15 percent ad valorem, and Thailand was instead assigned an individualized country duty of 36 percent ad valorem. However, effective April 10, 2025, individualized country duties were suspended and the duty rate for silicon metal originating in Angola, Laos, Norway, and Thailand was returned to 10 percent. Id. This information reflects tariffs in effect as of June 6, 2025, the day the record closed with respect to the submission of factual information. 187 CR/PR at 1.7. 188 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(i). 189 CR/PR at Tables 4.2 & C.1 (not including Angola and Thailand). 190 CR/PR at Tables 4.11 & C.1 (not including Angola and Thailand). 191 CR/PR at Tables 4.11 & C.1 (not including Angola and Thailand). The domestic industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption declined by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, declining from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. Nonsubject imports’ share of apparent consumption increased by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, increasing from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. 192 As a ratio to domestic production, cumulated subject imports declined from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, but then increased to *** percent in 2024. CR/PR at Table 4.2. 34 D. Price Effects of the Subject Imports Section 771(7)(C)(ii) of the Tariff Act provides that, in evaluating the price effects of subject imports, the Commission shall consider whether – (I) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and (II) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.193 As discussed in section VII.B.3 above, we find a high degree of substitutability between subject imports and the domestic like product and that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions for silicon metal. The Commission collected quarterly quantity and f.o.b. pricing data on sales of three silicon metal products shipped to unrelated U.S. customers during January 2022-December 2024.194 *** and three U.S. importers provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing data for all products for all quarters.195 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. commercial shipments of silicon metal in 2024, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Australia, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos, and *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Norway.196 Nearly all the pricing data 193 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(ii). 194 CR/PR at 5.5. The three pricing products are: Product 1.-- Sold to primary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.5% silicon, a maximum of 1.00% iron, a maximum of 0.07% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. Product 2.-- Sold to secondary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 97.0% silicon, a maximum of 2.00% iron, a maximum of .4% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. Product 3.-- Sold to chemical and/or polysilicon manufacturers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.0% silicon, a maximum of 1.50% iron, a maximum of 0.2% calcium, and a maximum of 0.4% aluminum. Id. 195 CR/PR at 5.6. 196 CR/PR at 5.6. 35 reported by importers of subject merchandise were for pricing product 2, silicon metal sold to secondary aluminum producers.197 Cumulated subject imports undersold the domestic like product in 21 of 43 quarterly comparisons, or 48.8 percent of the time, with underselling margins ranging between *** and *** percent, and averaging *** percent.198 They oversold the domestic like product in the remaining 22 quarterly comparisons, or 51.2 percent of the time, with overselling margins ranging between *** percent and *** percent and averaging *** percent.199 During the POI, there were reported subject import sales of *** short tons in the quarters with underselling, representing *** percent of total reported subject import sales volume, compared to reported subject import sales of *** short tons in quarters with overselling, representing *** percent of total reported subject import sales volume.200 The majority of subject import underselling in terms of both quarterly comparisons and reported sales volume was for pricing product 2 (sold to secondary aluminum producers).201 We note that underselling by cumulated subject imports intensified during the POI and became pervasive in 2024. In 2024, cumulated subject imports undersold the domestic like product in 13 of 19 quarterly comparisons, or 68.4 percent of the time, corresponding to reported subject import sales of *** short tons, representing *** percent of total reported subject import sales volume that year.202 We have also considered purchasers’ responses to the Commission’s lost sales/lost revenue survey. Of the 14 responding purchasers, nine reported that, since January 1, 2022, they had purchased subject silicon metal from Australia, Laos, and Norway instead of the domestic like product, and seven of these purchasers reported that subject imports were lower priced than the domestic like product.203 Four of those purchasers also reported that price was a primary reason for their decision to purchase *** short tons of silicon metal imported from 197 See CR/PR at Tables 5.4-5.7. Data for pricing product 1, product sold to primary aluminum producers, were reported in 12 quarters for subject imports from one country, Australia. Id. at Tables 5.4 & 5.7. Data for pricing product 3, product sold to chemical and/or polysilicon producers, were reported in six quarters for subject imports from one country, Australia. CR/PR at Tables 5.6 & 5.7. 198 CR/PR at Table 5.9. 199 CR/PR at Table 5.9. 200 CR/PR at Table 5.9 & derived from Table 5.9. 201 CR/PR at Table 5.9. 202 CR/PR at Revised Table 5.12 (less Angola and Thailand). 203 CR/PR Table 5.15. 36 the subject countries rather than the domestic like product,204 equivalent to *** percent of all reported purchases of cumulated subject imports during the POI.205 Based on the high degree of substitutability between the domestic like product and cumulated subject imports, the importance of price in purchasing decisions for silicon metal, the pricing data showing predominant underselling in 2024, and the purchaser responses regarding comparative prices and confirmed lost sales, we find that cumulated subject imports undersold the domestic like product to a significant degree. As cumulated subject imports intensified their underselling from 2023 to 2024, predominantly underselling the domestic like product in 2024, cumulated subject imports gained *** percentage points of market share at the direct expense of the domestic industry.206 We have also examined price trends during the POI. Prices for all three domestically produced pricing products generally declined from the first quarter of 2022 through the first quarter of 2024, at which point they increased slightly until the fourth quarter of 2024.207 Prices for all domestically produced pricing products were lower in the last quarter of the POI than in the first quarter.208 Between the first and last quarters of the POI, reported domestic sales prices declined by *** percent for product 1, *** percent for product 2, and *** percent for product 3.209 Prices for all three pricing products imported from Australia and Norway followed the same general trend as prices for the domestic product, declining overall during the POI.210 Between the first and last quarters of the POI, reported sales prices for subject imports from Australia declined *** percent for product 1, *** percent for product 2, and *** percent for product 3.211 Reported sales prices for subject imports of product 2 from Norway declined 204 CR/PR at Table 5.15. 205 Derived from CR/PR at Tables 5.13 & 5.15. 206 CR/PR at Table C.1. Cumulated subject imports’ market share increased from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024, while the domestic industry’s market share declined by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, declining from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. Nonsubject imports’ market share increased by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, increasing from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. Over the full POI, subject imports gained *** percentage points of market share, while the domestic industry and nonsubject imports lost *** and *** percentage points of market share, respectively. Id. 207 See CR/PR at Tables 5.4-5.7 & Figs. 5.2-5.4. 208 See CR/PR at Table 5.7 and Figs. 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4. 209 CR/PR at Table 5.7. The domestic industry’s average unit values (“AUVs”) of net sales and U.S. shipments decreased in every year of the POI. Id. at Table C.1. 210 CR/PR at Table 5.7. There was no reported pricing data for subject imports from Angola. CR/PR at 5.6 n.5. 211 CR/PR at Table 5.7. 37 by *** percent.212 We note, however, that these price declines largely occurred during the 2022-2023 period, when apparent U.S. consumption declined by *** percent.213 The majority of the price declines also occurred during a period of lower subject import volume, with subject imports accounting for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption in 2023, after which it nearly *** to *** percent.214 Domestic prices generally increased in 2024, as apparent U.S. consumption increased by *** percent.215 We have also considered whether cumulated subject imports prevented price increases for domestically produced silicon metal which otherwise would have occurred to a significant degree. The domestic industry’s ratio of COGS to net sales increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.216 We recognize that the domestic industry’s COGS-to-net-sales ratio increased most sharply during the 2022-2023 period, by *** percentage points, when apparent U.S. consumption declined by *** percent.217 Between 2023 and 2024, however, the domestic industry’s COGS-to-net-sales ratio increased by an additional *** percentage points, even as apparent U.S. consumption increased by *** percent.218 Over that 2023-2024 period, as the volume of lower priced subject imports increased by 120.5 percent and captured *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry, the industry’s AUV of net sales declined by more than its unit COGS, and the industry experienced a cost-price squeeze and the domestic industry’s operating and net sales income turned to losses.219 Accordingly, we find 212 CR/PR at Table 5.7. There was no reported pricing data for subject imports from Norway for products 1 and 3. Id. 213 CR/PR at Tables 5.4-5.7 & C.1. 214 CR/PR at C.1. One of 10 responding purchasers reported that the domestic industry reduced its prices by *** percent during the POI to compete with lower priced subject imports. Id. at Table 5.15. 215 CR/PR at Tables 5.4-5.7 & C.1. 216 CR/PR at Tables 6.1 & C.1. 217 CR/PR at Table C.1. 218 CR/PR at Table C.1. 219 Between 2023 and 2024, the domestic industry’s net sales AUV (in dollars per short ton) declined by $*** (or by *** percent), from $*** in 2023 to $*** in 2024, while its unit COGS (in dollars per short ton) declined by $*** (or by *** percent), from $*** in 2023 to $*** in 2024. CR/PR at Tables 6.5 & C.1. The decline in the domestic industry’s unit COGS during the 2023-2024 period was driven primarily by the *** percent decline in unit other factory costs, which appears to be attributable to Ferroglobe’s idling of its facility in Selma, Alabama beginning in December 2023 for the remainder of the POI. See, e.g., CR/PR at Tables 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 6.1, C.1, and Fig. 5.1. By contrast, unit electricity costs increased, unit raw material and direct labor costs, i.e., the more variable components of unit COGS, were relatively flat, and unit byproduct revenue declined. Id. We intend to examine this issue further in any final phase of the investigations. 38 that cumulated subject imports suppressed prices for the domestic like product to a significant degree. In sum, based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that cumulated subject imports significantly undersold the domestic like product, thereby capturing market share from the domestic industry and suppressing prices for the domestic like product to a significant degree during the 2023-2024 period. Accordingly, we find that cumulated subject imports had significant price effects. E. Impact of the Subject Imports220 Section 771(7)(C)(iii) of the Tariff Act provides that the Commission, in examining the impact of the subject imports on the domestic industry, “shall evaluate all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry.” These factors include output, sales, inventories, capacity utilization, market share, employment, wages, productivity, gross profits, net profits, operating profits, cash flow, return on investment, return on capital, ability to raise capital, ability to service debt, research and development (“R&D”), and factors affecting domestic prices. No single factor is dispositive and all relevant factors are considered “within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry.”221 The domestic industry’s output, employment, and financial performance indicia generally declined over the POI and the industry suffered operating and net losses by 2024. The industry’s performance declined from 2022 to 2023 as apparent U.S. consumption declined *** percent. When apparent U.S. consumption increased *** percent from 2023 to 2024, however, the domestic industry was unable to fully capitalize on the demand recovery as increased volumes of cumulated subject imports captured *** percentage points of market share from the industry, driven by significant underselling, and suppressed domestic prices to a significant degree.222 Most of the domestic industry’s output indicia generally declined over the POI. The domestic industry’s practical capacity declined by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, falling from 220 In its notice initiating the antidumping duty investigations, Commerce initiated investigations based on estimated dumping margins of 328.89 percent for imports from Australia, 94.44 percent for imports from Laos, and 102.08 percent for imports from Norway. Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Norway: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations, 90 Fed. Reg. 21741, 21744 (May 21, 2025). 221 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)(iii). This provision was amended by the Trade Preferences Extension Act (“TPEA”) of 2015, Pub. L. 114-27. 222 CR/PR at Table C.1. 39 *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023, and *** short tons in 2024.223 The industry’s production quantity declined irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024, decreasing from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023, and then rising to *** short tons in 2024.224 Because the domestic industry’s production declined to a greater degree than its capacity from 2022 to 2023, its capacity utilization decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023; the industry’s production remained relatively stable while its capacity declined from 2023 to 2024, resulting in the domestic industry’s capacity utilization increasing to *** percent in 2024.225 The domestic industry’s employment indicia also generally declined over the POI. The industry’s number of production and related workers (“PRWs”) fell by *** percent over the POI, declining from *** PRWs in 2022 to *** PRWs in 2023 and *** PRWs in 2024.226 Hours worked declined by *** percent over the POI, decreasing from *** hours in 2022 and 2023 to *** hours in 2024.227 Wages paid declined irregularly by *** percent over the POI, rising from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, and then falling to $*** in 2024.228 Productivity (in short tons contained silicon per 1,000 hours) increased irregularly by 5.2 percent over the POI, falling from *** in 2022 to *** in 2023, and then rising to *** in 2024.229 The industry’s U.S. shipments decreased by *** percent over the POI, falling from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023 and *** short tons in 2024.230 The domestic industry’s share of apparent U.S. consumption declined irregularly by *** percentage points over the POI, increasing from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, and then declining to *** percent in 2024.231 The domestic industry’s end-of-period inventories declined irregularly by *** percent over the POI, falling from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023, and then increasing to *** short tons in 2024.232 As a ratio to U.S. shipments, the domestic industry’s end-of-period inventories declined irregularly by *** percentage points over the POI, falling from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, and then increasing to *** percent in 2024.233 223 CR/PR at Tables 3.5, C.1. 224 CR/PR at Tables 3.5, C.1. 225 CR/PR Tables C-2 & G-6. 226 CR/PR at Tables 3.14, C.1. 227 CR/PR at Tables 3.14, C.1. 228 CR/PR at Tables 3.14, C.1. 229 CR/PR at Tables 3.14, C.1. 230 CR/PR at Tables 3.9, C.1. 231 CR/PR at Tables 4.11, C.1. 232 CR/PR at Tables 3.13, C.1. 233 CR/PR at Tables 3.13, C.1. 40 The domestic industry’s financial performance steadily deteriorated over the POI, and the industry’s operating and net income declined from 2022 to 2023 and turned to losses in 2024. The domestic industry’s net sales value declined by *** percent over the POI, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024.234 Gross profit declined by *** percent over the POI, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024.235 Operating income declined from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023, and *** in 2024.236 Net income declined from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and *** in 2024.237 The industry’s ratio of operating income to net sales fell from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in interim 2024.238 The industry’s ratio of net income to net sales fell from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.239 The domestic industry’s capital expenditures fell by *** percent over the POI, declining from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024.240 The domestic industry’s research and development expenses were $*** in each year of the POI.241 The industry’s net assets declined by *** percent over the POI, falling from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023 and $*** in 2024.242 The industry’s return on assets declined from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024.243 Cumulated subject imports that are highly substitutable for the domestic like product entered the U.S. market in significant and increasing volumes during the POI, as subject import underselling intensified. Between 2023 and 2024, as subject import underselling intensified and became predominant, cumulated subject imports captured *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry and suppressed domestic prices to a significant degree, placing the industry in a cost-price squeeze. As cumulated subject imports captured market share from the domestic industry during the 2023-2024 period, the domestic industry’s production, capacity utilization, employment, U.S. shipments, revenues, and profits were lower than they would have been otherwise.244 The domestic industry’s financial performance, including its operating income, net income, and operating and net income margins, was also 234 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 235 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 236 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 237 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 238 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 239 CR/PR at Tables 6.1, C.1. 240 CR/PR at Tables 6.9, C.1. 241 CR/PR at Table 6.9, C.1. 242 CR/PR at Tables 6.11, C.1. 243 CR/PR at 6.12, Table C.1. 244 CR/PR at Table C.1. 41 weaker than it would have been had cumulated subject imports not suppressed domestic prices during the period. Accordingly, we find that there is a reasonable indication that cumulated subject imports had a significant impact on the domestic industry.245 We have also considered whether there are other factors that may have had an impact on the domestic industry to ensure that we are not attributing injury from such other factors to subject imports. We recognize that nonsubject imports maintained a larger presence in the U.S. market than cumulated subject imports throughout the POI.246 However, the market share of nonsubject imports declined irregularly by *** percentage points during the POI, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.247 While the market share of nonsubject imports increased from 2023 to 2024, nonsubject imports captured less market share from the domestic industry than cumulated subject imports over the period.248 Moreover, the AUVs of nonsubject imports were higher than those of cumulated subject imports in both 2023 and 2024.249 Consequently, nonsubject imports cannot explain either the domestic industry’s loss of market share to cumulated subject imports or the suppression of domestic prices by reason of cumulated subject imports. We also recognize that apparent U.S. consumption declined irregularly by *** percent from 2022 to 2024.250 After the *** percent decline in apparent U.S. consumption from 2022 to 2023, however, the domestic industry was unable to fully capitalize on the *** percent increase in apparent U.S. consumption from 2023 to 2024, as cumulated subject imports 245 Respondent Elkem contends that the domestic industry was supply constrained beginning in the second half of the POI with Ferroglobe idling its Selma plant in October 2023 and MS Silicon informing customers that it was sold out. Elkem’s Post Conference Br. at 11-12. The record, however, indicates that the domestic industry had excess capacity in 2023 and 2024. CR/PR at Table C.1. Ferroglobe also contends that its reason for shutting down its Selma plant was low-priced subject import competition. Petitioners’ Postconference Br. at 32. The Commission will explore this issue further in any final phase of these investigations. 246 CR/PR at Table C.1. 247 CR/PR at Table C.1. 248 CR/PR at Table C.1. The market share of nonsubject imports increased by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, increasing from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. The market share of cumulated subject imports increased by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, increasing from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. The domestic industry’s market share declined by *** percentage points from 2023 to 2024, declining from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. Id. 249 CR/PR Table C.1 (not including Angola or Thailand). The AUVs of nonsubject imports were lower than the AUVs of the domestic industry’s net sales in 2022 and 2024, although they were higher in 2023. Id. We recognize that AUV comparisons may be influenced by differences in product mix and changes in product mix over time. We intend to further examine the impact of nonsubject imports in any final phase of these investigations. 250 CR/PR at Table C.1. 42 captured *** percentage points of market share from the industry, driven by significant underselling, and suppressed domestic prices to a significant degree.251 In sum, based on the record of the preliminary phase of these investigations, we find that cumulated subject imports had a significant impact on the domestic industry. Consequently, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of cumulated subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway. VIII. Reasonable Indication of Threat of Material Injury by Reason of Subject Imports from Angola and Thailand We have determined that there is a potential that subject imports from Angola and Thailand will imminently account for more than 3 percent of all subject merchandise imported into the United States. Therefore, we need to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that the domestic industry is threatened with material injury by reason of subject imports from Angola that are allegedly sold at LTFV and subject imports from Thailand that are allegedly subsidized by the government of Thailand. A. Legal Standard Section 771(7)(F) of the Tariff Act directs the Commission to determine whether there is a reasonable indication that the U.S. industry is threatened with material injury by reason of subject imports by analyzing whether “further dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted.”252 The Commission may not make such a determination “on the basis of mere conjecture or supposition,” and considers the threat factors “as a whole” in making its determination whether dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of subject imports would occur unless an order is issued.253 In making our determinations, we consider all statutory threat factors that are relevant to these investigations.254 251 CR/PR at Table C.1. 252 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). 253 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ii). 254 These factors are as follows: (I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies Agreement) and whether imports of the subject merchandise are likely to increase, (Continued…) 43 B. Cumulation for Threat Under Section 771(7)(H) of the Tariff Act, the Commission may “to the extent practicable” cumulatively assess the volume and price effects of subject imports from all countries as to which petitions were filed on the same day if the requirements for cumulation in the material injury context are satisfied.255 Imports from all other sources subject to investigation remain eligible for cumulation with subject imports from Angola and Thailand for purposes of our threat analysis.256 Thus, subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway are eligible for cumulation with subject imports from Laos and Thailand for purposes of our threat of material injury analysis.257 Petitioners argue that, given the reasonable overlap of competition between the subject imports and domestically produced silicon metal during the POI, the Commission should (II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, (IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices and are likely to increase demand for further imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, (VI) the potential for product-shifting if production facilities in the foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products, … (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the time). 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(i). To organize our analysis, we discuss the applicable statutory threat factors using the same volume/price/impact framework that applies to our material injury analysis. Statutory threat factors (I), (II), (III), (V), and (VI) are discussed in the analysis of subject import volume. Statutory threat factor (IV) is discussed in the analysis of subject import price effects. Statutory factors (VIII) and (IX) are discussed in the analysis of impact. Statutory factor (VII) concerning agricultural products is inapplicable to these investigations. 255 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(H). 256 See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(G)(ii), (7)(H). 257 See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(H); see generally Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products from Brazil, India, Korea, Russia, and the United Kingdom, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-540, 542-544 and 731-TA-1283, 1285, 1287, and 1289-1290 (Final), USITC Pub. 4637 (Sept. 2016) at 24. 44 exercise its discretion and cumulate subject imports from Australia, Angola, Laos, Norway, and Thailand for purposes of threat.258 Respondent Simcoa argues that the Commission should exercise its discretion not to cumulate subject imports from Australia with subject imports from Angola, Laos, Norway and Thailand because subject imports from Australia are likely to compete under different conditions of competition.259 Specifically, Simcoa argues it has long exported small quantities of the highest quality (purity) silicon metal to the U.S. market from halfway around the world, unlike producers in other subject countries.260 No other Respondents addressed cumulation for purposes of threat in these preliminary phase investigations. We previously found in Section VI.B. that the petitions for all investigations were filed on the same day and that there is a reasonable overlap of competition between and among subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, and the domestic like product. There is no information on the record to suggest that the reasonable overlap of competition between and among imports from these subject sources and the domestic like product will not continue into the imminent future. We also find that there will likely be a reasonable overlap of competition between and among subject imports from Angola and Thailand, subject imports from other sources, and the domestic like product. Fungibility. With respect to fungibility, both U.S. producers reported that subject imports from Angola and Thailand were *** interchangeable with subject imports from each other source and the domestic like product.261 Similarly, majorities of responding U.S. importers reported that subject imports from Angola were always or frequently interchangeable with subject imports from other sources and the domestic like product, while either half or majorities of responding U.S. importers reported that subject imports from Thailand were interchangeable in these same comparisons.262 258 Petitioners’ Postconference Br. at 34-39. 259 Simcoa Postconference Br. at 3, 45. 260 Simcoa Postconference Br. at 45. 261 CR/PR Table 2.9. Contrary to Simcoa’s argument that certain factors limit the fungibility of subject imports from Australia, both domestic producers reported that subject imports from Australia were *** interchangeable with the domestic like product and subject imports from other sources, while a majority of responding importers reported that subject imports from Australia were always or frequently interchangeable with the domestic like product and subject imports from all sources but Thailand. Id. For subject imports from Thailand, importers were evenly divided between those reporting that they were always or frequently interchangeable with subject imports from Australia and those reporting that they were sometimes interchangeable with such imports. Id. 262 CR/PR Table 2.10. 45 U.S. shipments of silicon metal from Angola and Thailand also shared a substantial degree of overlap with each other, subject imports from other sources, and the domestic like product in terms of grade in 2024. A majority of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Angola and Thailand were of metallurgical grade silicon metal, consistent with subject imports from Australia and Norway as well as the domestic like product.263 Moreover, substantial percentages of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Angola and Thailand were of high purity grade silicon metal, consistent with the domestic like product and subject imports of Australia and Norway, while the majority of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos were of high purity grade with smaller percentages of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos being metallurgical grade silicon metal.264 Thus, the record indicates that subject imports from all five sources and the domestic like product are generally fungible. Channels of Distribution. The record also shows that subject imports from Angola and Thailand share overlapping channels of distribution with subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Thailand and the domestic like product. Subject imports from Angola were sold exclusively to distributors while subject imports from Thailand were sold in three of five channels of distribution during each year of the POI in varying proportions, including to distributors, secondary aluminum producers, and chemical producers.265 Geographic Overlap. Subject imports from Angola and Thailand were sold in all geographic markets of the contiguous United States alongside subject imports from each other country source and the domestic product.266 Moreover, subject imports from Thailand entered the U.S. market through all four borders of entry, as was the case for subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, while subject imports from Angola entered the U.S. market through the East border of entry.267 Thus, the record indicates that subject imports from Angola and Thailand were sold in overlapping geographic regions of the United States with subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, and the domestic like product. 263 CR/PR at Table 4.8. 264 CR/PR at Table 4.8. 265 CR/PR Table 2.4. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Thailand going to distributors ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Thailand going to secondary aluminum producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. The percentage of U.S. commercial shipments of subject imports from Thailand going to chemical producers ranged between *** percent and *** percent during the three calendar years of the POI. Id. 266 CR/PR Table 2.5. 267 CR/PR Table 4.9. 46 Simultaneous Presence in Market. During the 36-month POI, subject imports from Angola were present in the U.S. market for 6 months while subject imports from Thailand were present in the U.S. market for 30 months.268 Although subject imports from Angola only first entered the U.S. market in June 2024, the increasing monthly volumes of such imports through March 2025 indicate that they are likely to be simultaneously present with subject imports from other sources and the domestic like product in the imminent future. Based on the factors discussed above, we find that there was a reasonable overlap of competition between and among subject imports from all five countries and the domestic like product during the POI, and there is no information on the record indicating that this reasonable overlap will not continue into the imminent future. Nor do we find differences in likely conditions of competition with respect to any subject country or countries, including Angola and Thailand, sufficient to warrant considering such imports separately for purposes of our threat analysis. Accordingly, we exercise our discretion to cumulate subject imports from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand for purposes of our analysis of whether there is a reasonable indication of a threat of material injury to the domestic industry by reason of subject imports from Angola and Thailand. C. Analysis of Threat of Material Injury Factors 1. Nature of Alleged Countervailable Subsidies Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Australia based on nine alleged subsidy programs.269 Commerce also initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Laos based on 12 of 14 alleged subsidy programs.270 268 CR/PR at 4.22 & Table 4.10. 269 CVD Initiation Notice, 90 Fed. Reg. at 21748-49, citing Commerce Initiation Checklist for Australia. The alleged subsidy programs on which Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Australia include the following: Research and Development (R&D) Tax Incentive, Policy Loans to the Critical Mining Industry Provided Through the Critical Minerals Strategy 2023-2030, Grants for Critical Mining Projects Provided Through the Critical Minerals Strategy 2023-2030, Powering the Regions Fund Grants, Exemption from Renewable Energy Target (RET) Program Liability, Payment under the Ancillary Service (Spinning Reserve) Scheme, Payments Under the Demand Side Management Scheme, Silicon Mining Rights for LTAR, and Provisions for Electricity for Less Than Adequate Remuneration Through the Critical Minerals Strategy 2023-2030. Silicon Metal from Australia: Enforcement and Compliance Office III, AD/CVD Operations, Countervailing Duty Investigation Checklist (May 14, 2025). 270 CVD Initiation Notice, 90 Fed. Reg. at 21749, citing Commerce Initiation Checklist for Laos. The alleged subsidy programs on which Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Laos include the following: Income Tax Exemption for Specified Zones, Income Tax Exemptions, Import Duty and Value Added Tax (VAT) Exemptions on Imported Equipment in Encouraged (Continued…) 47 Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Norway based on 11 alleged subsidy programs.271 Finally, Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Thailand based on 16 alleged subsidy programs.272 The record has limited information on these countries’ subsidy programs due to the preliminary nature of these investigations; we expect to have more information on these alleged subsidies in any final phase of the investigations. 2. Likely Volume As discussed in section VII.C above, we have found that the volume of cumulated subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway was significant and increased significantly during the POI, in absolute terms and relative to U.S. consumption. Including subject imports Industries, Land Rental Fee Exemption in the Zone 2 Chanthabouly District of Vientiane Capital City, Rental and Concession Fee Exemptions in Zone 2 Chanthabouly District of Vientiane, Preferential Lending, Saysettha Development Zone Customs Duty and VAT Exemptions, Saysettha Development Zone Provision of Land Use Rights for LTAR, Saysettha Development Zone Land Rental Fee Exemption, Saysettha Development Zone VAT Reduction for Water Supply, and Saysettha Development Zone VAT Reductions for Electricity Supply. Silicon Metal from Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Enforcement and Compliance Office III, AD/CVD Operations, Countervailing Duty Investigation Checklist (May 14, 2025). 271 CVD Initiation Notice, 90 Fed. Reg. at 21749, citing Commerce Initiation Checklist for Norway. The alleged subsidy programs on which Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Norway include the following: Electricity Tax Exemption for Energy Intensive Industries, Export Credit Guarantees, Export Credit Financing Scheme (ERCFS), The Innovation Contracts Scheme, Innovation Projects for the Industrial Sector, Regional Investment Grant and Risk Loans, The Industrial Development Corporation of Norway, Regional Development Aid Scheme, Regional Transport Aid Scheme, Energy Subsidy Scheme, and CO2 Compensation Scheme. Silicon Metal from Norway: Enforcement and Compliance Office III, AD/CVD Operations, Countervailing Duty Investigation Checklist (May 14, 2025). 272 CVD Initiation Notice, 90 Fed. Reg. at 21749, citing Commerce Initiation Checklist for Thailand. The alleged subsidy programs on which Commerce initiated a countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Thailand include the following: Investment Promotion Act Section 28 Exemption from Payment of Import Duties on, Machinery, Investment Promotion Act Section 30 Import Duty Reduction on Raw or Essential Materials Used in Promoted Production Activity, Investment Promotion Act Section 31 Income Tax Exemption on Net Profit from Promoted Activity, Investment Promotion Act Section 35 Income Tax Reductions and Rate Reductions in Special Locations and Zones, Investment Promotion Act Measures for Competitiveness Enhancement, Corporate Income Tax Exemptions and Reductions Under Measures to Promote Improvement of Production Efficiency, Import Duty Exemptions Under Measures to Promote Improvement of Production Efficiency, Corporate Income Tax Exemptions for BOI-Promoted Industrial Estates, Customs Act B.E. 2560 (2017) Section 29 Duty Drawback on Certain Raw Materials, Duty Reduction Privileges for Certain Exporters Tax Coupon for Exported Goods, EXIM Bank Export Buyer’s Credit, EXIM Bank Export Revolving Credit, EXIM Bank Supplier Credit, EXIM Bank Medium- to Long-Term Loans, and Provision of Electricity for LTAR. Silicon Metal from Thailand: Enforcement and Compliance Office III, AD/CVD Operations, Countervailing Duty Investigation Checklist (May 14, 2025). 48 from Angola and Thailand, the volume of cumulated subject imports increased by 50.4 percent overall during the POI, declining from 28,418 short tons in 2022 to 19,045 short tons in 2023, before increasing to 42,733 short tons in 2024.273 Including subject imports from Angola and Thailand, cumulated subject imports’ share of apparent U.S. consumption increased overall by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, declining from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023, before increasing to *** percent in 2024.274 The record indicates that cumulated subject imports from all five countries are likely to increase from already significant levels, in absolute terms and relative to U.S. consumption, in the imminent future in the absence of relief. Responding subject producers cumulatively increased their capacity during the POI and possessed substantial excess capacity in 2024. During the 2022–2024 period, responding foreign producers in the five subject countries increased their capacity from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023 and 2024, while their production declined from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2023 and *** short tons in 2024.275 As a result, cumulated subject producers’ capacity utilization declined substantially, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023 and *** percent in 2024.276 The cumulated subject producers’ excess capacity amounted to *** short tons in 2024, equivalent to *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption that year.277 Cumulated subject producers from these five countries also possessed large and increasing end-of-period inventories with which they could increase their exports to the U.S. market. End-of-period inventories held by cumulated subject producers increased from *** short tons in 2022 to *** short tons in 2024, equivalent to *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption that year, and are projected to increase to *** short tons million pounds by 2026.278 Cumulated subject producers exported large volumes of silicon metal during the POI that accounted for more than *** percent of their total shipments,279 and increasingly targeted 273 CR/PR at Table C.1. 274 CR/PR at Table C.1. 275 CR/PR Table 7.8. 276 CR/PR Table 7.8. 277 Calculated from CR/PR Tables 7.8 and C.1. Cumulated subject producers’ capacity is projected to be *** short tons in 2025 and 2026, their production is projected to be *** short tons in 2025 and *** short tons in 2026, and their capacity utilization is projected to be *** percent in 2025 and *** percent in 2026. CR/PR at Table 7.8. 278 CR/PR Table 7.8; Derived from CR/PR at Tables C.1 & 7.8. 279 CR/PR at Table 7.8. As a share of total shipments, cumulated subject producers’ exports ranged from *** percent to *** percent during the POI. Id. 49 the U.S. market as an export destination.280 Cumulated subject producers' total export shipments to the United States increased from *** short tons in 2022, accounting for *** percent of their total shipments, to *** short tons in 2024, accounting for *** percent of their total shipments.281 Based on information from *** submitted by Petitioners, oversupply in the global market for silicon metal, coupled with ***, would likely create an incentive for subject producers to continue targeting the U.S. market with exports of silicon metal absent relief.282 In light of the significant increase in cumulated subject import volume and market share during the POI, the large and increasing capacity of the cumulated subject producers, including substantial excess capacity, the cumulated subject producers’ large and growing inventories, and the cumulated subject producers’ export orientation and increasing dependance on the U.S. market, we find that in the absence of relief, cumulated subject import volume is likely to increase significantly, in absolute terms and relative to U.S. consumption, in the imminent future. 3. Likely Price Effects As discussed in Section VII.B.3 above, we have found that there is a high degree of substitutability between domestically produced silicon metal and subject imports, and that price is an important factor in purchasing decisions, among other important factors. As discussed in Section VII.D above, we have found that subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway undersold the domestic like product to a significant degree in 2024, capturing *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry and suppressing domestic prices to a significant degree. Including subject imports from Angola and Thailand, during the POI, cumulated subject imports undersold the domestic like product in 52.7 percent of quarterly comparisons, at margins ranging from *** to *** percent and averaging *** percent, corresponding to *** percent of reported cumulated subject import volume.283 As with subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, including subject imports from Angola and Thailand, cumulated subject import underselling intensified during the POI to become pervasive in 280 CR/PR at Table 7.8. As a share of total shipments, cumulated foreign producers’ exports to the U.S. market increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2023. Id. 281 CR/PR Table 7.8. There are no trade measures on silicon metal currently in place in other markets outside the United Sates. CR/PR at 7.27. 282 See Pet. Postconference Br. at 22, Exhibit 1 at A-9, Exhibit 25; Petition Volume I at Exhibit I- 22. 283 CR/PR Table 5.9. Including subject imports from Angola and Thailand, there were *** short tons of subject silicon metal (*** percent of volume) in the quarters with underselling compared to *** short tons (*** percent of volume) in the quarters with overselling. Id. at Table 5.9 & derived from CR/PR at Table 5.9. 50 2024.284 In 2024, cumulated subject imports undersold the domestic like product in 73.9 percent of price comparisons, corresponding to 66.3 percent of reported cumulated subject import sales volume.285 Thus, cumulated subject imports significantly undersold the domestic like product in 2024, capturing *** percentage points of market share from the domestic industry from 2023 to 2024.286 In the absence of any evidence that the pattern of subject import underselling is likely to change, we find that cumulated subject imports are likely to continue to undersell the domestic like product to a significant degree in the imminent future. Given the high degree of substitutability between subject imports and the domestic like product and the importance of price to purchasers, we find that the significant subject import underselling that is likely would increase demand for further imports in the imminent future, thereby contributing to an additional shift in market share from the domestic industry to subject imports, and result in subject imports entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices, as occurred during the 2023-2024 period when increasing volumes of low-priced subject imports suppressed domestic prices to a significant degree. 4. Likely Impact As discussed in Section VII.E. above, based on the record in the preliminary phase of these investigations, we have found that significant and increasing volumes of low-priced cumulated subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, captured market share from the domestic industry and suppressed domestic prices, thereby having a significant impact on the domestic industry. Given the reasonable indication that the domestic industry is materially injured by reason of subject imports from Australia, Laos, and Norway, the intensified adverse price effects of cumulated subject imports, including imports from Angola and Thailand, toward the end of the POI, and the industry’s deteriorating performance over the POI, including financial *** in 2024, we find that the domestic industry is in a vulnerable condition.287 In light of the vulnerability of the domestic industry, and our findings that cumulated subject import volume is likely to increase further from already significant levels and continue 284 CR/PR 285 CR/PR at Revised Table 5.11. There were reported subject import sales of *** short tons in quarters with underselling, representing *** percent of total reported subject import sales volume in 2024, compared to reported subject import sales of *** short tons in the quarters with overselling, representing *** percent of total report subject import sales volume in 2024. Id. 286 CR/PR at Table C.1. 287 Notably, the domestic industry’s operating income and net income were *** and ***, respectively, in 2024, and the ratios of those figures to net sales were *** percent and *** percent, respectively, that year. 51 to undersell the domestic like product, we conclude that cumulated subject imports would likely have a significant impact on the domestic industry in the imminent future, in the absence of relief. Specifically, the likely increased volumes of low-priced cumulated subject imports would likely depress or suppress domestic prices and displace sales of the domestic like product and cause the domestic industry to lose additional market share, adversely affecting the domestic industry’s production, employment, revenues, and financial performance. *** responding U.S. producers reported anticipating negative effects from subject imports in the absence of relief.288 We have also considered whether factors other than subject imports threaten to injure the domestic industry. As discussed in Section VII.E. above, the market share of nonsubject imports declined overall from 2022 to 2024 and the AUVs of nonsubject imports were higher than those of cumulated subject imports in both 2023 and 2024, when the adverse price effects of subject imports intensified and the injury to the domestic industry occurred.289 There is no information on the record that nonsubject imports would change the impact cumulated subject imports from all five countries are likely to have on the domestic industry in the imminent future. Additionally, we have found that declining demand cannot fully explain the domestic industry’s deteriorating condition during the POI since the domestic industry was unable to fully capitalize on the *** percent increase in apparent U.S. consumption from 2023 to 2024 as cumulated subject imports captured market share from the industry, driven by significant underselling, and suppressed domestic prices.290 According to information from ***.291 Given our conclusion that low-priced cumulated subject imports are likely to continue to increase and take market share from the domestic industry and depress or suppress domestic prices, we find that cumulated subject imports are likely to continue to have an impact on the industry that is distinct from the impact of any adverse demand trends. In sum, based on the record of the preliminary phase of the investigations, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola and Thailand. IX. Conclusion For the reasons stated above, we determine that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is materially injured by reason of imports of silicon metal from 288 CR/PR at Tables 6.14 & 6.15. 289 CR/PR at Table C.1. 290 CR/PR at Table C.1. 291 Pet. Postconference Br. at 22; Petition Volume I at Exhibit I-22. 52 Australia, Laos, and Norway that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV and subsidized by the governments of Australia, Laos, and Norway. We also find that there is a reasonable indication that an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports of silicon metal from Angola that are allegedly sold in the United States at LTFV and imports of silicon metal from Thailand that are allegedly subsidized by the government of Thailand. 1.1 Introduction Background These investigations result from a petition filed with the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (“USITC” or “Commission”) by Ferroglobe USA, Inc. (‘Ferroglobe”), Beverly, Ohio, and Mississippi Silicon LLC (“MS Silicon”), Burnsville, Mississippi, on April 24, 2025, alleging that an industry in the United States is materially injured and threatened with material injury by reason of subsidized imports from Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand and less-than-fair-value (“LTFV”) imports of silicon metal1 from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway. Table 1.1 presents information relating to the background of these investigations.2 3 Table 1.1 Silicon metal: Information relating to the background and schedule of this proceeding Effective date Action April 24, 2025 Petition filed with Commerce and the Commission; institution of the Commission investigations (90 FR 17978, April 30, 2025) May 14, 2025 Commerce’s notice of initiation (90 FR 21741 and 90 FR 21746, May 21, 2025) May 15, 2025 Commission’s conference June 6, 2025 Commission’s vote June 9, 2025 Commission’s determinations June 16, 2025 Commission’s views 1 See the section entitled “The subject merchandise” in Part 1 of this report for a complete description of the merchandise subject in this proceeding. 2 Pertinent Federal Register notices are referenced in appendix A and may be found at the Commission’s website (www.usitc.gov). 3 A list of witnesses appearing at the conference is presented in appendix B of this report. 1.2 Statutory criteria Section 771(7)(B) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (the “Act”) (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(B)) provides that in making its determinations of injury to an industry in the United States, the Commission-- shall consider (Ⅰ) the volume of imports of the subject merchandise, (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of that merchandise on prices in the United States for domestic like products, and (Ⅲ) the impact of imports of such merchandise on domestic producers of domestic like products, but only in the context of production operations within the United States; and. . . may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of imports. Section 771(7)(C) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(C)) further provides that--4 In evaluating the volume of imports of merchandise, the Commission shall consider whether the volume of imports of the merchandise, or any increase in that volume, either in absolute terms or relative to production or consumption in the United States is significant.. . .In evaluating the effect of imports of such merchandise on prices, the Commission shall consider whether. . .(Ⅰ) there has been significant price underselling by the imported merchandise as compared with the price of domestic like products of the United States, and (Ⅱ) the effect of imports of such merchandise otherwise depresses prices to a significant degree or prevents price increases, which otherwise would have occurred, to a significant degree.. . . In examining the impact required to be considered under subparagraph (B)(ⅰ)(Ⅲ), the Commission shall evaluate (within the context of the business cycle and conditions of competition that are distinctive to the affected industry) all relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the state of the industry in the United States, including, but not limited to. . . (Ⅰ) actual and potential decline in output, sales, market share, gross profits, operating profits, net profits, ability to service debt, productivity, return on investments, return on assets, and utilization of capacity, (Ⅱ) factors affecting domestic prices, (Ⅲ) actual and potential negative effects on cash flow, inventories, employment, wages, growth, ability to raise capital, and investment, (Ⅳ) actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (Ⅴ) in {an antidumping investigation}, the magnitude of the margin of dumping. 4 Amended by PL 114—27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 1.3 In addition, Section 771(7)(J) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(J)) provides that—5 (J) EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY.—The Commission may not determine that there is no material injury or threat of material injury to an industry in the United States merely because that industry is profitable or because the performance of that industry has recently improved. Organization of report Part 1 of this report presents information on the subject merchandise, alleged subsidy rates and dumping margins, and domestic like product. Part 2 of this report presents information on conditions of competition and other relevant economic factors. Part 3 presents information on the condition of the U.S. industry, including data on capacity, production, shipments, inventories, and employment. Parts 4 and 5 present the volume of subject imports and pricing of domestic and imported products, respectively. Part 6 presents information on the financial experience of U.S. producers. Part 7 presents the statutory requirements and information obtained for use in the Commission’s consideration of the question of threat of material injury as well as information regarding nonsubject countries. Market summary Silicon metal is composed almost exclusively of elemental silicon with a small amount of impurities such as iron, calcium, and aluminum. It is generally used as an alloying agent in aluminum production and by the chemical industry as an input in the production of silicones and polysilicon. Silicon metal is also used in a variety of applications, which include aluminum (auto/commercial), chemicals (silicones), and polysilicon (solar and electronics). The two U.S. producers of silicon metal are Ferroglobe and MS Silicon. Leading subject country producers of silicon metal outside the United States include *** of Angola , *** of Australia, *** of Laos,6 *** of Norway, and *** of Thailand. The leading U.S. importer of silicon metal from Angola is ***, the leading importer of silicon metal from Australia is ***, the leading importer of silicon metal from Laos is ***, the leading importers of silicon metal from Norway are ***, the leading importers of silicon metal from Thailand are ***. The leading importer of silicon metal from nonsubject countries (primarily Brazil and Canada) include ***. U.S. purchasers of silicon metal are firms that include primary and secondary aluminum producers and silicon-based chemical producers. Leading purchasers include *** 5 Amended by PL 114—27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 6 Petition p. 43 1.4 ***. Apparent U.S. consumption of silicon metal totaled approximately *** short tons contained silicon (“STCS”) ($***) in 2024. Currently, two firms are known to produce silicon metal in the United States. U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of silicon metal totaled *** STCS ($***) in 2024, and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. U.S. imports from subject sources totaled 42,733 STCS ($123 million) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. U.S. imports from nonsubject sources totaled 118,206 STCS ($355 million) in 2024 and accounted for *** percent of apparent U.S. consumption by quantity and *** percent by value. Summary data and data sources A summary of data collected in these investigations is presented in appendix C, tables C.1. and C.2 The Commission’s questionnaires collected data for the years 2022 to 2024. Except as noted, U.S. industry data are based on questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for 100 percent of U.S. production of silicon metal during 2024.7 U.S. imports are based on official import statistics8 and on questionnaire responses from 11 U.S. importers. 7 Conference transcript, p. 21 (Chaal). 8 Official import statistics are based on General Imports using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, which measure the total physical arrivals of merchandise from foreign countries, whether such merchandise enters the U.S. customs territory immediately or is entered into bonded warehouses or free trade zones (“FTZs”) under Customs custody. 1.5 Previous and related investigations Silicon metal has been the subject of several prior import injury proceedings in the United States. The following tabulation presents information regarding previous antidumping and countervailing duty investigations. Table 1.2 presents the previous and related silicon metal proceedings and status of those orders. Table 1.2 Silicon metal: Previous and related Commission proceedings and status of orders Date Number Country Determination Current Status of Order 1990 731-TA-470 Argentina Affirmative Commerce revoked effective 1/1/2000 (66 FR 10669, 2/16/2001) 1990 731-TA-471 Brazil Affirmative Commerce revoked effective 2/16/06 (71 FR 76635, 12/21/2006) 1990 731-TA-472 China Affirmative Continuation of order effective 11/14/2023 (88 FR 80335, 11/17/2023) 2002 731-TA-991 Russia Affirmative Continuation of order effective 6/24/2020 (85 FR 37831, 6/24/2020) 2004 701-TA-441 Brazil --- Petitions withdrawn on 4/16/2004 (69 FR 23213, 4/28/2004) 2004 731-TA-1081 South Africa --- Petitions withdrawn on 4/16/2004 (69 FR 23213, 4/28/2004) 2017 731-TA-1343 and 701-TA-567 Australia Negative (Commission) --- 2017 731-TA-1344 and 701-TA-568 Brazil Negative (Commission) --- 2017 701-TA-569 Kazakhstan Negative (Commission) --- 2017 731-TA-1345 Norway Negative (Commission) --- 2020 701-TA-652 Kazakhstan Affirmative 4/12/2021 (86 FR 20197, 4/16/2021) 2020 731-TA-1524 Bosnia and Herzegovina Affirmative 4/12/2021 (86 FR 20197, 4/16/2021) 2020 731-TA-1525 Iceland Affirmative 4/12/2021 (86 FR 20197, 4/16/2021) 2020 731-TA-1526 Malaysia Affirmative 4/12/2021 (86 FR 20197, 4/16/2021) Source: Silicon Metal from Australia, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Norway (Final), USITC Publication 4773, April 2018; Silicon Metal from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, and Kazakhstan (Final); Silicon Metal From Russia, Investigation (Third Review), USITC Publication 5058, May 2020; and cited FR notices. 1.6 Nature and extent of alleged subsidies and sales at LTFV Alleged subsidies On May 21, 2025, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the initiation of its countervailing duty investigation on silicon metal from Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand.9 Alleged sales at LTFV On May 21, 2025, Commerce published a notice in the Federal Register of the initiation of its antidumping duty investigations on silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway.10 Commerce has initiated antidumping duty investigations based on estimated dumping margins of 207.28 percent for silicon metal from Angola, 328.89 percent for silicon metal from Australia, 231.63 percent for silicon metal from Laos, and 102.08 percent for silicon metal from Norway. The subject merchandise Commerce’s scope In the current proceeding, Commerce has defined the scope as follows:11 The scope of these investigations covers all forms and sizes of silicon metal, including silicon metal powder. Silicon metal contains at least 85.00 percent but less than 99.99 percent silicon, and less than 4.00 percent iron, by actual weight. Semiconductor grade silicon (merchandise containing at least 99.99 percent silicon by actual weight and classifiable under Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading 2804.61.0000) is excluded from the scope of these investigations. 9 For further information on the alleged subsidy programs see Commerce’s notice of initiation and related CVD Initiation Checklist. 90 FR 21746, May 21, 2025. 10 90 FR 21741, May 21, 2025. 11 90 FR 21741, May 21, 2025. 1.7 Tariff treatment Silicon metal is currently provided for in Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) subheading 2804.69.10 (covering shipments of silicon containing, by weight, less than 99.99 percent silicon but not less than 99 percent silicon) and 2804.69.50 (for other silicon containing, by weight, less than 99 percent silicon). Semiconductor-grade silicon (containing, by weight, not less than 99.99 percent silicon) is imported under HTS subheading 2804.61.00 and is excluded from the scope of these investigations. The general rate of duty is 5.3 percent ad valorem for HTS subheading 2804.69.10 and 5.5 percent ad valorem for HTS subheading 2804.69.50.12 Decisions on the tariff classification and treatment of imported goods are within the authority of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Effective April 5, 2025, silicon metal originating in Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand were subject to an additional 10 percent ad valorem reciprocal duty under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”). Effective April 9, 2025, Angola was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 32 percent ad valorem, Laos was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 48 percent ad valorem, Norway was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 15 percent ad valorem, and Thailand was instead assigned an individualized country reciprocal duty of 36 percent ad valorem. However, effective April 10, 2025, individualized country reciprocal duties were suspended and the reciprocal duty rate for silicon metal originating in Angola, Laos, Norway, and Thailand was returned to 10 percent.13 On May 28, 2025, the U.S. Court of International Trade (“CIT”) ruled that the tariffs imposed under IEEPA exceeded the authority granted by the statute to the President, and stated that the tariff orders would be vacated and their operation permanently enjoined.14 On May 29, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit granted an immediate administrative stay, temporarily staying the judgment and permanent injunction entered by the CIT until further notice while the Federal Circuit considers the Government’s motion to stay the judgment and injunction pending its appeal on the merits.15 12 USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 13, Publication 5627, May 2025, p. 28.4. 13 Individualized country reciprocal duties for all countries other than China were suspended until July 9, 2025. 90 FR 15041, April 7, 2025. 90 FR 15625, April 15, 2025. See also HTS headings 9903.01.25, 9903.01.46, 9903.01.61, 9903.01.65, and 9903.01.74 and U.S. note 2(v) to subchapter 3 of chapter 99 and related tariff provisions for this duty treatment. USITC, HTS (2025) Revision 13, Publication 5627, May 2025, pp. 99.3.1 to 99.3.10, 99.3.278, 99.3.306 to 99.3.309. 14 V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States, Slip Op. 25—66 (Ct. Int’l Trade May 28, 2025). 15 V.O.S. Selections, Inc. v. United States, Appeal Nos. 2025—1812, 2025—1813 (Fed. Circuit May 29, 2025) (per curiam). 1.8 The product Description and applications16 Silicon is a light chemical element with metallic and nonmetallic characteristics. It is a semiconductor, meaning it is a poor conductor of electricity under certain conditions (e.g., silicon metal at room temperature), but can be highly conductive under the right conditions (e.g., silicon metal at higher temperatures). Silicon is rarely found free in nature, instead it combines with oxygen and other elements to form various compounds or minerals known as silicates, which comprise more than 25 percent of the Earth’s crust. A basic building block of silicates is silica (quartz or quartzite)17 and its carbothermic reduction produces both silicon and silicon-rich alloys such as ferrosilicon. Ferrosilicon is used in the iron and steel industries, while silicon metal (also produced from quartz) is primarily used by the aluminum and chemical industries.18 Silicon metal is named as such because of its appearance; it is not a metal but a metalloid by chemical classification.19 It is composed almost entirely of elemental silicon, along with small amounts of other elements, such as iron, aluminum, and calcium. It is manufactured and sold in various degrees of purity. Whether domestic or imported, it is usually sold in lump form, typically ranging from 6 inches x ½ inch to 4 inches x ¼ inch, or in powder form.20 ***.21 Silicon metal is principally used as an alloying agent in aluminum production by the aluminum industry, as an input in the production of silicones, and to produce polycrystalline silicon (“polysilicon”).22 As an alloying agent, silicon metal is used in the production of both primary aluminum (produced from ore) and secondary aluminum (produced from scrap). Silicon 16 Unless otherwise noted, this information is based on Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, and Kazakhstan, (Final), USITC Publication 5180, April 2021, pp. 1.10 to 1.14. 17 Quartz is the mineral form of silicon dioxide (SiO 2) and quartzite is a massive, metamorphic rock consisting predominantly of quartz along with small amounts of other minerals. 18 USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries, Silicon, January 2025, p. 160, https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-silicon.pdf, retrieved May 14, 2025. 19 Di Sabatino et al., Upgraded Metallurgical Grade Silicon: Quality, Applications, and Process Economics, February 10, 2025, p. 1, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2025.1544237, retrieved May 14, 2025. 20 These dimensions refer to the maximum and minimum sizes of the silicon metal lumps. 21 Petitioners’ post-conference brief, p. 22. 22 Subject silicon metal can be further processed into ultra-high-purity semiconductor or solar grades whose silicon content is 99.99 percent or greater. Semiconductor-grade silicon metal is not included within the scope of these investigations. However, the subject silicon metal may be used as a starting material for the manufacture of semiconductor-grade silicon metal. 1.9 is a necessary ingredient in aluminum casting alloys, where it improves fluidity, castability, strength, and weldability when added to aluminum.23 Aluminum producers add silicon in lump form to aluminum during the smelting process. Primary aluminum typically contains between 8- 12 percent silicon while secondary aluminum typically has less silicon content. Both are frequently used for automobile parts. Other applications for silicon metal include the production of brass and bronzes, die casting, steel, copper alloys, ceramic powders, and refractory coatings. Chemical manufacturers consume silicon metal in powder form to produce silicones and polysilicon. The chemical manufacturers that have their own grinding facilities purchase silicon metal in lump form and grind it into powder themselves. Firms that do not have grinding facilities purchase silicon metal as a powder.24 A lower grade of powder called fines, a byproduct of the crushing and sizing process, is sold for ceramic and refractory applications. In the chemical industry, silicon metal is used as the basis for the production of silanes, which are used to produce a family of organic compounds known as silicones. Silicones are used for a variety of applications, including adhesives, resins, lubricants, plastomers, anti-foaming agents, and water-repellent compounds.25 Silicon metal is used as the base material for making polysilicon, a very high-purity form of silicon manufactured by chemical producers that is primarily used in semiconductors and solar cells.26 Polysilicon producers purchase in-scope silicon metal and then further refine it into higher-purity polysilicon that is not in the scope of these investigations. Polysilicon producers typically have very stringent quality standards for silicon and sometimes require low-boron silicon metal. 23 Many aluminum alloys are used by the transportation sector as a substitute for heavier metals to reduce weight and improve the efficiency of vehicles and aircraft. 24 Size consistency is important to chemical producers that purchase silicon metal in powder form. Suppliers to such customers must qualify their product before bidding to supply the chemical manufacturer. For that reason, there is no difference in terms of size consistency between qualified imports and domestic products. 25 The silicones production process involves reacting silicon metal with methyl chloride in the presence of a copper catalyst to produce a mixture of methylchlorosilanes. Certain of these silanes are then hydrolyzed to produce the basic methylsilicone building block for the various silicone products. 26 Polysilicon, which is not within the scope of these investigations, generally contains over 99.999 percent silicon and is made by reacting high purity metallurgical silicon with hydrogen chloride gas in the presence of catalysts, producing silicon tetrachloride, which is then purified by fractional distillation. The purified distillate is pyrolytically decomposed to produce hyper pure metal and hydrochloric acid. 1.10 Silicon metal can be grouped as ranges of specifications that are typically sold to certain types of customers.27 These specifications establish the minimum amounts of silicon and the maximum amounts of other elements, such as boron, iron, calcium, and aluminum that the silicon metal may contain. The ranges of specifications vary depending on the type of end use of the silicon metal. There are five general end uses using five broadly defined categories of silicon metal, generally ranked in descending order of purity as: (1) semiconductor;28 (2) solar;29 (3) chemical (or silicones); (4) metallurgical used to produce primary aluminum; and (5) metallurgical used to produce secondary aluminum.30 Exact specifications may vary by producer and over time, but U.S. producer Ferroglobe has previously listed its silicon metal product specifications as: • High purity specification: silicon 98.50 percent minimum, iron 0.10 percent maximum, calcium 0.07 percent maximum, aluminum 0.20 percent maximum. • Chemical specification: silicon 98.50 percent minimum, iron 0.50 percent maximum, calcium 0.07 percent maximum, aluminum 0.20 percent maximum. • Primary aluminum specification: silicon 98.50 percent minimum, iron 0.35 percent maximum, calcium 0.07 percent maximum. • Secondary aluminum specification: silicon 98.50 percent minimum, iron 1.00 percent maximum, calcium 0.40 percent maximum. Silicon specifications can be customer specific as some customers, such as certain polysilicon producers, require higher grades of silicon than the ones listed by Ferroglobe. Some chemical and polysilicon producers require suppliers to go through a qualification process and 27 Some suppliers, customers, and publications refer to numerical grade designations such as “Grade 553.” “Grade 553” is silicon metal with a maximum iron content of 0.5 percent, a maximum aluminum content of 0.5 percent, and a maximum calcium content of 0.3 percent. Such silicon metal normally has a minimum silicon content of 98.5 percent. 28 Semiconductor grade silicon, or polysilicon, used in the electronics industry, is excluded from the scope of these investigations. It is a high-purity product generally containing over 99.99 percent silicon. 29 Solar grade silicon can either be made either through the traditional chemical or Siemens processes that are used to make semiconductor grade silicon, or via a metallurgical route that makes upgraded metallurgical grade silicon of a higher purity than 99.99 percent. Di Sabatino et al., Upgraded Metallurgical Grade Silicon: Quality, Applications, and Process Economics, February 10, 2025, p. 2, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2025.1544237, retrieved May 14, 2025; Forniés et al., Performance of Modules and Solar Cells Made of 100% Solar Silicon Purified by Direct Route, 2018, pp. 473–475, https://doi.org/10.4229/35THEUPVSEC20182018-2AV.1.5, retrieved May 14, 2025. 30 Aluminum is not considered an impurity when silicon is used to dissolve into molten aluminum, and thus is not reported in the specifications by this industry. Di Sabatino et al., Upgraded Metallurgical Grade Silicon: Quality, Applications, and Process Economics, February 10, 2025, p. 2, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2025.1544237, retrieved May 14, 2025. 1.11 undergo subsequent monitoring of their manufacturing facilities to ensure that their products are consistent in both size and grade. Manufacturing processes31 Generally, all silicon metal, regardless of specification, is produced using essentially the same process and inputs. Silica, in the form of high-purity quartz, is combined in a “charge” with a carbon source such as low-ash coal, charcoal, or petroleum coke; and a bulking agent, usually wood chips produced from hardwood trees.32 The charge is placed in a submerged electric-arc furnace. A transformer system delivers high-current, low-voltage electricity to the furnace by electrodes made from pre-baked or self-baking amorphous carbon. The electrodes are slowly consumed during the production process. The charge is heated to approximately 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit, at which point the oxygen in the silica separates from the silicon and combines with the carbon in the reductant to form carbon monoxide gas. The simplified chemical reaction is summarized as SiO2 (silica) + 2C (carbon) → Si (silicon metal) + 2CO (carbon monoxide). This reaction requires a substantial amount of electricity, giving the transformation process its name of “electrometallurgy”. The off-gas (primarily carbon dioxide and silicon dioxide) escapes from the furnace and into a baghouse for collection, leaving molten silicon. The liquid silicon is removed or “tapped” from the bottom of the furnace on either a continuous or an intermittent basis and collected in a refractory lined ladle. In the molten state, the silicon metal is often refined by oxygen injection to remove impurities, principally aluminum and calcium. Some impurities cannot be removed from the liquid silicon and, therefore, must be controlled by raw material selection. After tapping (or refining), the silicon metal is poured from the ladle into large, flat iron molds or onto beds of silicon metal fines. The resulting ingot or billet is subsequently crushed to the desired size specification. It can be further ground into powder for some customers in the chemicals industry. The silicon is typically delivered to end users in 2,000 to 3,000-pound super sacks, wooden boxes, or customer-specific packaging. Some customers elect to send their own trucks to the plant to transport the silicon in bulk form. Figure 1.1 depicts the silicon metal production process (through tapping of molten silicon). 31 Unless otherwise noted, this information is based on Silicon Metal from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, and Kazakhstan, (Final), USITC Publication 5180, April 2021, pp. 1.14 to 1.16. 32 Producers in the United States tend to use low-ash coal from Kentucky as it is cheaper than other carbon sources, whereas producers in most other countries do not have ready access to low-ash coal and instead use charcoal. Conference transcript, p. 55 (Lage). 1.12 Figure 1.1 Silicon metal: Production process Source: Xakalashe, B.S. and M. Tangsted, “Silicon Processing: From Quartz to Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells” Southern African Prometallurgy 2011, Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, March 2011, p. 88. Silica fume (microsilica) is composed of small particles of unreduced silicon dioxide recovered from the off‐gases of silicon metal furnaces and is an important by‐product of silicon metal production. Silica fume is used in making concrete, oil well grouts, cementitious repair products, refractories and ceramics, and other products. Silicon metal plants are typically located at sites that have access to a competitively priced and reliable source of electricity, an ample supply of raw materials, and an adequate labor pool. Given the large amounts of quartz required to produce silicon metal, plants are normally located near quartz sources. Silicon plants typically operate furnaces 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, to maximize efficiency, so they constantly consume raw materials. Submerged arc furnaces used for silicon production are relatively similar worldwide, but there are some physical differences in furnace designs and the electrodes. In some cases, newer furnaces are more energy efficient. Reportedly, Ferroglobe requires about 13,000 to 14,000 kilowatt hours (“kwh”) of electricity to produce one short ton of silicon metal, but some plants with newer furnaces, like Mississippi Silicon, can produce the same quantity of silicon metal using only 9,500 to 10,000 kwh of electricity. To control the amount of impurities such as phosphorous and boron, which have maximum allowable amounts depending on the end use of 1.13 the silicon metal, a smelter may need to use different inputs.33 Purities of the raw materials and the carbon sources used can vary widely. Some producers of silicon metal also produce ferrosilicon, which is used in the production of steel (especially stainless and heat-resisting steels) and cast iron.34 Ferrosilicon can be produced at lower temperatures than silicon because of the iron, resulting in less power consumption to produce ferrosilicon than silicon. Producers can switch production on a furnace between ferrosilicon and silicon metal with varying degrees of downtime and efficiency loss. It can be labor intensive and expensive as it requires a lengthy cleaning process and, in some cases, changes to the electrode system.35 It is generally easier for firms to switch from silicon metal production to ferrosilicon production than the reverse. Iron and other elements that may be contained in ferrosilicon tend to remain in a furnace lining and result in impurities intolerable in silicon metal production. In addition, certain furnace designs are more efficient at producing one product than another, leading to possible efficiency loss when switching production. 33 Conference transcript, p. 137, (Majumdar); Elkhems’ postconference brief, ex. 1, p. 10. 34 Ferrosilicon is a product used by the steel industry as an alloying agent. Ferrosilicon differs from silicon metal in that it has much lower silicon content and contains 4 percent or more of iron. 35 Conference transcript, p. 88, (Bay). 1.14 Domestic like product issues No issues with respect to domestic like product have been raised in these investigations. The petitioners proposed that the Commission define a single domestic like product that is coextensive with the scope of the investigations consisting of all silicon metal, which they assert is consistent with the domestic like product definition adopted by the Commission in its recent investigations involving silicon metal.36 No respondents have contested the domestic like product definition during these investigations.37 36 Petitioners’ postconference brief, pp. 7 to 8 37 Petitioners’ postconference brief, p. 8 and Conference transcript p. 118 (Stoel) 2.1 Part 2: Conditions of competition in the U.S. market U.S. market characteristics *** U.S. producers reported that the market is not subject to distinctive conditions of competition. U.S. *** reported that demand for silicon metals is tied to the demand for downstream products as aluminum alloys, silicon-based chemicals, and polysilicon. Importers’ responses to whether the silicon metals market is subject to distinct conditions of competition varied, with 6 out of 10 importers reporting distinct conditions of competition. Importers *** and *** reported that fluctuations in silicon metal supplies lead to spot price fluctuations. Importer *** reported that “U.S. demand for silicon metal between 2022-2024 far exceeds the supply (and available capacity)” and that “artificial curtailment of supply,” such as when U.S. producers choose to produce ferrosilicon instead of silicon metal as profit margins change, affect U.S. market conditions. Importer *** reported that Brazil and Canada are leading sources of imported silicon metal and added that one of the four producers in Brazil “is owned by the majority owner of MS Silicon,” and the “only silicon plant in Canada…. is majority owned by Ferroglobe.” Overall, apparent U.S. consumption in 2024 was lower than in 2022, with consumption falling by *** percent between January 2022 to December 2024. Impact of section 301 tariffs,232 tariffs, and new or modified tariffs U.S. producers and importers were asked to report the impact of section 301 tariffs, section 232 tariffs, and new or modified tariffs stemming from recent executive orders on overall demand, supply, prices, or raw material costs (tables 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3). Regarding section 301 tariffs, importer *** and importer *** reported that the market had already adjusted due to preexisting duties affecting silicon metals from China. Regarding 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum products, importer *** reported that it expects U.S. production of aluminum to increase, and thus the demand for silicon metals from U.S. producers to increase accordingly. Regarding new or modified tariffs stemming from executive orders since January 1, 2025, importers ***, ***, and *** anticipate effects on the supply of imported silicon metals, while U.S. producer ***. 2.2 Table 2.1 Silicon metal: Count of firms' responses regarding the impact of the section 301 tariffs on Chinese origin products Firm type No Yes Don’t know U.S. producers *** *** *** Importers 0 7 4 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 2.2 Silicon metal: Count of firms' responses regarding the impact of the section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum imports Firm type No Yes Don’t know U.S. producers *** *** *** Importers 4 1 6 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 2.3 Silicon metal: Count of firms' responses regarding the impact of new or modified tariffs Firm type No Yes Don’t know U.S. producers *** *** *** Importers 4 3 4 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Channels of distribution U.S. producers sold *** chemical producers, as shown in table 2.4. The primary channels of distribution for silicon metal imports from Australia have varied over the period of investigation, with *** being the primary channel of distribution up until 2024, when the share of shipments to *** approximated those to ***. Most imports of silicon metals from Laos were to ***. Silicon metals imported from Norway have varied channels of distribution, with shipments reported to all channels of distribution except ***. Silicon metals imported from Thailand are shipped to ***. Nonsubject sources are shipped primarily to chemical producers. 2.3 Table 2.4 Silicon metal: Share of U.S. shipments by source, channel of distribution, and period Shares in percent Source Channel 2022 2023 2024 United States Distributors *** *** *** United States Chemical producers *** *** *** United States Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** United States Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** United States Other end users *** *** *** Angola Distributors *** *** *** Angola Chemical producers *** *** *** Angola Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Angola Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Angola Other end users *** *** *** Australia Distributors *** *** *** Australia Chemical producers *** *** *** Australia Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Australia Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Australia Other end users *** *** *** Laos Distributors *** *** *** Laos Chemical producers *** *** *** Laos Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Laos Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Laos Other end users *** *** *** Norway Distributors *** *** *** Norway Chemical producers *** *** *** Norway Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Norway Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Norway Other end users *** *** *** Thailand Distributors *** *** *** Thailand Chemical producers *** *** *** Thailand Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Thailand Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Thailand Other end users *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2.4 Table 2.4 (Contined) Silicon metal: Share of U.S. shipments by source, channel of distribution, and period Shares in percent Source Channel 2022 2023 2024 Subject sources Distributors *** *** *** Subject sources Chemical producers *** *** *** Subject sources Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Subject sources Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Subject sources Other end users *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Distributors *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Chemical producers *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Other end users *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Distributors *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Chemical producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Other end users *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Distributors *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Chemical producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Other end users *** *** *** All import sources Distributors *** *** *** All import sources Chemical producers *** *** *** All import sources Primary aluminum producers *** *** *** All import sources Secondary aluminum producers *** *** *** All import sources Other end users *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2.5 Geographic distribution U.S. producers and importers reported selling silicon metal to all regions of United States (table 2.5). For U.S. producers, *** percent of sales were within 100 miles of their production facility, *** percent were between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent were over 1,000 miles. Importers sold *** percent within 100 miles of their U.S. point of shipment, *** percent between 101 and 1,000 miles, and *** percent over 1,000 miles. Table 2.5 Silicon metal: Count of U.S. producers’ and U.S. importers’ geographic markets Region U.S. producers Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources Northeast *** *** 2 2 *** *** 4 Midwest *** *** 3 2 *** *** 4 Southeast *** *** 2 2 *** *** 4 Central Southwest *** *** 1 1 *** *** 3 Mountain *** *** 1 1 *** *** 1 Pacific Coast *** *** 2 1 *** *** 3 Other *** *** 1 1 *** *** 1 All regions (except Other) *** *** 1 1 *** *** 1 Reporting firms 2 1 3 3 2 2 5 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Other U.S. markets include Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Supply and demand considerations U.S. supply Table 2.6 provides a summary of the supply factors regarding silicon metal from U.S. producers and from subject countries. From information submitted to the Commission regarding foreign producers, capacity utilization for subject countries decreased from 2022 to 2024, with producers from *** reporting the greatest change in capacity utilization. Foreign producers’ inventories to total shipments *** from 2022 to 2024, except in the case of producers from ***, which reported an increased ratio of inventories to total shipments. U.S. producers’ capacity utilization *** from 2022 to 2024. 2.6 Table 2.6 Silicon metal: Supply factors that affect the ability to increase shipments to the U.S. market, by country Quantity in short tons contained silicon; ratio and share in percent Factor Measure United States Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject suppliers Subject suppliers less Angola and Thailand Capacity 2022 Quantity *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Capacity 2024 Quantity *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2022 Ratio *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Capacity utilization 2024 Ratio *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2022 Ratio *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Inventories to total shipments 2024 Ratio *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Non-US export market shipments 2024 Share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Ability to shift production Count *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Responding U.S. producers accounted for all of U.S. production of silicon metal in 2024. Responding foreign producer/exporter firms accounted for all or virtually U.S. imports of silicon metal from Australia, Norway, and Thailand during 2024. No foreign producer or exporter from Angola or Laos provided responses. For additional data on the number of responding firms and their share of U.S. production and of U.S. imports from each subject country, please refer to Parts 3 and 7. 2.7 Domestic production Based on available information, U.S. producers of silicon metal have the ability to respond to changes in demand with moderate changes in the quantity of shipments of U.S.- produced silicon metal to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the availability of some unused capacity, inventories, and some ability to shift production to or from alternate products. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include the limited ability to shift shipments from alternate markets. U.S. producers reported decreasing production and production capacity from 2022 to 2024. Production decreased less than production capacity leading to an increase in capacity utilization over the same period. Inventories remained relatively constant as a ratio to total shipments from 2022 to 2024. U.S. producers reported that commercial shipments to countries other than the United States remained *** percent throughout the period. *** of two U.S. producers reported that *** able to produce other products on the same equipment used to produce silicon metal. U.S. producer *** reported that it ***. U.S. producer *** reported that *** ability to shift production to or from other products. Subject imports from Angola The Commission did not receive any questionnaire responses from producers in Angola. Subject imports from Australia Based on available information, producers of silicon metal from Australia have the ability to respond to changes in demand with moderate-to-large changes in the quantity of shipments of silicon metal to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the availability of some unused capacity, ability to shift shipments from alternate markets or inventories. Factors mitigating responsiveness of supply include a limited ability to shift production to or from alternate products The responding Australian producer’s production capacity remained constant from 2022 to 2024, while production and capacity utilization decreased throughout the period. Inventories as a ratio to total shipments increased from approximately *** percent in 2022 to more than 2.8 *** percent in 2024. Australian producers reported that *** of shipments were to non-U.S. markets in 2024. Subject imports from Laos The Commission did not receive any questionnaire responses from producers in Laos. Subject imports from Norway Based on available information, producers of silicon metal from Norway have the ability to respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of silicon metal to the U.S. market. The main contributing factors to this degree of responsiveness of supply are the availability of unused capacity, ability to shift shipments from alternate markets. Responding Norwegian producers’ production capacity remained constant from 2022 to 2024 while production and capacity utilization decreased throughout the period. Inventories as a ratio to total shipments remained constant at just over *** percent. Norwegian producers reported that *** of shipments were to non-U.S. markets in 2024. Subject imports from Thailand Based on available information, producers of silicon metal from Thailand have the ability to respond to changes in demand with large changes in the quantity of shipments of silicon metal to the U.S. market. The main contributing factor to this degree of responsiveness of supply is the availability of unused capacity. Responding Thai producers’ production capacity increased from 2022 to 2024 while production decreased substantially, leading to a large increase in unused capacity throughout the period. Inventories decreased by approximately *** percentage points over the period. Thai producers reported that less than *** percent of shipments were to non-U.S. markets in 2024. Imports from nonsubject sources Nonsubject imports accounted for 73.4 percent of total U.S. imports in 2024. The largest sources of nonsubject imports from January 2022 to December 2024 were Brazil and Canada. Combined, these countries accounted for 63.6 percent of all imports in 2024. Supply constraints *** U.S. producers and all responding importers reported that they had not experienced supply constraints since January 1, 2022. 2.9 U.S. demand Based on available information, the overall demand for silicon metal is likely to experience relatively small changes in response to changes in price. Demand for the end-use products is the underlying driver of demand for silicon metal. While silicon metal accounts for a varying share of the total cost of its end-use products, demand responsiveness is constrained by the lack of substitute products. End uses and cost share Silicon metal is primarily used by chemical producers in the production of silicones and polysilicon, and by aluminum producers as an alloying agent. Chemical end uses identified by firms include silicones, silicone tetrachloride, chlorosilanes, trichlorosilane, hyperpure polysilicon, polycrystalline silicon, polysilicon, sealants, and silicone adhesive sealants. Aluminum end uses include aluminum alloys, wrought aluminum alloys, aluminum castings, and various foundry ingots. Firms also reported end uses in ceramics and refractories. Silicon metal usually accounts for a moderate-to-large share of the cost of the end-use products in which it is used. Reported cost shares for chemical producers ranged from 20 percent to 59 percent of total cost, and polysilicon producers reported silicon metal cost shares between 20 and 100 percent. Reported cost shares for primary and secondary aluminum applications were between 1 and 10 percent. Business cycles *** U.S. producer reported that the market is subject to business cycles, while 6 out of 10 importers indicated that the market is subject to business cycles. Specifically, importer *** reported that demand from aluminum customers “tends to fluctuate both during the year and across years”, importer *** reported that silicon metal demand is “subject to overall silicones demand, as well as demand from the aluminum industry and polysilicon (industry)”, and importer *** reporting that demand follows market cycles. 2.10 Demand trends Most firms reported an increase in U.S. demand for silicon metal since January 1, 2022 (table 2.7). Table 2.7 Silicon metal: Count of firms’ responses regarding overall domestic and foreign demand, by firm type Market Firm type Steadily Increase Fluctuate upward No change Fluctuate downward Steadily decrease Domestic demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Domestic demand Importers 1 5 0 2 0 Foreign demand U.S. producers *** *** *** *** *** Foreign demand Importers 4 2 1 1 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Substitute products Substitutes for silicon metal are limited. *** U.S. producers and 10 out of 11 importers reported that there were no substitutes. Substitutability issues This section assesses the degree to which U.S.-produced silicon metal and imports of silicon metal from subject countries can be substituted for one another by examining the importance of certain purchasing factors and the comparability of silicon metal from domestic and imported sources based on those factors. The degree of substitution between domestic and imported silicon metal depends upon such factors as grade, sizing and packaging, reliability of supply, timeliness of delivery, and conditions of sale. Based on available data, staff believes that there is a high degree of substitutability between domestically produced silicon metal and silicon metal imported from subject sources, although silicon metal chemical composition characteristics (see description of importer responses for table 2.10 below) and reliability of supply issues may affect levels of substitutability.1 1 The degree of substitution between domestic and imported silicon metal depends upon the extent of product differentiation between the domestic and imported products and reflects how easily purchasers can switch from domestically produced silicon metal to the silicon metal imported from subject countries (or vice versa) when prices change. The degree of substitution may include such factors as quality differences (e.g., grade standards, defect rates, etc.), and differences in sales conditions (e.g., lead times between order and delivery dates, reliability of supply, product services, etc.). 2.11 Factors affecting purchasing decisions Most important purchase factors Purchasers responding to lost sales lost revenue allegations2 were asked to identify the main purchasing factors their firm considered in their purchasing decisions for silicon metal. The most often cited top three factors that firms considered in their purchasing decisions for silicon metal were quality (18 firms), price (12 firms), and availability and supply (11 firms) as shown in table 2.8. Quality was the most frequently cited first-most important factor (cited by 10 firms), followed by price (4 firms); quality was the most frequently reported second-most important factor (6 firms); and availability and supply was the most frequently reported third- most important factor (6 firms). Other factors included customer approvals, service, packaging, payment terms, and sustainability. Purchaser *** reported that the firm prioritizes *** and that silicon metal from nonsubject source Brazil is produced with renewable energy.3 Table 2.8 Silicon metal: Count of ranking of factors used in purchasing decisions as reported by purchasers, by factor Factor First Second Third Total Quality 10 6 2 18 Price 4 3 5 12 Availability and supply 3 2 6 11 All other factors 1 4 3 8 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Other factors include sustainability, customer approvals, service, packaging, and payment terms. Lead times Silicon metal is primarily produced-to-order. U.S. producers reported that *** percent of their commercial shipments were produced-to-order, with lead times averaging *** days. The remaining *** percent of their commercial shipments came from inventories, with lead times averaging *** days. Importers reported that *** of their shipments were from U.S. inventories, *** produced to order, and *** from foreign inventories, with lead times of ***, ***, and *** days, respectively. 2 This information is compiled from responses by purchasers identified by Petitioners or other U.S. producers to the lost sales lost revenue allegations. See Part 5 for additional information. 3 Staff phone interview with purchaser ***. 2.12 Comparison of U.S.-produced and imported silicon metal In order to determine whether U.S.-produced silicon metal can generally be used in the same applications as imports from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand, U.S. producers and importers were asked whether the products can always, frequently, sometimes, or never be used interchangeably. As shown in table 2.9, U.S. producers described silicon metal produced in the U.S. as *** interchangeable with product produced in other countries. Table 2.10 shows a majority of importers reported that silicon metals produced in the United States is always or frequently interchangeable. Importers *** and *** noted that product from Thailand and nonsubject countries is sometimes interchangeable with U.S. product, depending on the product specification. Importers *** and *** reported that interchangeability would depend on the intended use of the silicon metals, with *** describing that “aluminum grade silicon metal cannot be used for chemical applications” and that ***. Table 2.9 Silicon metal: Count of U.S. producers reporting the interchangeability between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Angola *** *** *** *** United States vs. Australia *** *** *** *** United States vs. Laos *** *** *** *** United States vs. Norway *** *** *** *** United States vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Australia *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Laos *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Laos *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Norway vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** United States vs. Other *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Other *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Other *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Other *** *** *** *** Norway vs. Other *** *** *** *** Thailand vs. Other *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2.13 Table 2.10 Silicon metal: Count of importers reporting the interchangeability between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Angola 2 1 1 0 United States vs. Australia 3 3 2 0 United States vs. Laos 2 2 2 0 United States vs. Norway 3 4 2 0 United States vs. Thailand 2 2 3 0 Angola vs. Australia 2 1 1 0 Angola vs. Laos 2 2 1 0 Angola vs. Norway 2 1 1 0 Angola vs. Thailand 2 2 1 0 Australia vs. Laos 2 1 2 0 Australia vs. Norway 3 3 2 0 Australia vs. Thailand 2 1 3 0 Laos vs. Norway 2 1 2 0 Laos vs. Thailand 2 2 2 0 Norway vs. Thailand 2 1 3 0 United States vs. Other 2 2 3 0 Angola vs. Other 2 1 1 0 Australia vs. Other 2 2 2 0 Laos vs. Other 2 1 2 0 Norway vs. Other 2 2 2 0 Thailand vs. Other 2 1 3 0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. In addition, U.S. producers and importers were asked to assess how often differences other than price were significant in sales of silicon metal from the United States, subject, or nonsubject countries. As seen in tables 2.11 and 2.12, U.S. producers reported that differences other than price are *** significant and most importers *** consider differences other than price significant. Importers *** and *** reported that factors such product quality, grade, and reliability of supply are greater consideration than price. 2.14 Table 2.11 Silicon metal: Count of U.S. producers reporting the significance of differences other than price between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Angola *** *** *** *** United States vs. Australia *** *** *** *** United States vs. Laos *** *** *** *** United States vs. Norway *** *** *** *** United States vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Australia *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Laos *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Laos *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Norway *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** Norway vs. Thailand *** *** *** *** United States vs. Other *** *** *** *** Angola vs. Other *** *** *** *** Australia vs. Other *** *** *** *** Laos vs. Other *** *** *** *** Norway vs. Other *** *** *** *** Thailand vs. Other *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2.15 Table 2.12 Silicon metal: Count of importers reporting the significance of differences between product produced in the United States and in other countries, by country pair Country pair Always Frequently Sometimes Never United States vs. Angola 0 1 2 2 United States vs. Australia 1 1 2 2 United States vs. Laos 0 1 2 3 United States vs. Norway 1 1 2 2 United States vs. Thailand 0 1 2 2 Angola vs. Australia 0 1 2 2 Angola vs. Laos 0 1 3 2 Angola vs. Norway 0 1 2 2 Angola vs. Thailand 0 1 3 2 Australia vs. Laos 0 1 2 2 Australia vs. Norway 1 1 2 2 Australia vs. Thailand 0 1 2 2 Laos vs. Norway 0 1 2 2 Laos vs. Thailand 0 1 3 2 Norway vs. Thailand 0 1 2 2 United States vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Angola vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Australia vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Laos vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Norway vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Thailand vs. Other 0 0 3 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.1 Part 3: U.S. producers’ production, shipments, and employment The Commission analyzes a number of factors in making injury determinations (see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677(7)(B) and 1677(7)(C)). Information on the subsidies and dumping margins was presented in Part 1 of this report and information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Part 4 and Part 5. Information on the other factors specified is presented in this section and/or Part 6 and (except as noted) is based on the questionnaire responses of two firms that accounted for the all U.S. production of silicon metal during 2024. U.S. producers The Commission issued a U.S. producer questionnaire to two firms based on information contained in the petition, and both firms provided usable data on their operations. Table 3.1 lists U.S. producers of silicon metal, their production locations, positions on the petition, and shares of total production. Table 3.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers, their positions on the petition, production locations, and shares of reported production, 2024 Shares in percent Firm Position on petition Production location(s) Share of production Ferroglobe Petitioner Alloy, WV Beverly, OH Selma, AL *** MS Silicon Petitioner Burnsville, MS *** All firms Various Various 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.2 Table 3.2 presents information on U.S. producers’ ownership, related and/or affiliated firms. As indicated in table 3.2, *** U.S. producers are related to foreign producers of the subject merchandise. ***. Table 3.2 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ ownership, related and/or affiliated firms Reporting firm Relationship type and related firm Details of relationship *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.3 Table 3.3 presents events in the U.S. industry since January 1, 2022. Table 3.3 Silicon metal: Important industry events since 2022 Item Firm Event Plant reopening Ferroglobe In early 2022, a 170,000-square-foot silicon metal manufacturing facility in Selma, Alabama reopened, employing around 100 workers. Input cost increase Ferroglobe A company official testified to the West Virginia Public Service Commission that electricity rates at the Alloy, West Virginia manufacturing plant had increased twelve percent through September in 2022 alone, and that further electricity price increases threatened 244 jobs. Tax credits Ferroglobe In early 2023, the Selma, Alabama manufacturing facility received $13.5 million in tax credits to refurbish its two furnaces and make other improvements. Planned Layoffs Ferroglobe In December 2023, the mayor of Selma, Alabama announced that Globe planned to lay off 40 of the 100 workers at the Selma, Alabama manufacturing facility. Plant idled Ferroglobe In December 2023, the Selma, Alabama plant was idled and remains idled with no hourly employees as of April 25, 2025. New plant construction Sinova Global Sinova Global continues construction on a new silicon metal plant in Tiptonville, Tennessee as of May 2025. Source: Globe Metallurgical Plant Receives $13.5 Million in Tax Credits to Improve Infrastructure, Selma Sun, February 2, 2023, https://selmasun.com/news/globe-metallurgical-plant-receives-13-5-million-in-tax- credits-to-improve-infrastructure/article_ee42a9e8-a34f-11ed-8b2c-af8c8d1095e6.html, retrieved May 16, 2025; Selma Facility Set to Lay-off Close to 40 Workers in ‘Right Sizing,’ WSFA 12 News, December 22, 2023. https://www.wsfa.com/2023/12/22/selma-facility-set-lay-off-close-40-workers-right-sizing/, retrieved May 16, 2025; “Silicon Metals Maker Says Electric Rate Increases Are 'Unsustainable,” WV Public Broadcasting, September 2022, https://wvpublic.org/silicon-metals-maker-says-electric-rate-increases- are-unsustainable/, retrieved May 19, 2025; Ferroglobe PLC, April 25, 2025, Form 20-F, https://www.ferroglobe.com/sec-filings/sec-filing/20-f/0001558370-25-005495; Whillans, Cara. “Sinova Global’s High Purity Quartz Quarry Reopens to Address Critical Mineral Shortage in North America,” Sinova Global, May 14, 2025. https://sinovaglobal.com/news/sinova-globals-high-purity-quartz-quarry- reopens/, retrieved May 19, 2025. 3.4 Producers in the United States were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of silicon metal since 2022. *** producers indicated in their questionnaires that they had experienced such changes. Table 3.4 presents the changes identified by these producers. Table 3.4 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ reported changes in operations, since January 1, 2022 Item Firm name and narrative response on changes in operations Plant closings ***. Prolonged shutdowns ***. Acquisitions ***. Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.5 U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization Table 3.5 presents U.S. producers' installed and practical capacity, production, and utilization on the same equipment as subject production. Installed overall capacity decreased each year since 2022, due to ***. Installed overall production decreased in 2023 from 2022 and increased in 2024, ending *** percent lower than 2022 levels. U.S. producers’ installed overall capacity utilization increased each year from 2022 to 2024. Practical overall capacity decreased *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Practical overall production decreased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, having decreased in 2023 and increased in 2024. Practical overall capacity utilization increased each year from 2022 to 2024. Practical silicon metal capacity decreased each year from 2022 to 2024. Practical silicon metal production decreased in 2023 from 2022 levels and increased in 2024 from 2023 levels, ending lower in 2024 than 2022. Practical capacity utilization increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, having decreased in 2023 from 2022. Table 3.5 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' installed and practical capacity, production, and utilization on the same equipment as subject production, by period Capacity and production in short tons contained silicon; utilization in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Capacity *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Production *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 3.6 presents U.S. producers’ reported narratives regarding practical capacity constraints. ***. Table 3.6 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ reported capacity constraints since January 1, 2022 Item Firm name and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Other constraints ***. Other constraints *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.6 Table 3.7 and figure 3.1 present U.S. producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization. Reflecting Ferroglobe’s closure of its Selma Alabama facility in October 2023,1 the firm’s capacity declined each year, while MS Silicon’s capacity was unchanged. Total capacity for combined U.S. firms was lower each year from 2022 to 2024, declining *** percent between 2022 and 2024. Ferroglobe’s production was lower each year, while MS Silicon’s production was lower in 2023 than in 2022 and was higher in 2024, ending *** lower than in 2022. Total production for U.S. firms aggregated was lower in 2023 than in 2022, and higher in 2024, but ending *** percent lower than in 2022. U.S. producers’ capacity utilization, reflecting those of both U.S. producers, fluctuated, declining in 2023 and increasing in 2024, ending *** percentage points higher than in 2022. Shares of production output between the two firms *** from 2022 to 2024 with Ferroglobe *** during the period of investigation. Table 3.7 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Practical capacity Capacity in short tons contained silicon Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 3.7 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Production Production in short tons contained silicon Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 1 Conference transcript, p. 24 (Chaal). 3.7 Table 3.7 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Capacity utilization Capacity utilization ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Note: Capacity utilization ratio represents the ratio of the U.S. producer’s production to its production capacity. Table continued. Table 3.7 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ output, by firm and period Share of production Share in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Figure 3.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ output, by period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3.8 Alternative products As shown in table 3.8, more than *** percent of the product produced during 2022 through 2024 by U.S. producers was silicon metal. *** reported producing ferrosilicon. Ferrosilicon made up *** of U.S. producers’ production during 2022 through 2024, with other products representing *** percent of U.S. producers’ total production during 2022 through 2024. Table 3.8 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ overall production on the same equipment as in-scope production, by period Quantity in short tons; share in percent Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Silicon metal, contained weight Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, weight of other elements Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, total weight Quantity *** *** *** Ferrosilicon Quantity *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** Out of scope products Quantity *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, contained weight Share *** *** *** Silicon metal, weight of other elements Share *** *** *** Silicon metal, total weight Share *** *** *** Ferrosilicon Share *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** Out of scope products Share *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 3.9 U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and exports Table 3.9 presents U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments, export shipments, and total shipments. Export shipments increased from *** percent of total shipments in 2022 to *** percent in 2024.2 The unit values of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments decreased by *** percent between 2022 and 2024, with the largest decline (by $*** per STCS) in 2023. The unit values of U.S. producers’ exports, which were consistently lower than those of their U.S. shipments, decreased *** percent between 2023 and 2024. Table 3.9 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' total shipments, by destination and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS; shares in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Export shipments Value *** *** *** Total shipments Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Export shipments Unit value *** *** *** Total shipments Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Export shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Total shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Export shipments Share of value *** *** *** Total shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 2 ***. 3.10 Table 3.10 presents U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments by type.3 The share of commercial U.S. shipments decreased irregularly by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024, increasing by *** percentage points in 2023 and decreasing by *** percentage points in 2024. The share of transfers to related firms made up the remainder of these shares and moved in the opposite directions in each period.4 Table 3.10 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments, by type and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Quantity *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Unit value *** *** *** Commercial U.S. shipments Share of quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of quantity *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial U.S. shipments Share of value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Share of value *** *** *** U.S. shipments Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 3 No firm reported internal consumption. 4 ***. 3.11 Captive consumption Section 771(7)(C)(ⅳ) of the Act states that–5 If domestic producers internally transfer significant production of the domestic like product for the production of a downstream article and sell significant production of the domestic like product in the merchant market, and the Commission finds that– (I) the domestic like product produced that is internally transferred for processing into that downstream article does not enter the merchant market for the domestic like product, (II) the domestic like product is the predominant material input in the production of that downstream article, and (III) then the Commission, in determining market share and the factors affecting financial performance . . ., shall focus primarily on the merchant market for the domestic like product. Transfers and sales As reported in table 3.10, transfers to related firms accounted for between *** and *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of silicon metal. First statutory criterion in captive consumption The first requirement for application of the captive consumption provision is that the domestic like product that is internally transferred for processing into that downstream article not enter the merchant market for the domestic like product. U.S. producers reported transfers of silicon metal for the production of downstream silicon metal. As shown in table 3.11, between *** percent and *** percent of the silicon metal transferred was processed into downstream products. 5 Amended by PL 114-27 (as signed, June 29, 2015), Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015. 3.12 Table 3.11 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' production used in downstream products, by type of consumption and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; Share in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Sold as is Quantity *** *** *** Processed into downstream products Quantity *** *** *** IC and transfers Quantity *** *** *** Sold as is Share *** *** *** Processed into downstream products Share *** *** *** IC and transfers Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Note: *** reported transfers in 2022 that it indicated was sold as-is; while *** reported transfers to related firms throughout the period that represented silicon metal produced at ***. Second statutory criterion in captive consumption The second criterion of the captive consumption provision concerns whether the domestic like product is the predominant material input in the production of the downstream article that is captively produced. With respect to the downstream articles resulting from captive production, silicon metal reportedly comprises *** percent of the finished cost of downstream product (table 3.12). Table 3.12 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' contribution of silicon metal to downstream products Share in percent Material input Share of value Share of quantity Silicon metal *** *** All other material inputs *** *** All material inputs 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note : ***. 3.13 U.S. producers’ inventories Table 3.13 presents U.S. producers’ end-of-period inventories and the ratio of these inventories to U.S. producers’ production, U.S. shipments, and total shipments. End of period inventories decreased irregularly *** percent over the period of investigation having decreased in 2023 from 2022 quantities and increased in 2024 from 2023 quantities.6 The end-of-period inventory ratio to U.S. production changed irregularly, ending lower by *** percentage points in 2024 than in 2022. Table 3.13 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ inventories and their ratio to select items, by period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; ratios in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 End-of-period inventory quantity *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. production *** *** *** Inventory ratio to U.S. shipments *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6 ***. For each firm, their respective inventory ratios following similar trends. See Table 13.3 3.14 U.S. employment, wages, and productivity Table 3.14 shows U.S. producers’ employment-related data. U.S. producer’s production and related workers decreased each year from 2022 to 2024. Total hours worked decreased in 2024 compared to 2022 but increased in 2023 from 2022. Hours worked per production and related worker increased in 2023 from 2022. Hours decreased in 2024 from 2023 but remained higher than 2022 hours. Total wages increased in 2023 from 2022 and decreased in 2024 from 2022. Hourly wages as dollars per hour were *** in 2023 compared to 2022 and increased in 2024 than in 2022. During 2022 to 2024 productivity represented by production of short tons contained silicon per hour, ***. Unit labor costs decreased irregularly from 2022 to 2024 after rising in 2023 from 2022 rates. Table 3.14 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ employment related information, by period Item 2022 2023 2024 Production and related workers (PRWs) (number) *** *** *** Total hours worked (1,000 hours) *** *** *** Hours worked per PRW (hours) *** *** *** Wages paid ($1,000) *** *** *** Hourly wages (dollars per hour) *** *** *** Productivity (STCS per 1,000 hours) *** *** *** Unit labor costs (dollars per STCS) *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4.1 Part 4: U.S. imports, apparent U.S. consumption, and market shares U.S. importers The Commission issued importer questionnaires to 19 firms believed to be importers of subject silicon metal, as well as to all U.S. producers of silicon metal.1 Usable questionnaire responses were received from 11 companies, representing: 89.7 percent of U.S. imports from subject sources in 2024 HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.50002. Firms responding to the Commission’s questionnaire accounted for the following shares of imports (as a share of official Commerce statistics, by quantity) in 2024. • *** percent of imports from Angola3 • *** percent of imports from Australia • *** percent of imports from Laos • *** percent of imports from Norway • *** percent of imports from Thailand • *** percent of imports from nonsubject sources Table 4.1 lists all responding U.S. importers of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand and other sources, their locations, and their shares of U.S. imports, in 2024. 1 The Commission issued questionnaires to those firms identified in the petition; staff research; and proprietary, Census-edited Customs’ import records. 2 The coverage estimates presented are calculated from official U.S. import statistics based on General Imports. General Imports measure the total physical arrivals of merchandise from foreign countries, whether such merchandise enters the U.S. customs territory immediately or is entered into bonded warehouses or FTZs under Customs custody. 3 No importer questionnaire response from *** was received by the Commission during these primary investigations. 4.2 Table 4.1 Silicon metal: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of total imports within a given source by firm, 2024 Shares in percent Firm Headquarters Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand BIT Metals Amstelveen, Netherlands *** *** *** *** *** Dow Midland, MI *** *** *** *** *** Elkem Materials Moon Township, PA *** *** *** *** *** Ferroglobe Waterford, OH *** *** *** *** *** Hemlock Hemlock, MI *** *** *** *** *** HSA Theodore, AL *** *** *** *** *** MTALX London, UK *** *** *** *** *** Polymet Birmingham, AL *** *** *** *** *** Simcoa Wellesley, WA *** *** *** *** *** Wacker Charleston, TN *** *** *** *** *** William Rowland Toronto, Canada, Ontario *** *** *** *** *** All firms Various 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. Table 4.1 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. importers, their headquarters, and share of total imports within a given source by firm, 2024 Shares in percent Firm Headquarters Subject Sources Nonsubject sources All import sources BIT Metals Amstelveen, Netherlands *** *** *** Dow Midland, MI *** *** *** Elkem Materials Moon Township, PA *** *** *** Ferroglobe Waterford, OH *** *** *** Hemlock Hemlock, MI *** *** *** HSA Theodore, AL *** *** *** MTALX London, UK *** *** *** Polymet Birmingham, AL *** *** *** Simcoa Wellesley, WA *** *** *** Wacker Charleston, TN *** *** *** William Rowland Toronto, Canada, Ontario *** *** *** All firms Various 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.3 U.S. imports Table 4.2 and figures 4.1 and 4.2 present data for U.S. imports of silicon metal by source. The quantity of U.S. imports from subject sources decreased by 33.0 percent in 2023 and increased by 124.4 percent in 2024, ending 50.4 percent higher than in 2022. U.S. imports from each subject country, except Norway and Thailand, were higher in 2024 than in 2022. U.S. imports from nonsubject sources followed a similar pattern to those from aggregated subject sources, although ending 16.7 percent lower in 2024 than in 2022. The share of U.S. imports from subject sources increased from 17.1 percent in 2022 to 26.6 percent in 2024 or by 9.5 percentage points. The average unit value of imports from subject sources decreased by 24.6 percent in 2023 and by 22.5 percent in 2024, ending 41.5 percent lower than in 2022. U.S. imports from each individual subject country and from nonsubject sources, the largest source, followed this pattern, with the exception of Angola for which 2024 was the first year of importation. The ratio of U.S. imports from subject sources to U.S. production increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. The ratio of U.S. imports from nonsubject sources to U.S. production decreased irregularly over the same period, from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. 4.4 Table 4.2 Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Angola Quantity — — 1,829 Australia Quantity 4,933 2,605 14,237 Laos Quantity 649 3,936 8,493 Norway Quantity 14,622 10,336 14,488 Thailand Quantity 8,213 2,168 3,686 Subject sources Quantity 28,418 19,045 42,733 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity 20,204 16,877 37,218 Nonsubject sources Quantity 137,985 92,029 118,206 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity 146,199 94,197 123,720 All import sources Quantity 166,403 111,074 160,939 Angola Value — — 4,226 Australia Value 19,696 9,954 45,598 Laos Value 1,958 9,790 18,868 Norway Value 85,717 44,214 45,055 Thailand Value 32,569 6,784 9,305 Subject sources Value 139,940 70,743 123,052 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Value 107,371 63,958 109,521 Nonsubject sources Value 616,163 372,248 355,283 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Value 648,732 379,032 368,814 All import sources Value 756,103 442,991 478,335 Angola Unit value — — 2,311 Australia Unit value 3,993 3,821 3,203 Laos Unit value 3,015 2,488 2,222 Norway Unit value 5,862 4,278 3,110 Thailand Unit value 3,965 3,130 2,525 Subject sources Unit value 4,924 3,715 2,880 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Unit value 5,314 3,790 2,943 Nonsubject sources Unit value 4,465 4,045 3,006 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Unit value 4,437 4,024 2,981 All import sources Unit value 4,544 3,988 2,972 Table continued. 4.5 Table 4.2 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by source and period Share and ratio in percent; ratio represents the ratio to U.S. production Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Angola Share of quantity — — 1.1 Australia Share of quantity 3.0 2.3 8.8 Laos Share of quantity 0.4 3.5 5.3 Norway Share of quantity 8.8 9.3 9.0 Thailand Share of quantity 4.9 2.0 2.3 Subject sources Share of quantity 17.1 17.1 26.6 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share of quantity 12.1 15.2 23.1 Nonsubject sources Share of quantity 82.9 82.9 73.4 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share of quantity 87.9 84.8 76.9 All import sources Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Angola Share of value — — 0.9 Australia Share of value 2.6 2.2 9.5 Laos Share of value 0.3 2.2 3.9 Norway Share of value 11.3 10.0 9.4 Thailand Share of value 4.3 1.5 1.9 Subject sources Share of value 18.5 16.0 25.7 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share of value 14.2 14.4 22.9 Nonsubject sources Share of value 81.5 84.0 74.3 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share of value 85.8 85.6 77.1 All import sources Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data reflect CIF values. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.6 Figure 4.1 Silicon metal: U.S. import quantities and average unit values treating Angola and Thailand as subject, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data reflect CIF values. 4.7 Figure 4.2 Silicon metal: U.S. import quantities and average unit values treating Angola and Thailand as nonsubject, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data reflect CIF values. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2022 2023 2024 Calendar year Average unit value (dollars per short ton) Quantity (1,000 STCS) Nonsubject quantities, plus Angola and Thailand (left-axis) Subject quantities, less Angola and Thailand (left-axis) Subject AUVs less Angola and Thailand (right-axis) Nonsubject AUVs plus Angola and Thailand (right-axis) 4.8 Table 4.3 presents data on U.S. imports from nonsubject sources including the four highest sources, in order of 2024 imports, followed by all other nonsubject sources. Figure 4.3 presents data on average unit values of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments and U.S. imports. U.S. imports from each of these sources was lower in 2023 and higher in 2024, although all but U.S. imports from Canada and France were lower in 2024 than in 2022. Average unit values from each individual source, except France and all other nonsubject sources, declined in each year, and were lower in 2024 than in 2022, with the exception of all other nonsubject sources. Table 4.3 Silicon metal: U.S. imports from nonsubject sources, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Brazil Quantity 88,243 59,111 65,520 Canada Quantity 33,915 31,084 36,882 Malaysia Quantity 9,482 588 6,938 France Quantity 230 191 3,761 South Africa Quantity 22 77 1,551 Germany Quantity 884 443 678 Spain Quantity 62 10 142 All other nonsubject sources Quantity 5,149 526 2,733 Nonsubject sources Quantity 137,985 92,029 118,206 Brazil Value 371,484 238,181 197,015 Canada Value 181,336 128,466 114,364 Malaysia Value 47,871 1,404 19,500 France Value 820 680 10,864 South Africa Value 83 204 3,967 Germany Value 2,289 1,228 1,604 Spain Value 202 83 610 All other nonsubject sources Value 12,077 2,002 7,359 Nonsubject sources Value 616,163 372,248 355,283 Brazil Unit value 4,210 4,029 3,007 Canada Unit value 5,347 4,133 3,101 Malaysia Unit value 5,049 2,389 2,810 France Unit value 3,565 3,570 2,888 South Africa Unit value 3,840 2,653 2,558 Germany Unit value 2,591 2,775 2,367 Spain Unit value 3,269 7,951 4,296 All other nonsubject sources Unit value 2,346 3,803 2,692 Nonsubject sources Unit value 4,465 4,045 3,006 Table continued. 4.9 Table 4.3 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports from nonsubject sources, by source and period Share and ratio in percent; ratio represents the ratio to U.S. production Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Brazil Share of quantity 53.0 53.2 40.7 Canada Share of quantity 20.4 28.0 22.9 Malaysia Share of quantity 5.7 0.5 4.3 France Share of quantity 0.1 0.2 2.3 South Africa Share of quantity 0.0 0.1 1.0 Germany Share of quantity 0.5 0.4 0.4 Spain Share of quantity 0.0 0.0 0.1 All other nonsubject sources Share of quantity 3.1 0.5 1.7 Nonsubject sources Share of quantity 82.9 82.9 73.4 Brazil Share of value 49.1 53.8 41.2 Canada Share of value 24.0 29.0 23.9 Malaysia Share of value 6.3 0.3 4.1 France Share of value 0.1 0.2 2.3 South Africa Share of value 0.0 0.0 0.8 Germany Share of value 0.3 0.3 0.3 Spain Share of value 0.0 0.0 0.1 All other nonsubject sources Share of value 1.6 0.5 1.5 Nonsubject sources Share of value 81.5 84.0 74.3 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data reflect CIF values. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. 4.10 Figure 4.3 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' US shipments average unit values and US imports average unit values, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data reflect CIF values. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 2022 2023 2024 Calendar year Average unit value (dollars per STCS) US producers Brazil Canada Malaysia France Subject sources 4.11 Table 4.4 presents data on U.S. producers' and/or their affiliated U.S. importers' U.S. imports, by source and period. U.S. producers and their affiliated firms imported ***. These imports increased irregularly from 2022 to 2024. The share of these imports was *** percent of imports from nonsubject sources and *** percent of all import sources in 2022. In 2023 this share was lower to *** percent of imports from nonsubject sources and *** percent of all import sources. In 2024 this share was higher in both groups listed by *** percent and *** percent respectively. Table 4.4 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and/or their affiliated U.S. importers' U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; share in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Share is to imports by source as presented in Table 4.2. 4.12 Table 4.5 presents data on U.S. imports from foreign producers affiliated with U.S. producers by source and period. The share of imports from all these sources together increased each year during 2022 to 2024. The share of these imports was *** percent in 2022, *** percent in 2023, and *** percent in 2024. Affiliated foreign producers include the following: ***. Part 3 presented more information on firm affiliations. Table 4.5 Silicon metal: U.S. imports from foreign producers affiliated with U.S. producers, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; share in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Brazil Quantity *** *** *** Canada Quantity *** *** *** France Quantity *** *** *** Malaysia Quantity *** *** *** South Africa Quantity *** *** *** Germany Quantity *** *** *** Spain Quantity *** *** *** All other nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Brazil Share *** *** *** Canada Share *** *** *** France Share *** *** *** Malaysia Share *** *** *** South Africa Share *** *** *** Germany Share *** *** *** Spain Share *** *** *** All other nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** Source: Compiled from proprietary, Census-edited Customs import records using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Share is to imports by source as presented in Table 4.2. 4.13 Negligibility The statute requires that an investigation be terminated without an injury determination if imports of the subject merchandise are found to be negligible.4 Negligible imports are generally defined in the Act, as amended, as imports from a country of merchandise corresponding to a domestic like product where such imports account for less than 3 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States in the most recent 12-month period for which data are available that precedes the filing of the petition or the initiation of the investigation. However, if there are imports of such merchandise from a number of countries subject to investigations initiated on the same day that individually account for less than 3 percent of the total volume of the subject merchandise, and if the imports from those countries collectively account for more than 7 percent of the volume of all such merchandise imported into the United States during the applicable 12-month period, then imports from such countries are deemed not to be negligible.5 Table 4.6 and 4.7 presents data on U.S. imports in the twelve month period preceding the filing of the petition and U.S. imports from Angola, Thailand and all other sources in various twelve month periods immediately prior to the filing of the petition. Figure 4.4 presents data on the share of U.S. imports from Angola and Thailand out of total imports in the various twelve month periods in the lead up to the filing of the petition. Imports from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand totaled 26.7 percent of the total volume of subject merchandise. Imports from Angola and Thailand accounted for 1.9 and 1.2 percent of total imports of silicon metal by quantity, respectively, from April 2024 through March 2025. 4 Sections 703(a)(1), 705(b)(1), 733(a)(1), and 735(b)(1) of the Act (19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(a)(1), 1671d(b)(1), 1673b(a)(1), and 1673d(b)(1)). 5 Section 771 (24) of the Act (19 U.S.C § 1677(24)). 4.14 Table 4.6 Silicon metal: U.S. imports in the twelve-month period preceding the filing of the petition, April 2024 through March 2025 Quantity in short tons contained silicon; share of quantity in percent Source of imports Quantity Share of quantity Angola 3,459 1.9 Australia 15,269 8.3 Laos 9,027 4.9 Norway 19,262 10.4 Thailand 2,191 1.2 All other sources 135,136 73.3 All import sources 184,344 100.0 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 4.15 Table 4.7 Silicon metal: U.S. imports from Angola, Thailand, and all other sources in various twelve month periods immediately prior to the filing of the petition Quantity in short tons contained silicon; share in percent Twelve month period through to and including Angola quantity Thailand quantity All other sources quantity All import sources quantity Angola share Thailand share All other sources share All import sources share Jan 2023 — 7,872 156,534 164,406 — 4.8 95.2 100.0 Feb 2023 — 6,958 148,076 155,035 — 4.5 95.5 100.0 Mar 2023 — 6,504 142,911 149,415 — 4.4 95.6 100.0 Apr 2023 — 4,525 134,685 139,210 — 3.3 96.7 100.0 May 2023 — 4,207 114,014 118,221 — 3.6 96.4 100.0 Jun 2023 — 3,898 116,994 120,892 — 3.2 96.8 100.0 Jul 2023 — 4,234 118,189 122,423 — 3.5 96.5 100.0 Aug 2023 — 3,979 120,633 124,612 — 3.2 96.8 100.0 Sep 2023 — 3,267 118,081 121,348 — 2.7 97.3 100.0 Oct 2023 — 2,874 113,087 115,961 — 2.5 97.5 100.0 Nov 2023 — 2,454 113,528 115,982 — 2.1 97.9 100.0 Dec 2023 — 2,168 108,907 111,074 — 2.0 98.0 100.0 Jan 2024 — 2,436 111,465 113,901 — 2.1 97.9 100.0 Feb 2024 — 2,870 111,226 114,096 — 2.5 97.5 100.0 Mar 2024 — 3,252 112,539 115,791 — 2.8 97.2 100.0 Apr 2024 — 3,249 119,811 123,060 — 2.6 97.4 100.0 May 2024 — 3,065 124,270 127,335 — 2.4 97.6 100.0 Jun 2024 105 3,015 123,636 126,756 0.1 2.4 97.5 100.0 Jul 2024 288 3,192 131,483 134,962 0.2 2.4 97.4 100.0 Aug 2024 1,590 3,008 130,223 134,821 1.2 2.2 96.6 100.0 Sep 2024 1,669 3,008 140,351 145,028 1.2 2.1 96.8 100.0 Oct 2024 1,669 3,304 144,529 149,502 1.1 2.2 96.7 100.0 Nov 2024 1,790 3,346 147,180 152,317 1.2 2.2 96.6 100.0 Dec 2024 1,829 3,686 155,424 160,939 1.1 2.3 96.6 100.0 Jan 2025 2,383 2,946 165,496 170,826 1.4 1.7 96.9 100.0 Feb 2025 3,248 2,512 170,392 176,153 1.8 1.4 96.7 100.0 Mar 2025 3,459 2,191 178,693 184,344 1.9 1.2 96.9 100.0 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.16 Figure 4.4 Silicon metal: Share of U.S. imports from Angola and Thailand out of total imports in the various twelve month periods in the lead up to the filing of the petition, by period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2023 2024 2025 Share (percent) 12 month period ending in Threshold: Individual Negligibility period Angola Thailand 4.17 Cumulation considerations In assessing whether imports should be cumulated, the Commission determines whether U.S. imports from the subject countries compete with each other and with the domestic like product and has generally considered four factors: (1) fungibility, (2) presence of sales or offers to sell in the same geographical markets, (3) common or similar channels of distribution, and (4) simultaneous presence in the market. Information regarding channels of distribution, market areas, and interchangeability appear in Part 2. Additional information concerning fungibility, geographical markets, and simultaneous presence in the market is presented below. More information on U.S. shipments by product grade and source and U.S producers and U.S. importers shipments with each channel can be found in appendixes D and E. Fungibility The Commission requested information concerning U.S. producers’ and U.S. importers’ U.S. shipments of silicon metal, by grade, for calendar year 2024.6 These data are presented in table 4.8 and figure 4.5. Every individual source had U.S. shipments of both high purity grade and other grades, although of differing proportions. Table 4.8 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade, 2024 Quantity in short tons contained silicon Source High purity grade Other grades All grades U.S. producers *** *** *** Angola *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** Subject sources *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** All sources *** *** *** Table continued. 6 High purity grade was defined as Silicon metal with a silicon (Si) content greater than or equal to 99.1, iron (Fe) content less than or equal to 0.30, aluminum (Al) content less than or equal to 0.30, calcium (Ca) content less than or equal to 0.05, titanium (Ti) content less than or equal to 0.05, and a carbon (C) content less than or equal to 0.15. 4.18 Table 4.8 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade, 2024 Share across in percent Source High purity grade Other grades All grades U.S. producers *** *** 100.0 Angola *** *** 100.0 Australia *** *** 100.0 Laos *** *** 100.0 Norway *** *** 100.0 Thailand *** *** 100.0 Subject sources *** *** 100.0 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** 100.0 Nonsubject sources *** *** 100.0 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** 100.0 All import sources *** *** 100.0 All sources *** *** 100.0 Table continued. Table 4.8 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade, 2024 Share down in percent Source High purity grade Other grades All grades U.S. producers *** *** *** Angola *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** Subject sources *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** All import sources *** *** *** All sources 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4.19 Figure 4.5 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade, 2024 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 4.20 Geographical markets Table 4.9 presents U.S. import quantities of silicon metal sources and border of entry during 2024.7 According to official U.S. import statistics, imports of silicon metal entered through all four borders of entry, except for Angola (East only) and Laos (all but South). Table 4.9 Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Quantity in short tons contained silicon Source East North South West All borders Angola 1,829 — — — 1,829 Australia 9,146 6 942 4,143 14,237 Laos 5,674 21 — 2,798 8,493 Norway 6,057 2,804 5,619 8 14,488 Thailand 2,692 592 296 105 3,686 Subject sources 25,397 3,424 6,858 7,054 42,733 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand 20,876 2,832 6,562 6,948 37,218 Nonsubject sources 18,899 73,882 19,396 6,028 118,206 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand 23,420 74,474 19,692 6,134 123,720 All import sources 44,296 77,306 26,254 13,082 160,939 Table continued. 7 The “East” border of entry includes the following Customs entry districts for silicon metal: Baltimore, MD; Charleston, SC; Charlotte, NC; New York, NY; Norfolk, VA; Ogdensburg, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Savannah, GA; and St. Albans, VT. The “North” border of entry includes the following Customs entry districts for silicon metal: Chicago, IL; Cleveland, OH; Detroit, MI; Great Falls, MT; Minneapolis, MN; and St. Louis, MO. The “South” border of entry includes the following Customs entry districts for silicon metal: Dallas-Fort Worth, TX; Houston-Galveston, TX; Miami, FL; New Orleans, LA; and Tampa, FL. The “West” border of entry includes the following Customs entry districts for silicon metal: Los Angeles, CA; San Francisco, CA; and Seattle, WA. 4.21 Table 4.9 (continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Share across in percent Source East North South West All borders Angola 100.0 — — — 100.0 Australia 64.2 0.0 6.6 29.1 100.0 Laos 66.8 0.3 — 32.9 100.0 Norway 41.8 19.4 38.8 0.1 100.0 Thailand 73.0 16.1 8.0 2.9 100.0 Subject sources 59.4 8.0 16.0 16.5 100.0 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand 56.1 7.6 17.6 18.7 100.0 Nonsubject sources 16.0 62.5 16.4 5.1 100.0 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand 18.9 60.2 15.9 5.0 100.0 All import sources 27.5 48.0 16.3 8.1 100.0 Table continued. Table 4.9 (continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by source and by border of entry, 2024 Share down in percent Source East North South West All borders Angola 4.1 — — — 1.1 Australia 20.6 0.0 3.6 31.7 8.8 Laos 12.8 0.0 — 21.4 5.3 Norway 13.7 3.6 21.4 0.1 9.0 Thailand 6.1 0.8 1.1 0.8 2.3 Subject sources 57.3 4.4 26.1 53.9 26.6 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand 47.1 3.7 25.0 53.1 23.1 Nonsubject sources 42.7 95.6 73.9 46.1 73.4 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand 52.9 96.3 75.0 46.9 76.9 All import sources 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.22 Presence in the market Table 4.10 and figures 4.6 and 4.7 present monthly official U.S. import statistics for subject countries and nonsubject sources. The monthly import statistics indicate that U.S. imports of silicon metal from Norway were present in every month during the 36-month period. Imports from Australia and Thailand were present in nearly every month during January 2022 to December 2024. Imports from Australia were present in 32 months out of the 36- month period, while imports from Thailand were present in 30 months out of the 36 month period. Imports from Laos were present more than half of the months in the 36-month period, occurring in 25 of the months. Imports from Angola were present in 6 of the 36-month period. Table 4.10 silicon metal: Quantity of U.S. imports, by source and month Quantity in short tons contained silicon Year Month Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand 2022 January — 2,564 — 280 812 2022 February — — — 1,574 913 2022 March — 380 — 685 612 2022 April — 318 — 1,035 1,998 2022 May — 284 — 1,958 502 2022 June — 65 — 881 781 2022 July — 303 — 1,497 134 2022 August — 164 — 1,038 439 2022 September — — 216 1,558 712 2022 October — 329 109 1,180 394 2022 November — 110 324 1,338 526 2022 December — 415 — 1,599 391 2023 January — 517 — 1,625 471 2023 February — — — 694 — 2023 March — 116 152 230 157 2023 April — 234 503 361 20 2023 May — 248 219 763 184 2023 June — 117 220 973 471 2023 July — 117 384 1,333 470 2023 August — 641 876 1,336 184 2023 September — 278 932 152 — 2023 October — 224 219 985 — 2023 November — — 212 946 106 2023 December — 113 219 939 105 Table continued 4.23 Table 4.10 (continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by year, by month, and by source Quantity in short tons contained silicon Year Month Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand 2024 January — 511 439 1,033 739 2024 February — 918 548 449 434 2024 March — 532 79 430 539 2024 April — 2,410 1,165 572 17 2024 May — 891 863 162 — 2024 June 105 1,654 439 1,161 421 2024 July 183 2,663 349 1,750 647 2024 August 1,302 526 1,336 1,057 — 2024 September 79 1,968 1,752 1,365 — 2024 October — 607 349 1,791 296 2024 November 121 648 518 560 148 2024 December 39 908 657 4,158 444 2025 January 554 2,022 756 1,062 — 2025 February 865 311 712 1,865 — 2025 March 210 661 131 3,759 218 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.24 Table 4.10 (continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by month and source Quantity in short tons contained silicon Year Month Subject sources Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Nonsubject sources Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand All import sources 2022 January 3,656 2,844 5,911 6,723 9,567 2022 February 2,487 1,574 15,944 16,857 18,431 2022 March 1,677 1,066 12,321 12,933 13,998 2022 April 3,352 1,353 16,321 18,319 19,672 2022 May 2,744 2,242 26,781 27,283 29,525 2022 June 1,727 946 6,412 7,193 8,139 2022 July 1,934 1,799 8,415 8,549 10,348 2022 August 1,641 1,202 8,515 8,954 10,156 2022 September 2,486 1,774 8,390 9,102 10,876 2022 October 2,012 1,619 9,632 10,025 11,644 2022 November 2,297 1,771 9,034 9,559 11,331 2022 December 2,405 2,014 10,311 10,701 12,716 2023 January 2,613 2,142 4,957 5,427 7,569 2023 February 694 694 8,366 8,366 9,060 2023 March 655 498 7,723 7,880 8,378 2023 April 1,118 1,098 8,350 8,370 9,468 2023 May 1,413 1,229 7,123 7,307 8,536 2023 June 1,781 1,310 9,030 9,501 10,810 2023 July 2,304 1,834 9,575 10,045 11,879 2023 August 3,037 2,853 9,308 9,492 12,345 2023 September 1,362 1,362 6,251 6,251 7,613 2023 October 1,428 1,428 4,828 4,828 6,256 2023 November 1,264 1,158 10,088 10,194 11,352 2023 December 1,376 1,271 6,432 6,537 7,808 Table continued. 4.25 Table 4.10 (continued) Silicon metal: U.S. imports, by year, by month, and by source Quantity in short tons contained silicon Year Month Subject sources Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Nonsubject sources Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand All import sources 2024 January 2,723 1,983 7,674 8,413 10,396 2024 February 2,349 1,915 6,906 7,340 9,255 2024 March 1,580 1,040 8,493 9,032 10,073 2024 April 4,164 4,147 12,573 12,590 16,737 2024 May 1,917 1,917 10,895 10,895 12,812 2024 June 3,779 3,253 6,451 6,977 10,230 2024 July 5,592 4,762 14,493 15,323 20,086 2024 August 4,221 2,919 7,982 9,284 12,204 2024 September 5,163 5,085 12,656 12,734 17,819 2024 October 3,043 2,746 7,687 7,984 10,730 2024 November 1,996 1,727 12,170 12,440 14,167 2024 December 6,206 5,723 10,224 10,707 16,430 2025 January 4,394 3,840 15,890 16,444 20,284 2025 February 3,754 2,888 10,829 11,694 14,582 2025 March 4,979 4,550 13,284 13,713 18,263 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.26 Figure 4.6 Silicon metal: U.S. imports from individual subject sources, by source and by month Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2022 2023 2024 2025 Quantity (STCS) Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand 4.27 Figure 4.7 Silicon metal: U.S. imports from aggregated subject and nonsubject sources, by month and negligibility Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 2022 2023 2024 2025 Quantity (thousands of STCS) Subject sources Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Nonsubject sources Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand 4.28 Apparent U.S. consumption and market shares Quantity Table 4.11 and figure 4.8 presents data on apparent U.S. total market consumption and apparent U.S. market shares by quantity for silicon metal. Declining U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments, as discussed in Part 3 of this report, coupled with decreasing U.S. imports of from nonsubject sources resulted in an overall decline in apparent U.S. consumption between 2022 and 2024. During this period, apparent U.S. total market consumption, based on quantity decreased by *** percent. U.S. producers’ share of apparent U.S. consumption, by quantity, declined irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, or by *** percentage points. While over the same period, the share from subject sources increased irregularly, from *** percent to *** percent, or by *** percentage points. The increase in market share from subject sources was largely due to increases from Australia and Laos, as well as from Angola which commenced in 2024. The share of apparent U.S. consumption held by nonsubject imports decreased overall by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. 4.29 Table 4.11 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. total market consumption and market shares based on quantity data, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity — — 1,829 Australia Quantity 4,933 2,605 14,237 Laos Quantity 649 3,936 8,493 Norway Quantity 14,622 10,336 14,488 Thailand Quantity 8,213 2,168 3,686 Subject sources Quantity 28,418 19,045 42,733 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity 20,204 16,877 37,218 Nonsubject sources Quantity 137,985 92,029 118,206 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity 146,199 94,197 123,720 All import sources Quantity 166,403 111,074 160,939 All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Share *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Share *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.30 Figure 4.8 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. total market consumption based on quantity data, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 4.31 Table 4.12 and figure 4.9 present data on apparent U.S. merchant market consumption and market shares based on quantity data for silicon metal. During 2022 to2024, the apparent U.S. merchant market consumption, based on quantity decreased by *** percent. U.S. producers’ share of apparent U.S. consumption declined irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, or by *** percentage points. Over the same period, the share from subject sources increased irregularly from *** percent to *** percent, or by *** percentage points. 4.32 Table 4.12 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. merchant market consumption and market shares based on quantity data, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity — — 1,829 Australia Quantity 4,933 2,605 14,237 Laos Quantity 649 3,936 8,493 Norway Quantity 14,622 10,336 14,488 Thailand Quantity 8,213 2,168 3,686 Subject sources Quantity 28,418 19,045 42,733 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity 20,204 16,877 37,218 Nonsubject sources Quantity 137,985 92,029 118,206 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity 146,199 94,197 123,720 All import sources Quantity 166,403 111,074 160,939 All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Share *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Share *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.33 Figure 4.9 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. merchant market consumption based on quantity data, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. 4.34 Value Table 4.13 and figure 4.10 present data on apparent U.S. total market consumption and U.S. total market shares by value for silicon metal. During 2022 to 2024, U.S. apparent total market consumption, based on value, decreased by *** percent. U.S. producers’ share of apparent U.S. consumption, by value, declined irregularly from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024, or by *** percentage points. Over the same period, the share from subject sources increased irregularly, from *** percent to *** percent, or by *** percentage points. 4.35 Table 4.13 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. total market consumption and market shares based on value data, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Value *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Value *** *** *** U.S. producers Value *** *** *** Angola Value — — 4,226 Australia Value 19,696 9,954 45,598 Laos Value 1,958 9,790 18,868 Norway Value 85,717 44,214 45,055 Thailand Value 32,569 6,784 9,305 Subject sources Value 139,940 70,743 123,052 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Value 107,371 63,958 109,521 Nonsubject sources Value 616,163 372,248 355,283 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Value 648,732 379,032 368,814 All import sources Value 756,103 442,991 478,335 All sources Value *** *** *** U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Share *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Share *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.36 Figure 4.10 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. total market consumption based on value data, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values. Table 4.14 and figure 4.11 presents data on apparent U.S. merchant market consumption and U.S. merchant market shares by value for silicon metal. During 2022 through 2024, apparent U.S. merchant market consumption, based on value, decreased by *** percent. U.S. producers’ market share of apparent U.S. merchant market consumption fluctuated but ended *** percentage points lower in 2024 than in 2022, while the share of apparent U.S. consumption held by subject imports increased overall by *** percentage points. 4.37 Table 4.14 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. merchant market consumption and market shares based on value data, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Value *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Value *** *** *** U.S. producers Value *** *** *** Angola Value — — 4,226 Australia Value 19,696 9,954 45,598 Laos Value 1,958 9,790 18,868 Norway Value 85,717 44,214 45,055 Thailand Value 32,569 6,784 9,305 Subject sources Value 139,940 70,743 123,052 Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Value 107,371 63,958 109,521 Nonsubject sources Value 616,163 372,248 355,283 Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Value 648,732 379,032 368,814 All import sources Value 756,103 442,991 478,335 All sources Value *** *** *** U.S. producer: Ferroglobe Share *** *** *** U.S. producer: MS Silicon Share *** *** *** U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 4.38 Figure 4.11 Silicon metal: Apparent U.S. merchant market consumption based on value data, by source and period * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values 5.1 Part 5: Pricing data Factors affecting prices Raw material costs Silicon metal is produced from mined quartzite and consists almost entirely of elemental silicon with very small amounts of impurities (such as iron, calcium, and aluminum). U.S. producers reported that raw materials as a share of cost of goods sold increased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. The cost of electricity is another important cost in the production of silicon metal. Electricity prices fluctuate over the year, typically reaching their peak in the summer. Overall, the average industrial retail price of electricity increased by 14.9 percent from January 2022 to March 2025 (figure 5.1 and table 5.1). 5.2 Figure 5.1 Raw materials: U.S. average retail price of electricity, industrial, monthly, January 2022- March 2025 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Electricity Data Browser” (https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&geo=g&endsec=vg&linechart=~~~ELEC. PRICE.US-IND.M&columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.M~ELEC.PRICE.US-RES.M~ELEC.PRICE.US- COM.M~ELEC.PRICE.US-IND.M&map=ELEC.PRICE.US- ALL.M&freq=M&start=202201&end=202503&ctype=linechart<ype=pin&rtype=s&pin=&rse=0&maptype= 0), retrieved May 22, 2025. 5.3 Table 5.1 Raw materials: U.S. average retail price of electricity, industrial, monthly, January 2022- March 2025 Index in percent, Jan 2022 = 100.0 percent Month 2022 2023 2024 2025 January 100.0 113.8 112.7 115.7 February 101.3 111.4 108.5 114.5 March 102.5 108.5 107.2 114.9 April 107.1 104.5 108.3 NA May 114.7 106.3 109.7 NA June 123.1 112.8 117.2 NA July 129.5 116.3 121.7 NA August 130.5 123.8 120.7 NA September 126.0 117.2 117.8 NA October 117.5 111.4 113.4 NA November 113.2 108.3 109.5 NA December 118.2 105.8 111.4 NA Source: Data series from U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Electricity Data Browser” (https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/7?agg=0,1&geo=g&endsec=vg&linechart=~~~ELEC. PRICE.US-IND.M&columnchart=ELEC.PRICE.US-ALL.M~ELEC.PRICE.US-RES.M~ELEC.PRICE.US- COM.M~ELEC.PRICE.US-IND.M&map=ELEC.PRICE.US- ALL.M&freq=M&start=202201&end=202503&ctype=linechart<ype=pin&rtype=s&pin=&rse=0&maptype= 0), retrieved May 22, 2025. Transportation costs to the U.S. market Transportation costs for silicon metal shipped from subject countries to the United States averaged 1.8 percent of c.i.f. value of imports from Angola, 2.9 percent of imports from Australia, 4.7 percent of imports from Laos, 3.1 percent of imports from Norway, and 3.9 percent of imports from Thailand during 2024. These estimates were derived from official import data and represent the transportation and other charges on imports.1 U.S. inland transportation costs *** responding U.S. producers and most importers (5 of 6) reported that they typically arrange transportation to their customers. U.S. producers reported that their U.S. inland transportation costs ranged from *** percent to *** percent while importers reported costs of 1.0 to 4.0 percent. 1 The estimated transportation costs were obtained by subtracting the customs value from the c.i.f. value of the imports for 2024 and then dividing by the customs value based on the HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000. 5.4 Pricing practices Pricing methods U.S. producers reported setting prices using *** and U.S. importers reported using primarily transaction-by-transaction negotiations and contracts (table 5.2). *** and importer *** reported using published prices and set price lists. Table 5.2 Silicon metal: Count of U.S. producers’ and importers’ reported price setting methods Method U.S. producers U.S. importers Transaction-by-transaction *** 5 Contract *** 6 Set price list *** 1 Other *** 1 Responding firms 2 7 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: The sum of responses down may not add up to the total number of responding firms as each firm was instructed to check all applicable price setting methods employed. U.S. producers reported selling *** of their silicon metal through annual contracts and importers reported selling *** of their silicon metal through annual contracts, and also reported selling *** through short- and long-term contracts and on the spot market (table 5.3).2 Table 5.3 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ and importers’ shares of commercial U.S. shipments by type of sale, 2024 Share in percent Sale type U.S. producers Subject U.S. importers Long-term contracts *** *** Annual contract *** *** Short-term contracts *** *** Spot sales *** *** All sales types 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown. 2 Importers reported short-term contracts ranging from 45 to 180 days, and importer *** reported long term contracts of *** days. 5.5 U.S. producers reported that their annual contracts *** for price renegotiation, fix *** (and in the case of ***, fix quantity as well), *** to raw material costs, but silicon metal prices are set using indices such as the CRU’s Monitor or Platts’ Metals Week silicon metal price indices.3 Sales terms and discounts *** U.S. producers and most importers typically quote prices on a delivered basis. *** U.S. producers and most importers reported that they did not have a specific discount policy. Importer *** reported offering a 1.5 percent prompt payment discount. Price data The Commission requested U.S. producers and importers to provide quarterly data for the total quantity and f.o.b. value of the following silicon metal products shipped to unrelated U.S. customers during January 2022 to December 2024. Product 1.-- Sold to primary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.5% silicon, a maximum of 1.00% iron, a maximum of 0.07% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. Product 2.-- Sold to secondary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 97.0% silicon, a maximum of 2.00% iron, a maximum of 0.4% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. Product 3.-- Sold to chemical and/or polysilicon manufacturers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.0% silicon, a maximum of 1.50% iron, a maximum of 0.2% calcium, and a maximum of 0.4% aluminum. 3 Preliminary conference transcript, p. 22. 5.6 *** U.S. producers and three importers provided usable pricing data for sales of the requested products, although not all firms reported pricing for all products for all quarters.4 Pricing data reported by these firms accounted for approximately *** percent of U.S. producers’ U.S. shipments of silicon metal, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Australia, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Laos, *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Norway in 2024, and *** percent of U.S. shipments of subject imports from Thailand in 2024.5 Price data for products 1 to 3 are presented in tables 5.4 to 5.6 and figures 5.2 to 5.4.6 Table 5.4 Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Australia price Australia quantity Australia margin Laos price Laos quantity Laos margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 4 Per-unit pricing data are calculated from total quantity and total value data provided by U.S. producers and importers. The precision and variation of these figures may be affected by rounding, limited quantities, and producer or importer estimates. 5 Pricing coverage is based on U.S. shipments reported in questionnaires. No importers reported price data of silicon metal imported from Angola. 6 A null value is reported as “—” in the tables of this section. 5.7 Table 5.4 (Continued) Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent Period Norway price Norway quantity Norway margin Thailand price Thailand quantity Thailand margin Subject sources price Subject sources quantity Subject sources margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Sold to primary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.5% silicon, a maximum of 1.00% iron, a maximum of 0.07% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. 5.8 Figure 5.2 Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 1, by source and quarter Price of product 1 * * * * * * * * * Volume of product 1 * * * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 1: Sold to primary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.5% silicon, a maximum of 1.00% iron, a maximum of 0.07% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. 5.9 Table 5.5 Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Australia price Australia quantity Australia margin Laos price Laos quantity Laos margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 5.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent Period Norway price Norway quantity Norway margin Thailand price Thailand quantity Thailand margin Subject sources price Subject sources quantity Subject sources margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Sold to secondary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 97.0% silicon, a maximum of 2.00% iron, a maximum of 0.4% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. 5.10 Figure 5.3 silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 2, by source and quarter Price of product 2 * * * * * * * * * Volume of product 2 * * * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 2: Sold to secondary aluminum producers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 97.0% silicon, a maximum of 2.00% iron, a maximum of 0.4% calcium, and no restriction of the aluminum content. 5.11 Table 5.6 Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent. Period U.S. price U.S. quantity Australia price Australia quantity Australia margin Laos price Laos quantity Laos margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 5.6 (Continued) Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3 and margins of underselling/(overselling), by source and quarter Price in dollars per short ton contained silicon contained silicon, quantity in short tons contained silicon, margin in percent Period Norway price Norway quantity Norway margin Thailand price Thailand quantity Thailand margin Subject sources price Subject sources quantity Subject sources margin 2022 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2022 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2023 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q1 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q2 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q3 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** 2024 Q4 *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Sold to chemical and/or polysilicon manufacturers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.0% silicon, a maximum of 1.50% iron, a maximum of 0.2% calcium, and a maximum of 0.4% aluminum. 5.12 Figure 5.4 Silicon metal: Weighted-average f.o.b. prices and quantities of domestic and imported product 3, by source and quarter Price of product 3 * * * * * * * * * Volume of product 3 * * * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Product 3: Sold to chemical and/or polysilicon manufacturers; silicon metal less than 99.99% pure that contains a minimum of 98.0% silicon, a maximum of 1.50% iron, a maximum of 0.2% calcium, and a maximum of 0.4% aluminum. 5.13 Price trends In general, prices decreased during January 2022 to December 2024. Table 5.7 summarizes the price trends, by country and by product. As shown in the table, domestic price decreases ranged from *** percent to *** percent during January 2022 to December 2024 while import price decreases ranged from *** percent to *** percent. Table 5.7 Silicon metal: Summary of price data, by product and source, January 2022 to December 2024 Quantity in short ton contained silicon, price in dollars per short tons contained silicon Product Source Number of quarters Quantity of shipments Low price High price First quarter price Last quarter price Percent change in price over period Product 1 United States 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Angola — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Australia 9 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Laos — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Norway — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 1 Thailand — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 United States 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Angola — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Australia 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Laos 4 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Norway 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 2 Thailand 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 United States 12 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Angola — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Australia 6 *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Laos — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Norway — *** *** *** *** *** *** Product 3 Thailand — *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percent change column is percentage change from the first quarter 2022 to the last quarter in 2024. 5.14 Price comparisons As shown in tables 5.8 through 5.9, prices for silicon metal imported from subject sources were below those for U.S.-produced silicon metal in 29 of 55 instances (*** short tons contained silicon) and margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. In the remaining instances (and the majority of comparisons by quantity, *** short tons contained silicon), prices for product from subject sources was *** to *** percent above prices for the domestic product. Table 5.8 presents price comparisons by product, table 5.9 by source, and table 5.10 by year. There are no price comparisons available for Angola. Table 5.8 Silicon metal: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by product Quantity in short tons contained silicon; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling 7 *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling 18 *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling 4 *** *** *** *** All products Underselling 29 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling 22 *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** All products Overselling 26 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. 5.15 Table 5.9 Silicon metal: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by product, for subject countries less Angola and Thailand Quantity in short tons contained silicon; margin in percent Product Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Product 1 Underselling 7 *** *** *** *** Product 2 Underselling 10 *** *** *** *** Product 3 Underselling 4 *** *** *** *** All products Underselling 21 *** *** *** *** Product 1 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** Product 2 Overselling 18 *** *** *** *** Product 3 Overselling 2 *** *** *** *** All products Overselling 22 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. As shown in table 5.9, prices for product imported from Australia were below those for U.S.-produced product in 14 of 27 instances (*** short tons); margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. In the remaining 13 instances (*** short tons), prices for product from Australia were between *** to *** percent above prices for the domestic product. Prices for product imported from Laos were below those for U.S.-produced product in *** instances (*** short tons); margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. Prices for product imported from Thailand were below those for U.S.-produced product in 8 of 12 instances (*** short tons); margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. In the remaining four instances (and the majority of quantity, *** short tons), prices for product from Thailand were between *** and *** percent above prices for the domestic product. 5.16 Prices for product imported from Norway were above those for U.S.-produced product in 9 of 12 instances (*** short tons); prices for product from Norway were between *** and *** percent above prices for the domestic product. In the remaining three instances (*** short tons) and margins of underselling ranged from *** to *** percent. Table 5.10 Silicon metal: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by source Quantity in short tons contained silicon; margin in percent Source Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin Angola Underselling — — — — — Australia Underselling 14 *** *** *** *** Laos Underselling 4 *** *** *** *** Norway Underselling 3 *** *** *** *** Thailand Underselling 8 *** *** *** *** Subject sources Underselling 29 *** *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Underselling 21 *** *** *** *** Angola Overselling — *** *** *** *** Australia Overselling 13 *** *** *** *** Laos Overselling — *** *** *** *** Norway Overselling 9 *** *** *** *** Thailand Overselling 4 *** *** *** *** Subject sources Overselling 26 *** *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Overselling 22 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. 5.17 As shown in table 5.11 and 5.12, most instances of overselling occurred during 2022. Instances of overselling decreased in 2023, but the quantities of silicon metal from subject sources sold above U.S. prices were still greater than those sold below prices for U.S.-produced silicon metal. Most underselling, by both instance and quantity, occurred in 2024. Table 5.11 Silicon metal: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by year Quantity in short tons contained silicon; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling 1 *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling 11 *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling 17 *** *** *** *** All periods Underselling 29 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling 14 *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling 6 *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling 6 *** *** *** *** All periods Overselling 26 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. Table 5.12 Silicon metal: Instances of underselling and overselling and the range and average of margins, by year, for subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity in short tons contained silicon; margin in percent Year Type Number of quarters Quantity Average margin Min margin Max margin 2022 Underselling 1 *** *** *** *** 2023 Underselling 7 *** *** *** *** 2024 Underselling 13 *** *** *** *** All periods Underselling 21 *** *** *** *** 2022 Overselling 10 *** *** *** *** 2023 Overselling 6 *** *** *** *** 2024 Overselling 6 *** *** *** *** All periods Overselling 22 *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data include only quarters in which there is a comparison between the U.S. and subject product. 5.18 Lost sales and lost revenue The Commission requested that U.S. producers of silicon metal report purchasers with which they experienced instances of lost sales or revenue due to competition from imports of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand during January 2022 to December 2024. Of the two responding U.S. producers, *** reported that *** had to reduce prices, *** reported that *** had to roll back announced price increases, and *** reported that *** had lost sales. *** U.S. producers submitted lost sales and lost revenue allegations and identified 27 firms with which they lost sales or revenue (*** consisting lost sales allegations, *** consisting of lost revenue allegations, and *** consisting of both types of allegations, including several firms that ***). Submitted allegations covered all subject countries and all years during the period of investigation. Staff contacted 27 purchasers and received responses from 16 purchasers. Responding purchasers reported purchasing *** short tons (including their reported imports) of silicon metal during January 2022 to December 2024 (table 5.13). 5.19 Table 5.13 Silicon metal: Purchasers’ reported purchases and imports, by firm and source Quantity in short tons contained silicon, share in percent Purchaser Domestic quantity Subject quantity All other quantity Change in domestic share Change in subject country share Change in all other share *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: In addition, ***. Email correspondence with ***, May 19, 2025 Note: All other includes all other sources and unknown sources. Change is the percentage point change in the share of the firm’s total purchases of domestic and/or subject country imports between first and last years. During 2024, responding purchasers purchased and imported *** percent from U.S. producers, *** percent from Australia, *** percent from Laos, *** percent from Norway, and *** percent from Thailand. No responding purchasers reported purchasing or importing from Angola. Responding purchasers purchased or imported *** percent from nonsubject countries, and *** percent from “unknown source” countries. 5.20 Purchasers were asked about changes in their purchasing patterns from different sources since 2022. Of the responding purchasers, seven reported decreasing (or fluctuating down) purchases from domestic producers, six reported increasing (or fluctuating up) purchases, and three reported no change. No purchasers reported that they did not purchase any domestic product (table 5.14).7 Explanations for increasing purchases of domestic product included pricing, quality, reliability, geographic proximity, deep commitment to Buy American, a new plant start up in Washington, and global supply chain uncertainty. Explanations for decreasing purchases of domestic product included pricing, decreased firm-level demand, inability for U.S. suppliers to meet a firm’s full specifications (packaging requirements), and reliability and availability concerns. Table 5.14 Silicon metal: Count of changes in purchase patterns from U.S., subject, and nonsubject countries Count in number of firms reporting Source of purchases Steadily Increase Fluctuate Up No change Fluctuate Down Steadily Decrease Did not purchase United States 3 3 3 6 1 0 Angola 0 0 0 0 0 12 Australia 1 3 0 1 1 7 Laos 0 0 1 1 0 10 Norway 2 3 1 2 1 5 Thailand 0 2 1 2 1 7 Nonsubject sources 3 3 0 4 1 3 Sources unknown 0 0 2 1 1 6 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Of the 14 responding purchasers, 9 reported that, since 2022, they had purchased imported silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, or Thailand instead of U.S.- produced product. Seven of these purchasers reported that subject import prices were lower than U.S.-produced product, and four of these purchasers reported that price was a primary reason for the decision to purchase imported product rather than U.S.-produced product. Four purchasers estimated the quantity of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand purchased instead of domestic product; quantities ranged from *** short tons to *** short tons (tables 5.15 and 5.16). Purchasers identified supply diversification, low contaminants in raw materials, purchaser requirements, and availability of supply as non-price reasons for purchasing imported rather than U.S.-produced product. 7 Of the 16 responding purchasers, 3 purchasers indicated that they did not know the source of some of the silicon metal they purchased. 5.21 Of the 10 responding purchasers, one reported that U.S. producers had reduced prices in order to compete with lower-priced imports from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; six reported that they did not know. The reported estimated price reduction was 10 percent (table 5.17). Table 5.15 Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to purchasing subject imports instead of domestic product, by source Quantity in short tons contained silicon Source Count of purchasers reporting subject instead of domestic Count of purchasers reported that imports were priced lower Count of purchasers reporting that price was a primary reason for shift Quantity Angola 0 0 0 *** Australia 5 4 3 *** Laos 1 1 1 *** Norway 7 5 2 *** Thailand 5 4 2 *** Subject sources 9 7 4 *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand 9 7 4 *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 5.22 Table 5.16 Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to purchasing subject imports instead of domestic product, by firm Quantity in short tons contained silicon Purchaser Purchased subject imports instead of domestic Imports priced lower Choice based on price Quantity Explanation *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 5.23 Table 5.16 (Continued) Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to purchasing subject imports instead of domestic product, by firm Quantity in short tons contained silicon Purchaser Purchased subject imports instead of domestic Imports priced lower Choice based on price Quantity Explanation *** (continued) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 5.24 Table 5.16 (Continued) Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to purchasing subject imports instead of domestic product, by firm Quantity in short tons contained silicon Purchaser Purchased subject imports instead of domestic Imports priced lower Choice based on price Quantity Explanation *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Total Yes: 9, No: 5 Yes: 7, No: 2 Yes: 4, No: 5 *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 5.25 Table 5.17 Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to U.S. producer price reductions, by firm Purchaser Reported producers lowered prices Estimated percent of U.S. price reduction Explanation *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** All firms Yes: 1, No: 9 *** NA Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 5.18 Silicon metal: Purchasers’ responses to U.S. producer price reductions, by source Source Count of purchasers reporting U.S. producers reduced prices Average percent of estimated U.S. price reduction Range of percent of estimated U.S. price reductions Angola 0 *** *** Australia 0 *** *** Laos 0 *** *** Norway 1 *** *** Thailand 0 *** *** Subject sources 1 *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand 1 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.1 Part 6: Financial experience of U.S. producers Background1 Two U.S. producers provided usable financial results on their silicon metal operations.2 During the three-year period 2022 through 2024, Ferroglobe accounted for *** percent of total silicon metal sales quantity and MS Silicon accounted for *** percent.3 Events impacting the silicon metal operations of U.S. producers include ***.4 When considering open market operations (i.e., operations reflecting only commercial sales), *** accounted for *** percent and *** accounted for *** of net sales quantity from 2022 to 2024.5 Figure 6.1 presents each responding firm’s share of the total reported net sales quantity in 2024. 1 The following abbreviations are used in the tables and/or text of this section: generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), international financial reporting standings (IFRS), period of investigation (POI, 2022 to 2024 for these investigations) fiscal year (“FY”), net sales (“NS”), cost of goods sold (“COGS”), selling, general, and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”), average unit values (“AUVs”), research and development expenses (“R&D expenses”), and return on assets (“ROA”). 2 Both U.S. producers reported financial results on the basis of the calendar year. ***. 3 Ferroglobe PLC, the parent of petitioner Ferroglobe USA, is a global company, with operations in multiple countries, including the United States, South Africa, France, Spain, and Canada. Conference transcript, p. 19 (Chaal) and p. 11 (Stoel). “Industrial Footprint,” Ferroglobe company website, accessed June 2, 2025. https://www.ferroglobe.com/about-ferroglobe/industrial-footprint. Approximately 27.2 percent of the company’s 1.2 million tons of production capacity is dedicated to silicon metal, with the remainder dedicated to production of manganese-based alloys and other silicon-based alloys. Ferroglobe PLC for 20-F, filed April 25, 2025, p. 18. 4 ***. *** U.S. producer questionnaire, response, section 2.2. Ferroglobe closed its Selma, Alabama plant, in October 2023. Conference transcript, p. 24 (Chaal). 5 U.S. producers vary in terms of their focus on commercial sales versus transfers. ***. *** U.S. producers’ questionnaires, responses to 3.9a. 6.2 Figure 6.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ share of net sales quantity in 2024, by firm * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Operations on Silicon metal Table 6.1 presents aggregated data on U.S. producers’ total market operations in relation to silicon metal, while table 6.2 presents corresponding changes in AUVs. Financial results for the merchant market are presented in table 6.3, and table 6.4 presents the corresponding changes in AUVs. Table 6.5 presents selected total market company-specific financial data. 6.3 Table 6.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ results of total market operations, by item and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon (STCS); value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial sales Quantity *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Quantity *** *** *** Total net sales Quantity *** *** *** Commercial sales Value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Value *** *** *** Total net sales Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Value *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Interest expense Value *** *** *** Other expense/(income) Value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Table continued. 6.4 Table 6.1 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ results of total market operations, by item and period Shares in percent; unit values in dollars per STCS; count in number of firms reporting Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 COGS: Raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Share *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share *** *** *** COGS: Total Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial sales Unit value *** *** *** Transfers to related firms Unit value *** *** *** Total net sales Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** Data Count 2 2 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares represent the share of COGS before the byproduct revenue offset. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. 6.5 Table 6.2 Silicon metal: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for the total market Changes in percent Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Transfers to related firms and joint venture partners ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Electricity ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Less byproduct revenue ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. Table 6.2 (Continued) Silicon metal: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for the total market Changes in dollars per STCS Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Transfers to related firms ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Total net sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Electricity ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Less byproduct revenue ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** SG&A expense ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percentages and unit values shown as “0.0” or “0.00” represent values greater than zero, but less than “0.05” or “0.005,” respectively. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. 6.6 Table 6.3 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ results of merchant market operations, by item and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; ratios in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Commercial sales Quantity *** *** *** Commercial sales Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Value *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Value *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Value *** *** *** COGS: Total Value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Interest expense Value *** *** *** Other expense/(income) Value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Value *** *** *** Depreciation/amortization Value *** *** *** Cash flow Value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Ratio to NS *** *** *** COGS: Total Ratio to NS *** *** *** Gross profit Ratio to NS *** *** *** SG&A expense Ratio to NS *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Ratio to NS *** *** *** Table continued. 6.7 Table 6.3 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ results of merchant market operations, by item and period Shares in percent; unit values in dollars per STCS; count in number of firms reporting Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 COGS: Raw materials Share *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Share *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Share *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Share *** *** *** COGS: Total Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Commercial sales Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Raw materials Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Electricity Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Direct labor Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Other factory Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Less byproduct revenue Unit value *** *** *** COGS: Total Unit value *** *** *** Gross profit or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** SG&A expenses Unit value *** *** *** Operating income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Net income or (loss) Unit value *** *** *** Operating losses Count *** *** *** Net losses Count *** *** *** Data Count 2 2 2 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares represent the share of COGS. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. 6.8 Table 6.4 Silicon metal: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for the merchant market Changes in percent Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Electricity ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Less byproduct revenue ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. Table 6.4 (Continued) Silicon metal: Changes in AUVs between comparison periods for the merchant market Changes in dollars per STCS Item 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 Commercial sales ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Raw materials ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Electricity ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** COGS: Direct labor ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS: Other factory ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Less byproduct revenue ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** COGS: Total ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** SG&A expense ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss) ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Percentages and unit values shown as “0.0” or “0.00” represent values greater than zero, but less than “0.05” or “0.005,” respectively. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. 6.9 Table 6.5 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net sales quantity Quantity in short tons contained silicon Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net sales value Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period COGS Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Gross profit or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 6.10 Table 6.5 (Continued)Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period SG&A expenses Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Operating income or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net income or (loss) Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period COGS to net sales ratio Ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 6.11 Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Gross profit or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period SG&A expenses to net sales ratio Ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Operating income or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Net income or (loss) to net sales ratio Ratios in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 6.12 Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit net sales value Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit raw material costs Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit electricity costs Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit direct labor costs Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 6.13 Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit other factory costs Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit COGS Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit gross profit or (loss) Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit SG&A expenses Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. 6.14 Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit operating income or (loss) Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Table continued. Table 6.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ sales, costs/expenses, and profitability, by firm and period Unit net income or (loss) Unit values in dollars per STCS Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” represent values greater than zero, but less than “0.05” percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—”. Net sales For the period as a whole, *** represent the majority of reported silicon metal sales on a quantity and value basis, *** percent and *** percent, respectively. *** represent the remainder.6 The U.S. industry’s total silicon metal sales quantity decreased from 2023 and 2024. U.S. producers reported *** company-specific patterns. *** reported *** 6 ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. 6.15 ***, while *** reported ***.7 8 The U.S. industry’s total net sales value declined in 2023 and 2024. *** experienced a decline in sales value and unit value each year.9 10 Overall average unit sales values (AUVs) (dollars per short ton of contained silicon) *** in 2023 and 2024. AUVs for transfers to related firms and joint venture partners ***. Table 6.3 shows that net sales AUVs ***. *** reported lower net sales AUVs than *** throughout 2022 to 2024. For ***, AUVs for transfers were *** than ***.11 For ***, AUVs for transfers were ***.12 Cost of goods sold and gross profit or loss Raw material costs were the largest component of silicon metal COGS, ranging from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. For the U.S. industry as a whole, carbonaceous reductants (ex. coal, charcoal, petroleum coke) account for the largest share of raw materials costs, followed by quartz, bulking agents (e.g., wood chips), electrodes, and other material 7 ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. ***.” Email from ***, May 22, 2025. 8 Transfer quantities for ***. 9 Transfer values for ***. *** U.S. producers’ questionnaire, response, section 3.9a. 10 ***.” Email from ***, May 21, 2025. ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. 11 ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. 12 ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 6.16 inputs. *** had *** unit raw material cost *** in 2022 and 2023, then *** in 2024.13 Table 6.6 presents raw materials, by type.14 Table 6.6 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ raw material costs in 2024 Value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS; share of value in percent Item Value Unit value Share of value Carbonaceous reductants *** *** *** Electrodes *** *** *** Quartz *** *** *** Bulking agents *** *** *** Other material inputs *** *** *** All raw materials *** *** 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. As a share of total COGS, electricity costs ranged from *** percent in 2023 to *** percent in 2024. On a company-specific basis, per unit electricity costs were *** for each year of the POI. From 2022 to 2024 per unit electricity costs ***.15 Direct labor as a share of COGS ranged from *** percent in 2023 and 2024 to *** percent in 2022. Per-short ton contained silicon direct labor costs increased in 2023, then decreased in 2024. For each year, unit direct labor costs were ***. Other factory costs as a share of COGS ranged from *** percent in 2024 to *** percent in 2023. Unit other factory costs were ***. From 2022 to 2023, *** unit other factory costs ***.16 13 ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 14 ***. U.S producers’ questionnaire, response, section 3.6, email from ***, May 22, 2025. 15 ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 16 ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. *** (continued...) 6.17 *** produce *** byproducts. *** reported revenue for byproducts ***. *** reported revenue from byproducts ***. As a ratio to net sales, the deduction for byproducts ranged from *** percent to *** percent from 2022 to 2024.17 The U.S. industry’s gross profit *** declined by *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Gross profit for *** in 2023 and 2024. During this period, overall gross profit as a share of net sales decreased by *** percentage points. ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 17 ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 6.18 SG&A expenses and operating income or loss Overall SG&A ranged from $*** in 2022 to $*** in 2023. On a company-specific basis, *** SG&A expenses ***.18 *** SG&A expenses ***. Overall unit SG&A expenses ranged from *** dollars per STCS in 2022 to *** dollars per SCTS in 2023. Unit SG&A for *** was *** in each year. Overall, operating income shifted from ***. On a company-specific basis, ***. ***. On a per unit basis, *** operating income was *** in 2022, but *** in 2023. In 2024, *** unit operating ***. All other expenses and net income or loss Interest expense increased in 2023 and decreased in 2024. As a share of net sales, from 2022 to 2024, *** interest expense *** from *** percent to *** percent and *** interest expense *** from *** percent to *** percent.19 In table 6.1, other expenses and other income have been combined and only the net amount is shown. For all years of the POI, overall other income was negative. Overall, net income shifted from ***. On a company-specific basis, ***. 18 ***. Email from ***, May 22, 2025. ***. Email from ***, May 21, 2025. 19 ***. U.S. producer questionnaire, ***. 6.19 Variance analysis A variance analysis for the total market operations of U.S. producers of silicon metal is presented in table 6.7.20 The information for this variance analysis is derived from table 6.1. The decrease in operating income from 2022 to 2024 was largely due to an unfavorable price variance combined with unfavorable volume and cost variances. Table 6.7 Silicon metal: Variance analysis on the total market operations of U.S. producers between comparison periods Value in 1,000 dollars Item 2022-24 2022-23 2023-24 Net sales price variance *** *** *** Net sales volume variance *** *** *** Net sales total variance *** *** *** COGS cost variance *** *** *** COGS volume variance *** *** *** COGS total variance *** *** *** Gross profit variance *** *** *** SG&A cost variance *** *** *** SG&A volume variance *** *** *** SG&A total variance *** *** *** Operating income price variance *** *** *** Operating income cost variance *** *** *** Operating income volume variance *** *** *** Operating income total variance *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: These data are derived from the data in table 6.1. Unfavorable variances (which are negative) are shown in parentheses, all others are favorable (positive). 20 The Commission’s variance analysis is calculated in three parts: Net sales variance, COGS variance, and SG&A expense variance. Each part consists of a price variance (in the case of the net sales variance) or a cost or expense variance (in the case of the COGS and SG&A expense variance), and a volume variance. The sales or cost/expense variances are calculated as the change in unit price or per-unit cost/expense, respectively, times the new volume, while the volume variance is calculated as the change in volume times the old unit price or per-unit cost/expense. Summarized at the bottom of the table, the operating income price variance is from sales; the operating income cost/expense variance is the sum of the cost components in the COGS and SG&A expense variances, and the operating income volume variance is the sum of the volume components of the net sales, COGS, and SG&A expense variances. 6.20 A variance analysis for the merchant market operations of U.S. producers of silicon metal is presented in table 6.8.21 The information for this variance analysis is derived from table 6.3. The decrease in operating income from 2022 to 2024 was largely due to an unfavorable price variance. Table 6.8 Silicon metal: Variance analysis on the merchant market operations of U.S. producers between comparison periods Value in 1,000 dollars Item 2022-24 2022-23 2023-24 Commercial sales price variance *** *** *** Commercial sales volume variance *** *** *** Commercial sales total variance *** *** *** COGS cost variance *** *** *** COGS volume variance *** *** *** COGS total variance *** *** *** Gross profit variance *** *** *** SG&A cost variance *** *** *** SG&A volume variance *** *** *** SG&A total variance *** *** *** Operating income price variance *** *** *** Operating income cost variance *** *** *** Operating income volume variance *** *** *** Operating income total variance *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Unfavorable variances (which are negative) are shown in parentheses, all others are favorable (positive). 21 The Commission’s variance analysis is calculated in three parts: Net sales variance, COGS variance, and SG&A expense variance. Each part consists of a price variance (in the case of the net sales variance) or a cost or expense variance (in the case of the COGS and SG&A expense variance), and a volume variance. The sales or cost/expense variances are calculated as the change in unit price or per-unit cost/expense, respectively, times the new volume, while the volume variance is calculated as the change in volume times the old unit price or per-unit cost/expense. Summarized at the bottom of the table, the operating income price variance is from sales; the operating income cost/expense variance is the sum of the cost components in the COGS and SG&A expense variances, and the operating income volume variance is the sum of the volume components of the net sales, COGS, and SG&A expense variances. 6.21 Capital expenditures and research and development expenses Table 6.9 presents capital expenditures, by firm, and table 6.10 presents the firms’ narrative explanations of the nature, focus, and significance of their capital expenditures. Overall, capital expenditures declined from 2022 to 2024. Capital expenditures for *** were *** for each year of the POI. ***. Table 6.9 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ capital expenditures, by firm and period Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.10 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ narrative descriptions of their capital expenditures, by firm Firm Narrative on capital expenditures Ferroglobe *** MS Silicon *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.22 Assets and return on assets Table 6.11 presents data on the U.S. producers’ total assets while table 6.12 presents their operating ROA.22 Table 6.13 presents U.S. producers’ narrative responses explaining their major asset categories and any significant changes in asset levels over time. Total net assets decreased in 2023 and 2024. ROA decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. Table 6.11 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ total net assets, by firm and period Value in 1,000 dollars Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.12 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ ROA, by firm and period Ratio in percent Firm 2022 2023 2024 Ferroglobe *** *** *** MS Silicon *** *** *** All firms *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Table 6.13 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ narrative descriptions of their total net assets, by firm Firm Narrative on assets Ferroglobe *** MS Silicon *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 22 The operating ROA is calculated as operating income divided by total assets. With respect to a firm’s overall operations, the total asset value reflects an aggregation of a number of assets which are generally not product specific. Thus, high-level allocations are generally required in order to report a total asset value on a product-specific basis. 6.23 Capital and investment The Commission requested U.S. producers of silicon metal to describe any actual or potential negative effects of imports of silicon metal from Angola, Austria, Laos, Norway, and Thailand on their firms’ growth, investment, ability to raise capital, development and production efforts, or the scale of capital investments. Table 6.14 presents the number of firms reporting an impact in each category and table 6.15 provides the U.S. producers’ narrative responses. Table 6.14 Silicon metal: Count of firms indicating actual and anticipated negative effects of imports from subject sources on investment, growth, and development since January 1, 2022, by effect Number of firms reporting Effect Category Count Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion projects Investment *** Denial or rejection of investment proposal Investment *** Reduction in the size of capital investments Investment *** Return on specific investments negatively impacted Investment *** Other investment effects Investment *** Any negative effects on investment Investment *** Rejection of bank loans Growth *** Lowering of credit rating Growth *** Problem related to the issue of stocks or bonds Growth *** Ability to service debt Growth *** Other growth and development effects Growth *** Any negative effects on growth and development Growth *** Anticipated negative effects of imports Future *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 6.24 Table 6.15 Silicon metal: U.S. producers’ narratives relating to actual and anticipated negative effects of imports on investment, growth, and development, since January 1, 2022, by firm and effect Item Firm name and narrative on impact of imports Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion projects *** Cancellation, postponement, or rejection of expansion projects *** Denial or rejection of investment proposal *** Reduction in the size of capital investments *** Return on specific investments negatively impacted *** Problem related to the issue of stocks or bonds *** Other effects on growth and development *** Anticipated effects of imports *** Anticipated effects of imports *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.1 Threat considerations and information on nonsubject countries Section 771(7)(F)(ⅰ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅰ)) provides that— In determining whether an industry in the United States is threatened with material injury by reason of imports (or sales for importation) of the subject merchandise, the Commission shall consider, among other relevant economic factors1-- (I) if a countervailable subsidy is involved, such information as may be presented to it by the administering authority as to the nature of the subsidy (particularly as to whether the countervailable subsidy is a subsidy described in Article 3 or 6.1 of the Subsidies Agreement), and whether imports of the subject merchandise are likely to increase, (II) any existing unused production capacity or imminent, substantial increase in production capacity in the exporting country indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports of the subject merchandise into the United States, taking into account the availability of other export markets to absorb any additional exports, (III) a significant rate of increase of the volume or market penetration of imports of the subject merchandise indicating the likelihood of substantially increased imports, (IV) whether imports of the subject merchandise are entering at prices that are likely to have a significant depressing or suppressing effect on domestic prices, and are likely to increase demand for further imports, (V) inventories of the subject merchandise, 1 Section 771(7)(F)(ⅱ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅱ)) provides that “The Commission shall consider {these factors} . . . as a whole in making a determination of whether further dumped or subsidized imports are imminent and whether material injury by reason of imports would occur unless an order is issued or a suspension agreement is accepted under this title. The presence or absence of any factor which the Commission is required to consider . . . shall not necessarily give decisive guidance with respect to the determination. Such a determination may not be made on the basis of mere conjecture or supposition.” 7.2 (VI) the potential for product-shifting if production facilities in the foreign country, which can be used to produce the subject merchandise, are currently being used to produce other products, (VII) in any investigation under this title which involves imports of both a raw agricultural product (within the meaning of paragraph (4)(E)(ⅳ)) and any product processed from such raw agricultural product, the likelihood that there will be increased imports, by reason of product shifting, if there is an affirmative determination by the Commission under section 705(b)(1) or 735(b)(1) with respect to either the raw agricultural product or the processed agricultural product (but not both), (VIII) the actual and potential negative effects on the existing development and production efforts of the domestic industry, including efforts to develop a derivative or more advanced version of the domestic like product, and (IX) any other demonstrable adverse trends that indicate the probability that there is likely to be material injury by reason of imports (or sale for importation) of the subject merchandise (whether or not it is actually being imported at the time).2 Information on the nature of the alleged subsidies was presented earlier in this report; information on the volume and pricing of imports of the subject merchandise is presented in Parts 4 and 5; and information on the effects of imports of the subject merchandise on U.S. producers’ existing development and production efforts is presented in Part 6. Information on inventories of the subject merchandise; foreign producers’ operations, including the potential for “product-shifting;” any other threat indicators, if applicable; and any dumping in third- country markets, follows. Also presented in this section of the report is information obtained for consideration by the Commission on nonsubject countries. 2 Section 771(7)(F)(ⅲ) of the Act (19 U.S.C. § 1677(7)(F)(ⅲ)) further provides that, in antidumping investigations, “. . . the Commission shall consider whether dumping in the markets of foreign countries (as evidenced by dumping findings or antidumping remedies in other WTO member markets against the same class or kind of merchandise manufactured or exported by the same party as under investigation) suggests a threat of material injury to the domestic industry.” 7.3 Subject countries The Commission issued foreign producers’ or exporters’ questionnaires to nine firms believed to produce and/or export silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand.3 Usable responses to the Commission’s questionnaire were received from five firms in total; one firm in Australia4, two firms in Norway, and two firms in Thailand.5 Table 7.1 presents the number of producers/exporters that responded to the Commission’s questionnaire, their estimated share of total production of silicon metal, and their exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports, by each subject country in 2024. 3 These firms were identified through a review of information submitted in the petition and presented in third-party sources. 4 According to its website, Simcoa produces approximately 52,000 tons per year of silicon metal in Australia on three furnaces. History & Silicon | Simcoa, https://www.simcoa.com.au/history-silicon accessed May 22, 2025. 5 According to its website, GS Energy in Thailand has approximately 45,000 metric tons of silicon metal production annually. G.S.ENERGY | The first silicon metal producer, https://gsesilicon.com/, accessed May 22, 2025. According to its website, SICA in Thailand intends to produce up to 90,000 tons of silicon metal annually. Sica New Materials Group, http://www.sica-mtl.com/index_en.html, accessed May 22, 2025. 7.4 Table 7.1 Silicon metal: Number of responding producers/exporters, approximate share of production, and exports to the United States as a share of U.S. imports, by subject foreign industry, 2024 Subject foreign industry Number of responding firms Approximate share of production (percent) Exports as a share of U.S. imports from subject country (percent) Angola 0 *** *** Australia 1 *** *** Laos 0 *** *** Norway 2 *** *** Thailand 2 *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: “Approximate share of production” reflects the responding firms’ estimates of their production as a share of total country production of silicon metal in 2024. Since not all firms have perfect knowledge of the industry in their home market, different firms might use different denominators in estimating their firm's share of the total requested. For countries in which more than one firm responded, the average denominator for reasonably reported estimates is used in the share presented. Approximate shares are rounded to the nearest whole number. Note: “Exports as a share of U.S. imports” reflects a comparison of export data reported by firms in response to the Commission’s foreign producer/exporter questionnaire with official Commerce import statistics using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Note: Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” represent values greater than zero, but less than “0.05” percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “---”. 7.5 Table 7.2 presents information on the silicon metal operations of the responding producers in Australia, Norway, and Thailand (or the responding subject producers, by firm). Table 7.2 Silicon metal: Summary data on responding subject foreign producers in 2024, by firm Producer and (subject foreign industry) Production (short tons contained silicon) Share of reported production (percent) Exports to the United States (short tons contained silicon) Share of reported exports to the United States (percent) Total ship- ments (short tons contained silicon) Share of firm's total ship- ments exported to the United States (percent) Australia: Simcoa (Australia) *** *** *** *** *** *** Norway: Elkem *** *** *** *** *** *** Norway: Wacker Chemicals *** *** *** *** *** *** Thailand: GS Energy *** *** *** *** *** *** Thailand: SICA *** *** *** *** *** *** All individual producers *** 100.0 *** 100.0 *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.6 Table 7.3 Silicon metal: Summary data for subject foreign producers, by country, 2024 Subject foreign industry Production (short tons contained silicon) Share of reported production (percent) Exports to the United States (short tons contained silicon) Share of reported exports to the United States (percent) Total shipments (short tons contained silicon) Share of firm's total shipments exported to the United States (percent) Angola *** *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** 100.0 *** 100.0 *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.7 Table 7.4 presents events in the subject countries’ industries since January 1, 2022. Table 7.4 Silicon metal: Important industry events in the subject foreign industry since 2022 Item Firm: Event Planned plant expansion In May 2022, Wacker announced the start of a feasibility study on building a new furnace at their Holla, Norway facility, which would increase silicon metal production there by approximately 50 percent. Planned plant construction As of October 2023, the Australian firm Solquartz secured land for a silicon metal plant in Queensland, Australia. Planned plant construction In October 2024, the Chinese firm Qinghai Lihao Clean Energy announced in collaboration with Angolan state- owned oil company Sonangol plans to establish 180,000 tons of silicon metal production in Angola within a few years. Source: Wacker, Wacker Prepares to Expand Its Silicon Metal Production in Norway, https://www.wacker.com/cms/en-us/press-and-media/press/press-releases/2022/detail-171648.html, accessed May 20, 2025; TaiyangNews, Chinese Company Plans 150,000-Ton Polysilicon Plant In Angola, October 25, 2024, https://taiyangnews.info/markets/sonangol-qinghai-lihao-clean-energy-angola- mou-polysilicon-plant, accessed May 20, 2025; TaiyangNews, Polysilicon Manufacturing Planned In Australia, October 31, 2023, https://taiyangnews.info/markets/polysilicon-manufacturing-planned-in- australia, accessed May 20, 2025. 7.8 Changes in operations Subject producers were asked to report any change in the character of their operations or organization relating to the production of silicon metal since 2022. Four of five responding producers indicated in their questionnaires that they had experienced such changes. Table 7.5 presents the changes identified by these producers. Table 7.5 Silicon metal: Reported changes in operations since January 1, 2022, by change and subject foreign industry Type of change Subject foreign industry, firm name and accompanying narrative response regarding changes in operations Prolonged shutdowns *** Prolonged shutdowns *** Production curtailments *** Acquisitions *** Weather-related or force majeure events *** Weather-related or force majeure events *** Other *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.9 Installed and practical overall capacity Table 7.6 presents data on subject country producers’ installed capacity, practical overall capacity, and practical silicon metal capacity and production on the same equipment. Between 2022 and 2024, installed overall capacity remained the same, while practical overall capacity increased *** percent, and practical silicon metal capacity increased *** percent. Installed overall, practical overall, and practical silicon metal production all decreased from 2022 to 2024, by *** percent, *** percent, and *** percent, respectively.6 Additionally, capacity utilization also decreased for installed overall, practical overall, and practical silicon metal capacity during 2022 to 2024. Table 7.6 Silicon metal: Producers' in subject foreign industries installed and practical capacity and production on the same equipment as subject production, by period Capacity and production in short tons; utilization in percent Item Measure 2022 2023 2024 Installed overall Capacity *** *** *** Installed overall Production *** *** *** Installed overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical overall Capacity *** *** *** Practical overall Production *** *** *** Practical overall Utilization *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Capacity *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Production *** *** *** Practical Silicon metal Utilization *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Constraints on capacity Tables 7.7 presents subject producers’ reported production and capacity constraints since January 1, 2022. The most commonly reported capacity constraint was other constraints on capacity (reported by four firms), while three firms reported fuel and energy as capacity constraints. 6 The decline in silicon metal production was primarily driven by ***. *** foreign producer questionnaire response, section II-3a. 7.10 Table 7.7 Silicon metal: Producers' in subject foreign industries reported constraints to practical overall capacity since January 1, 2022 by type of subject foreign industry, firm, and type of constraint Type of constraint Subject foreign industry, firm name, and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Production bottlenecks *** Production bottlenecks *** Existing labor force *** Existing labor force *** Supply of material inputs *** Supply of material inputs *** Table continued 7.11 Table 7.7 (Continued) Silicon metal: Producers' in subject foreign industries reported constraints to practical overall capacity since January 1, 2022 by type of subject foreign industry, firm, and type of constraint Type of constraint Subject foreign industry, firm name, and narrative response on constraints to practical overall capacity Fuel or energy *** Fuel or energy *** Fuel or energy *** Other constraints *** Other constraints *** Other constraints *** Other constraints *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.12 Operations on silicon metal Aggregate silicon metal operations in the subject countries Table 7.8 presents information on the silicon metal operations of the responding producers/exporters (aggregate data for all subject foreign industries). Between 2022 and 2024, subject producers’ combined capacity increased while production of silicon metal decreased. Subject producers’ capacity utilization decreased (by nearly 20 percentage points) from 2022 to 2024. Exports to the United States *** from 2022 to 2024, while exports to all other markets decreased from 2022 to 2024. Home market shipments fluctuated but increased during 2022 and 2024. Subject producers’ exports to the United States, accounted for *** percent of total shipments in 2024. The leading exporter of silicon metal from the subject countries to the United States was *** followed by ***. Exports to all other markets (other than the United States) accounted for the majority as a share of subject producers’ total shipments of silicon metal from 2022 to 2024. Subject producers’ exports accounted for the majority as a share of their total shipments, while home market shipments fluctuated but decreased as a share of total shipments to approximately *** in 2024. Projections for subject producers in 2025 include projected capacity and production to remain the same, while exports to the United States and exports to all other markets were projected to be higher in 2026 than during 2025. 7.13 Table 7.8 Silicon metal: Data on subject foreign industries, by item and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Production *** *** *** *** *** End-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.8 (Continued) Silicon metal: Data on subject foreign industries, by period Ratio and share in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity utilization ratio *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to production *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption share *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets share *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.14 Aggregate silicon metal operations in the subject countries less Angola and Thailand Table 7.9 presents information on the silicon metal operations of the responding producers/exporters (aggregate data for all subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand). Table 7.9 Silicon metal: Data on subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand, by item and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity *** *** *** *** *** Production *** *** *** *** *** End-of-period inventories *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Table continued Table 7.9 (Continued) Silicon metal: Data on subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand, by period Ratios and share in percent Item 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Capacity utilization ratio *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to production *** *** *** *** *** Inventory ratio to total shipments *** *** *** *** *** Internal consumption share *** *** *** *** *** Commercial home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Home market shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to the United States share *** *** *** *** *** Exports to all other markets share *** *** *** *** *** Export shipments share *** *** *** *** *** Total shipments share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. 7.15 Practical silicon metal capacity and production by subject foreign industry Table 7.10 presents information on subject producers’ production, capacity, and capacity utilization by subject country. From 2022 to 2024, Australian producer’s capacity *** while production decreased overall. Capacity utilization for the Australian producer decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent 2024, or by *** percentage points. Australian producer’s share of overall subject countries’ production fluctuated but increased by *** percentage points from 2022 to 2024. From 2022 to 2024, Norwegian producers’ capacity *** while production decreased overall. Capacity utilization decreased by *** percentage points from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in 2024. *** production of silicon metal decreased by *** from 2022 to 2024. Norwegian producers’ production levels are projected to be higher in 2025 and 2026 than 2024 levels while capacity levels are projected to remain the same. From 2022 to 2024, Thai producers’ capacity increased but production fluctuated but decreased. Capacity utilization for the Thai producers fluctuated but decreased from *** percent in 2022 to *** percent in2024, by *** percentage points. Thai producers’ capacity and production are projected to be lower in 2025 and 2026 than 2024 levels. Table 7.10 Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' output: Practical capacity, by subject foreign industry and period Practical capacity Quantity in short tons contained silicon Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 7.16 Table 7.10 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' output: Production, by subject foreign industry and period Production Quantity in short tons contained silicon Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.10 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' output: Capacity utilization ratio, by subject foreign industry and period Capacity utilization Ratio in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.10 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' output: Share of production, by subject foreign industry and period Share of production Share in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued Note: Capacity utilization ratio represents the ratio of the subject producer’s production to its production capacity. 7.17 Table 7.10 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' output: Share of production, by subject foreign industry less Angola and Thailand and period Share of production Share in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Silicon metal exports, by subject country Table 7.11 presents information on subject producers’ exports of silicon metal by subject country. Subject foreign industries (combined) exports to the United States increased *** percent from 2022 to 2024. Subject foreign industries (combined) exports are projected to be lower in 2025 and 2026 than in 2024. Subject foreign industries (combined) exports to the United States as a share of total exports, accounted for approximately *** percent from 2022 to 2024 (ranging from *** percent to *** percent). Subject foreign industries (combined) exports to all destinations decreased from 2022 to 2024. Subject foreign industries (combined) exports to all other markets are projected to be higher during 2025 and 2026 than 2024 levels. Table 7.11 Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' exports: Exports to the United States, by subject foreign industry and period Exports to the United States Quantity in short tons contained silicon Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 7.18 Table 7.11 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' exports: Share of total shipments exported to the United States, by subject foreign industry and period Share of total shipments exported to the United States Share in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.11 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' exports: Total exports, by subject foreign industry and period Total exports Quantity in short tons contained silicon Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. 7.19 Table 7.11 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' exports: Share of total shipments exported, by subject foreign industry and period Share of total shipments exported Share in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.20 Silicon metal inventories, by subject foreign industry Table 7.12 presents information on ending inventories of the responding producers by subject foreign country. The ratio of inventories to total shipments for all subject foreign industries combined was less than 15.0 percent from 2022 to 2024, in projection 2025 and 2026 this increases to above 15 percent. Inventories increased irregularly by *** percent during 2022 through 2024, and they were projected to be higher in 2025 and 2026 compared with 2024. Table 7.12 Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' inventories: End of period inventories, by subject foreign industry and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Table continued. Table 7.12 (Continued) Silicon metal: Subject foreign industries' inventories: Ratio of inventories to total shipments, by subject foreign industry and period Ratio in percent Subject foreign industry 2022 2023 2024 Projection 2025 Projection 2026 Angola *** *** *** *** *** Australia *** *** *** *** *** Laos *** *** *** *** *** Norway *** *** *** *** *** Thailand *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries *** *** *** *** *** All subject foreign industries less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.21 Alternative products As shown in table 7.13, responding firms in the subject countries produced other products on the same equipment and machinery used to produce silicon metal. Silicon metal production accounted for the majority of subject producers’ overall production from 2022 to 2024. One responding producer/exporter, ***, reported the production of other products, including micro silica and fumed silica. Table 7.13 Silicon metal: Producers’ in subject foreign industries overall production on the same equipment as subject production, by product and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Product type Measure 2022 2023 2024 Silicon metal, contained weight Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, weight of other elements Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, total weight Quantity *** *** *** Ferrosilicon Quantity *** *** *** Out of scope products Quantity *** *** *** Other products Quantity *** *** *** All products Quantity *** *** *** Silicon metal, contained weight Share *** *** *** Silicon metal, weight of other elements Share *** *** *** Silicon metal, total weight Share *** *** *** Ferrosilicon Share *** *** *** Out of scope products Share *** *** *** Other products Share *** *** *** All products Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.22 Exports Table 7.14 presents Global Trade Atlas (“GTA”) data for exports of silicon metal from subject countries to the United States and to all destination markets. The vast majority of the silicon metal exports from subject producers/exporters were to countries other than the United States. Table 7.14 Silicon metal: Global exports from subject exporters: Exports to the United States, by exporter and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Angola Quantity — — 1,829 Australia Quantity 1,414 3,575 13,971 Laos Quantity 649 3,936 8,493 Norway Quantity 14,215 9,027 18,692 Thailand Quantity 4,656 2,350 10,953 Subject exporters Quantity 20,934 18,888 53,938 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Quantity 16,278 16,538 41,155 Table continued. Table 7.14 (Continued) Silicon metal: Global exports from subject exporters: Exports to all destination markets, by exporter and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Angola Quantity — — 5,543 Australia Quantity 46,368 36,024 43,743 Laos Quantity 14,270 14,997 41,575 Norway Quantity 244,417 244,498 199,602 Thailand Quantity 6,766 10,249 37,762 Subject exporters Quantity 311,821 305,768 328,226 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Quantity 305,055 295,519 284,921 Table continued. 7.23 Table 7.14 (Continued) Silicon metal: Global exports from subject exporters: Share of exports exported to the United States, by exporter and period Share in percent Exporter Measure 2022 2023 2024 Angola Share — — 33.0 Australia Share 3.0 9.9 31.9 Laos Share 4.5 26.2 20.4 Norway Share 5.8 3.7 9.4 Thailand Share 68.8 22.9 29.0 Subject exporters Share 6.7 6.2 16.4 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Share 5.3 5.6 14.4 Source: Official exports statistics under HS subheadings 2804.69 as reported by various national statistical authorities in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed May 12, 2025. Official statistics for Angola and Laos as reported by various trading partners (constructed exports). U.S. inventories of imported merchandise Table 7.15 presents data on U.S. importers’ reported inventories of silicon metal. During 2022 through 2024, importers’ inventories from each subject country, except for Angola, increased. There were no inventories of U.S. imports from Angola, which were first imported in 2024. There were inventories from Laos and Thailand only in 2024. Inventories from Australia increased by *** percent, while inventories from Norway increased by *** percent. In total, importers’ held inventories from subject countries increased by *** percent from *** million STCS in 2022 to *** million STCS in 2024. Inventories of silicon metal from nonsubject source, by comparison, decreased by *** percent from *** million STCS in 2022 to *** million STCS in 2024. 7.24 Table 7.15 Silicon metal: U.S. importers’ inventories and their ratio to select items, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; ratio in percent Measure Source 2022 2023 2024 Inventories quantity Angola *** *** *** Ratio to imports Angola *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Angola *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Angola *** *** *** Inventories quantity Australia *** *** *** Ratio to imports Australia *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Australia *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Australia *** *** *** Inventories quantity Laos *** *** *** Ratio to imports Laos *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Laos *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Laos *** *** *** Inventories quantity Norway *** *** *** Ratio to imports Norway *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Norway *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Norway *** *** *** Inventories quantity Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to imports Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Thailand *** *** *** Table continued. 7.25 Table 7.15 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. importers' inventories and their ratio to select items, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; ratio in percent Measure Source 2022 2023 2024 Inventories quantity Subject sources *** *** *** Ratio to imports Subject sources *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Subject sources *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Subject sources *** *** *** Inventories quantity Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to imports Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Subject sources less Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Inventories quantity Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Nonsubject sources *** *** *** Inventories quantity Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to imports Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand *** *** *** Inventories quantity All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to imports All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to U.S. shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** Ratio to total shipments of imports All import sources *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.26 U.S. importers’ outstanding orders The Commission requested importers to indicate whether they imported or arranged for the importation of silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, and Norway after December 31, 2024. Their reported data are presented in table 7.16.***. Table 7.16 Silicon metal: Arranged imports, by source and by period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Source Measure Q1 2025 Q2 2025 Q3 2025 Q4 2025 Total Angola Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubect sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubect sources Share *** *** *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** *** *** All import sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. 7.27 Third-country trade actions Based on available information, silicon metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, or Thailand has not been subject to other antidumping or countervailing duty investigations outside the United States. Information on nonsubject countries Table 7.17 presents the leading exporting countries of silicon metal from 2022 to 2024. Total world exports increased by 2.1 percent by quantity but decreased by 35.9 percent by value from 2022 to 2024. China accounted for the largest share of global exports by quantity in 2024 (44.6 percent), Brazil (10.5 percent), Netherlands (7.7 percent), and France (5.0 percent). 7.28 Table 7.17 Silicon metal: Global exports, by reporting country and by period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars Exporting country Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Quantity 3,325 4,929 5,562 Angola Quantity — — 5,543 Australia Quantity 46,368 36,024 43,743 Laos Quantity 14,270 14,997 41,575 Norway Quantity 244,417 244,498 199,602 Thailand Quantity 6,766 10,249 37,762 Subject exporters Quantity 311,821 305,768 328,226 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Quantity 305,055 295,519 284,921 China Quantity 717,625 631,622 798,840 Brazil Quantity 216,089 202,674 187,900 Netherlands Quantity 124,236 132,687 137,393 France Quantity 94,570 73,721 89,240 Malaysia Quantity 46,724 35,930 45,103 Canada Quantity 57,829 41,149 42,914 All other exporters Quantity 181,007 117,348 154,134 Nonsubject exporters Quantity 1,441,405 1,240,059 1,461,086 Nonsubject exporters plus Angola and Thailand Quantity 1,448,171 1,250,308 1,504,392 All reporting exporters Quantity 1,753,226 1,545,827 1,789,312 United States Value 8,065 22,139 22,440 Angola Value — — 102,747 Australia Value 210,022 103,325 106,296 Laos Value 59,526 35,183 86,615 Norway Value 987,101 731,382 487,161 Thailand Value 31,938 26,135 93,506 Subject exporters Value 1,288,586 896,026 876,326 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Value 1,256,649 869,891 680,072 China Value 2,186,726 1,373,081 1,334,092 Brazil Value 901,480 615,283 467,687 Netherlands Value 407,502 356,740 340,645 France Value 385,676 210,375 234,385 Malaysia Value 131,488 73,930 100,991 Canada Value 225,402 158,090 129,085 All other exporters Value 588,087 309,823 418,468 Nonsubject exporters Value 4,834,426 3,119,461 3,047,794 Nonsubject exporters plus Angola and Thailand Value 4,866,363 3,145,596 3,244,047 All reporting exporters Value 6,123,012 4,015,487 3,924,119 Table continued. 7.29 Table 7.17 (Continued) Silicon metal: Global exports, by reporting country and by period Unit values in 1,000 dollars per STCS; shares in percent Exporting country Measure 2022 2023 2024 United States Unit value 2,426 4,491 4,035 Angola Unit value — — 18,536 Australia Unit value 4,529 2,868 2,430 Laos Unit value 4,171 2,346 2,083 Norway Unit value 4,039 2,991 2,441 Thailand Unit value 4,720 2,550 2,476 Subject exporters Unit value 4,132 2,930 2,670 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Unit value 4,119 2,944 2,387 China Unit value 3,047 2,174 1,670 Brazil Unit value 4,172 3,036 2,489 Netherlands Unit value 3,280 2,689 2,479 France Unit value 4,078 2,854 2,626 Malaysia Unit value 2,814 2,058 2,239 Canada Unit value 3,898 3,842 3,008 All other exporters Unit value 3,249 2,640 2,715 Nonsubject exporters Unit value 3,354 2,516 2,086 Nonsubject exporters plus Angola and Thailand Unit value 3,360 2,516 2,156 All reporting exporters Unit value 3,492 2,598 2,193 United States Share of quantity 0.2 0.3 0.3 Angola Share of quantity — — 0.3 Australia Share of quantity 2.6 2.3 2.4 Laos Share of quantity 0.8 1.0 2.3 Norway Share of quantity 13.9 15.8 11.2 Thailand Share of quantity 0.4 0.7 2.1 Subject exporters Share of quantity 17.8 19.8 18.3 Subject exporters less Angola and Thailand Share of quantity 17.4 19.1 15.9 China Share of quantity 40.9 40.9 44.6 Brazil Share of quantity 12.3 13.1 10.5 Netherlands Share of quantity 7.1 8.6 7.7 France Share of quantity 5.4 4.8 5.0 Malaysia Share of quantity 2.7 2.3 2.5 Canada Share of quantity 3.3 2.7 2.4 All other exporters Share of quantity 10.3 7.6 8.6 Nonsubject exporters Share of quantity 82.2 80.2 81.7 Nonsubject exporters plus Angola and Thailand Share of quantity 82.6 80.9 84.1 All reporting exporters Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Official exports statistics under HS subheading 2804.69 as reported by various national statistical authorities in the Global Trade Atlas Suite database, accessed May 12, 2025. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. United States is shown at the top followed by the countries under investigation, all remaining top exporting countries in descending order of 2024 data. A.1 APPENDIX A FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES A.3 The Commission makes available notices relevant to its investigations and reviews on its website, www.usitc.gov. In addition, the following tabulation presents, in chronological order, Federal Register notices issued by the Commission and Commerce during the current proceeding. Citation Title Link 90 FR 17978, April 30, 2025 Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; Institution of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations and Scheduling of Preliminary Phase Investigations https://www.govinfo.gov/content /pkg/FR-2025-04-30/pdf/2025- 07458.pdf 90 FR 21741, May 21, 2025 Silicon Metal From Angola, Australia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Norway: Initiation of Less-Than- Fair-Value Investigations https://www.govinfo.gov/content /pkg/FR-2025-05-21/pdf/2025- 09027.pdf 90 FR 21746 May 21, 2025 Silicon Metal From Australia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Norway, and Thailand: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations https://www.govinfo.gov/content /pkg/FR-2025-05-21/pdf/2025- 09028.pdf B.1 APPENDIX B LIST OF STAFF CONFERENCE WITNESSES B.2 B.3 CALENDAR OF PUBLIC PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE Those listed below appeared as witnesses at the United States International Trade Commission’s preliminary conference: Subject: Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand Inv. Nos.: 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary) Date and Time: May 15, 2025 – 9:30 a.m. Sessions were held in connection with these preliminary phase investigations in the Main Hearing Room (Room 101), 500 E Street, SW., Washington, D.C. OPENING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Benjamin J. Bay, Bristol Group PLLC) In Opposition to Imposition (Jonathan T. Stoel, Hogan Lovells US LLP) In Support of the Imposition of the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders: Bristol Group PLLC Washington, DC on behalf of Ferroglobe USA, Inc. Mississippi Silicon LLC Mohammed Chaal, Vice President, Commercial, Ferroglobe PLC Taylor Cook, Account Manager, North America, Ferroglobe PLC Braulio Lage, Director, Mississippi Silicon LLC Andrew Szamosszegi, Principal, Capital Trade, Inc. In Support of the Imposition of the B.4 Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders (continued): Travis Pope, Principal, Capital Trade, Inc. Adam H. Gordon ) Benjamin J. Bay ) – OF COUNSEL Jennifer M. Smith-Veluz ) In Opposition to the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders: Cassidy Levy Kent LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Elkem ASA Darren Mansfield (remote), Project Manager, Business Development and Strategy, Silicon Products, Elkem ASA Thomas M. Beline ) Natalia King ) – OF COUNSEL Aya Hall ) Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Wacker Polysilicon North America LLC Wacker Chemicals Norway (collectively “Wacker”) Oliver Majumdar, Senior Manager, Global Trade Affairs, Core Products, Wacker Chemie AG Douglas J. Heffner ) ) – OF COUNSEL Richard P. Ferrin ) In Opposition of the Imposition of the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders (continued): B.5 Hogan Lovells US LLP Washington, DC on behalf of Simcoa Operations Pty, Ltd. (“Simcoa”) Shintech Inc. (“Shintech”) Jonathan T. Stoel ) Michael G. Jacobson ) – OF COUNSEL Lorea Mendiguren ) REBUTTAL/CLOSING REMARKS: In Support of Imposition (Adam H. Gordon, Bristol Group PLLC) In Opposition to Imposition (Thomas M. Beline, Cassidy Levy Kent LLP) C.1 APPENDIX C SUMMARY DATA C.2 Table C.1: Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. total market ................................ C.3 Table C.2 Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. merchant market ......................... C.6 Table C.1 Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. total market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. total market consumption quantity: Amount............................................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Producers' share (fn1)..................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Angola (AO)................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Australia....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos............................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Norway......................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Thailand (TH)............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less AO and TH............. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources plus AO and TH....... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. total market consumption value: Amount............................................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Producers' share (fn1)..................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Angola (AO)................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Australia....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos............................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Norway......................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Thailand (TH)............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less AO and TH............. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources plus AO and TH....... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. imports from: Angola: Quantity....................................................... — — 1,829 ▲— — ▲— Value........................................................... — — 4,226 ▲— — ▲— Unit value..................................................... — — $2,311 ▲— — ▲— Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** *** *** *** Australia: Quantity....................................................... 4,933 2,605 14,237 ▲188.6 ▼(47.2) ▲446.4 Value........................................................... 19,696 9,954 45,598 ▲131.5 ▼(49.5) ▲358.1 Unit value..................................................... $3,993 $3,821 $3,203 ▼(19.8) ▼(4.3) ▼(16.2) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos: Quantity....................................................... 649 3,936 8,493 ▲1,208.1 ▲506.2 ▲115.8 Value........................................................... 1,958 9,790 18,868 ▲863.7 ▲400.1 ▲92.7 Unit value..................................................... $3,015 $2,488 $2,222 ▼(26.3) ▼(17.5) ▼(10.7) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Norway: Quantity....................................................... 14,622 10,336 14,488 ▼(0.9) ▼(29.3) ▲40.2 Value........................................................... 85,717 44,214 45,055 ▼(47.4) ▼(48.4) ▲1.9 Unit value..................................................... $5,862 $4,278 $3,110 ▼(47.0) ▼(27.0) ▼(27.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Table continued. C.3 Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year Total market Table C.1 Continued Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. total market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. imports from: Continued Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 8,213 2,168 3,686 ▼(55.1) ▼(73.6) ▲70.0 Value........................................................... 32,569 6,784 9,305 ▼(71.4) ▼(79.2) ▲37.2 Unit value..................................................... $3,965 $3,130 $2,525 ▼(36.3) ▼(21.1) ▼(19.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Subject sources: Quantity....................................................... 28,418 19,045 42,733 ▲50.4 ▼(33.0) ▲124.4 Value........................................................... 139,940 70,743 123,052 ▼(12.1) ▼(49.4) ▲73.9 Unit value..................................................... $4,924 $3,715 $2,880 ▼(41.5) ▼(24.6) ▼(22.5) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 20,204 16,877 37,218 ▲84.2 ▼(16.5) ▲120.5 Value........................................................... 107,371 63,958 109,521 ▲2.0 ▼(40.4) ▲71.2 Unit value..................................................... $5,314 $3,790 $2,943 ▼(44.6) ▼(28.7) ▼(22.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources: Quantity....................................................... 137,985 92,029 118,206 ▼(14.3) ▼(33.3) ▲28.4 Value........................................................... 616,163 372,248 355,283 ▼(42.3) ▼(39.6) ▼(4.6) Unit value..................................................... $4,465 $4,045 $3,006 ▼(32.7) ▼(9.4) ▼(25.7) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 146,199 94,197 123,720 ▼(15.4) ▼(35.6) ▲31.3 Value........................................................... 648,732 379,032 368,814 ▼(43.1) ▼(41.6) ▼(2.7) Unit value..................................................... $4,437 $4,024 $2,981 ▼(32.8) ▼(9.3) ▼(25.9) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources: Quantity....................................................... 166,403 111,074 160,939 ▼(3.3) ▼(33.2) ▲44.9 Value........................................................... 756,103 442,991 478,335 ▼(36.7) ▼(41.4) ▲8.0 Unit value..................................................... $4,544 $3,988 $2,972 ▼(34.6) ▼(12.2) ▼(25.5) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. producers': Practical capacity quantity............................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Production quantity.......................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Capacity utilization (fn1).................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. shipments: Quantity....................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Value........................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value..................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Export shipments: Quantity....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Value........................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Unit value..................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Ending inventory quantity................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Inventories/total shipments (fn1)..................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Production workers.......................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Hours worked (1,000s).................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Wages paid ($1,000)....................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Hourly wages (dollars per hour)....................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Productivity (STCS per 1,000 hours)............... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Unit labor costs................................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Table continued. C.4 Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year Table C.1 Continued Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. total market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers': Continued Net sales: Quantity....................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Value........................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value..................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)............................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn2)................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** SG&A expenses.............................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) (fn2)...................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss) (fn2)................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit COGS....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn2)............... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn2)......................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS/sales (fn1)............................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)....................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Capital expenditures........................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Research and development expenses............ *** *** *** *** *** *** Total assets..................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points. Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values. 508-compliant tables for these data are contained in parts 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this report. fn2.--Percent changes only calculated when both comparison values represent profits; The directional change in profitability provided when one or both comparison values represent a loss. Note.--Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. C.5 Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year Table C.2 Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. merchant market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. merchant market consumption quantity: Amount............................................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Producers' share (fn1)..................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Angola (AO)................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Australia....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos............................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Norway......................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Thailand (TH)............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less AO and TH............. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources plus AO and TH....... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. merchant market consumption value: Amount............................................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Producers' share (fn1)..................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Importers' share (fn1): Angola (AO)................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Australia....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos............................................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Norway......................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Thailand (TH)............................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less AO and TH............. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources................................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Nonsubject sources plus AO and TH....... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. imports from: Angola: Quantity....................................................... — — 1,829 ▲— — ▲— Value........................................................... — — 4,226 ▲— — ▲— Unit value..................................................... — — $2,311 ▲— — ▲— Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** *** *** *** Australia: Quantity....................................................... 4,933 2,605 14,237 ▲188.6 ▼(47.2) ▲446.4 Value........................................................... 19,696 9,954 45,598 ▲131.5 ▼(49.5) ▲358.1 Unit value..................................................... $3,993 $3,821 $3,203 ▼(19.8) ▼(4.3) ▼(16.2) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Laos: Quantity....................................................... 649 3,936 8,493 ▲1,208.1 ▲506.2 ▲115.8 Value........................................................... 1,958 9,790 18,868 ▲863.7 ▲400.1 ▲92.7 Unit value..................................................... $3,015 $2,488 $2,222 ▼(26.3) ▼(17.5) ▼(10.7) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Norway: Quantity....................................................... 14,622 10,336 14,488 ▼(0.9) ▼(29.3) ▲40.2 Value........................................................... 85,717 44,214 45,055 ▼(47.4) ▼(48.4) ▲1.9 Unit value..................................................... $5,862 $4,278 $3,110 ▼(47.0) ▼(27.0) ▼(27.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Table continued. Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year C.6 Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Merchant market Table C.2 Continued Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. merchant market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. imports from: Continued Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 8,213 2,168 3,686 ▼(55.1) ▼(73.6) ▲70.0 Value........................................................... 32,569 6,784 9,305 ▼(71.4) ▼(79.2) ▲37.2 Unit value..................................................... $3,965 $3,130 $2,525 ▼(36.3) ▼(21.1) ▼(19.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** *** ▲*** Subject sources: Quantity....................................................... 28,418 19,045 42,733 ▲50.4 ▼(33.0) ▲124.4 Value........................................................... 139,940 70,743 123,052 ▼(12.1) ▼(49.4) ▲73.9 Unit value..................................................... $4,924 $3,715 $2,880 ▼(41.5) ▼(24.6) ▼(22.5) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 20,204 16,877 37,218 ▲84.2 ▼(16.5) ▲120.5 Value........................................................... 107,371 63,958 109,521 ▲2.0 ▼(40.4) ▲71.2 Unit value..................................................... $5,314 $3,790 $2,943 ▼(44.6) ▼(28.7) ▼(22.3) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources: Quantity....................................................... 137,985 92,029 118,206 ▼(14.3) ▼(33.3) ▲28.4 Value........................................................... 616,163 372,248 355,283 ▼(42.3) ▼(39.6) ▼(4.6) Unit value..................................................... $4,465 $4,045 $3,006 ▼(32.7) ▼(9.4) ▼(25.7) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand: Quantity....................................................... 146,199 94,197 123,720 ▼(15.4) ▼(35.6) ▲31.3 Value........................................................... 648,732 379,032 368,814 ▼(43.1) ▼(41.6) ▼(2.7) Unit value..................................................... $4,437 $4,024 $2,981 ▼(32.8) ▼(9.3) ▼(25.9) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▲*** All import sources: Quantity....................................................... 166,403 111,074 160,939 ▼(3.3) ▼(33.2) ▲44.9 Value........................................................... 756,103 442,991 478,335 ▼(36.7) ▼(41.4) ▲8.0 Unit value..................................................... $4,544 $3,988 $2,972 ▼(34.6) ▼(12.2) ▼(25.5) Ending inventory quantity............................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▼*** ▲*** U.S. producers': Commercial U.S. shipments: Quantity....................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Value........................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value..................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Table continued. Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year C.7 Table C.2 Continued Silicon metal: Summary data concerning the U.S. merchant market, by item and period Item 2022 2023 2024 2022–24 2022–23 2023–24 U.S. producers': Continued Commerical sales: Quantity....................................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Value........................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit value..................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Cost of goods sold (COGS)............................. *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Gross profit or (loss) (fn2)................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** SG&A expenses.............................................. *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Operating income or (loss) (fn2)...................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss) (fn2)................................ *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit COGS....................................................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit SG&A expenses....................................... *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▼*** Unit operating income or (loss) (fn2)............... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Unit net income or (loss) (fn2)......................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** COGS/sales (fn1)............................................ *** *** *** ▲*** ▲*** ▲*** Operating income or (loss)/sales (fn1)............. *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** Net income or (loss)/sales (fn1)....................... *** *** *** ▼*** ▼*** ▼*** fn1.--Reported data are in percent and period changes are in percentage points. Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires and official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting numbers 2804.69.1000 and 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 2, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Import value data reflect CIF values. 508-compliant tables for these data are contained in parts 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this report. fn2.--Percent changes only calculated when both comparison values represent profits; The directional change in profitability provided when one or both comparison values represent a loss. Note.--Shares and ratios shown as “0.0” percent represent non-zero values less than “0.05” percent (if positive) and greater than “(0.05)” percent (if negative). Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Period changes preceded by a “▲” represent an increase, while period changes preceded by a “▼” represent a decrease. C.8 Quantity=short tons contained silicon; Value=1,000 dollars; Unit values, unit labor costs, and unit expenses=dollars per STCS; Period changes=percent--exceptions noted Reported data Period change comparisons Calendar year Calendar year D.1 APPENDIX D U.S. SHIPMENTS BY PRODUCT GRADE D.3 Table D.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade Quantity in short tons contained silicon; value in 1,000 dollars; unit values in dollars per STCS Source Measure High purity Other grades All grades U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity *** *** *** U.S. producers Value *** *** *** Angola Value *** *** *** Australia Value *** *** *** Laos Value *** *** *** Norway Value *** *** *** Thailand Value *** *** *** Subject sources Value *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Value *** *** *** All import sources Value *** *** *** All sources Value *** *** *** U.S. producers Unit value *** *** *** Angola Unit value *** *** *** Australia Unit value *** *** *** Laos Unit value *** *** *** Norway Unit value *** *** *** Thailand Unit value *** *** *** Subject sources Unit value *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Unit value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Unit value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Unit value *** *** *** All import sources Unit value *** *** *** All sources Unit value *** *** *** Table continued. D.4 Table D.1 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments, by source and product grade Shares in percent Source Measure High purity Other grades All grades U.S. producers Share of quantity *** *** *** Angola Share of quantity *** *** *** Australia Share of quantity *** *** *** Laos Share of quantity *** *** *** Norway Share of quantity *** *** *** Thailand Share of quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Share of quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share of quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share of quantity *** *** *** All import sources Share of quantity *** *** *** All sources Share of quantity 100.0 100.0 100.0 U.S. producers Share of value *** *** *** Angola Share of value *** *** *** Australia Share of value *** *** *** Laos Share of value *** *** *** Norway Share of value *** *** *** Thailand Share of value *** *** *** Subject sources Share of value *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share of value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share of value *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share of value *** *** *** All import sources Share of value *** *** *** All sources Share of value 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. D.5 Figure D.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments and U.S. importers' U.S. import of silicon metal, by source and grade in 2024 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. D.6 Figure D.2 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' U.S. shipments and U.S. importers' U.S. import of silicon metal, by source and grade in 2024 * * * * * * * Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. E.1 APPENDIX E U.S. SHIPMENTS BY CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION E.3 Table E.1 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to distributors, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity 13,334 12,924 14,680 U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. E.4 Table E.1(Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to distributors, by source and period Ratio in percent. Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratio represent the ratio of the data in this table to overall apparent consumption. Since overall apparent consumption is based on official import statistics, the sum of the ratios across all five tables in this appendix will not sum to 100.0 percent. E.5 Table E.2 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to chemical producers, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity 140,367 145,462 164,861 U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. E.6 Table E.2 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to chemical producers, by source and period Ratio in percent. Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratio represent the ratio of the data in this table to overall apparent consumption. Since overall apparent consumption is based on official import statistics, the sum of the ratios across all five tables in this appendix will not sum to 100.0 percent. E.7 Table E.3 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to primary aluminum producers, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity 3,267 2,408 2,866 U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. E.8 Table E.3 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to primary aluminum producers, by source and period Ratio in percent. Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratio represent the ratio of the data in this table to overall apparent consumption. Since overall apparent consumption is based on official import statistics, the sum of the ratios across all five tables in this appendix will not sum to 100.0 percent. E.9 Table E.4 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to secondary aluminum producers, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity 36,739 28,616 29,012 U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. E.10 Table E.4 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to secondary aluminum producers, by source and period Ratio in percent. Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratio represent the ratio of the data in this table to overall apparent consumption. Since overall apparent consumption is based on official import statistics, the sum of the ratios across all five tables in this appendix will not sum to 100.0 percent. E.11 Table E.5 Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to all other end users, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon; shares in percent Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Quantity *** *** *** Angola Quantity *** *** *** Australia Quantity *** *** *** Laos Quantity *** *** *** Norway Quantity *** *** *** Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources Quantity *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Quantity *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Quantity *** *** *** All import sources Quantity *** *** *** All sources Quantity 19,724 18,501 16,277 U.S. producers Share *** *** *** Angola Share *** *** *** Australia Share *** *** *** Laos Share *** *** *** Norway Share *** *** *** Thailand Share *** *** *** Subject sources Share *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Share *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Share *** *** *** All import sources Share *** *** *** All sources Share 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table continued. E.12 Table E.5 (Continued) Silicon metal: U.S. producers' and U.S. importers' U.S. shipments to all other end users, by source and period Ratio in percent. Source Measure 2022 2023 2024 U.S. producers Ratio *** *** *** Angola Ratio *** *** *** Australia Ratio *** *** *** Laos Ratio *** *** *** Norway Ratio *** *** *** Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources Ratio *** *** *** Subject sources less Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources Ratio *** *** *** Nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand Ratio *** *** *** All import sources Ratio *** *** *** All sources Ratio *** *** *** Source: Compiled from data submitted in response to Commission questionnaires. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. Ratio represent the ratio of the data in this table to overall apparent consumption. Since overall apparent consumption is based on official import statistics, the sum of the ratios across all five tables in this appendix will not sum to 100.0 percent. F.1 APPENDIX F QUARTERLY IMPORTS BY PRODUCT GRADE F.3 Table F.1 High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Quantity — 538 — 1,157 713 2,408 1,695 2022 Q2 Quantity — 148 — 1,499 298 1,944 1,646 2022 Q3 Quantity — 370 — 2,183 980 3,533 2,553 2022 Q4 Quantity — 378 109 2,555 607 3,649 3,043 2023 Q1 Quantity — 633 — 1,979 367 2,979 2,612 2023 Q2 Quantity — 599 768 1,285 675 3,326 2,651 2023 Q3 Quantity — 1,036 2,192 1,908 654 5,790 5,135 2023 Q4 Quantity — 337 438 2,179 105 3,059 2,954 2024 Q1 Quantity — 1,957 1,065 1,242 1,712 5,977 4,265 2024 Q2 Quantity 105 4,886 2,467 1,303 421 9,183 8,657 2024 Q3 Quantity 1,276 4,947 3,436 3,646 647 13,952 12,029 2024 Q4 Quantity 105 2,163 1,524 5,579 888 10,259 9,266 2025 Q1 Quantity 901 2,991 1,599 6,053 218 11,763 10,643 Table continued. Table F.1 (Continued) High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Quantity 11,862 5,572 — 4,335 236 22,005 22,718 2022 Q2 Quantity 7,678 2,028 — 3,308 933 13,948 14,246 2022 Q3 Quantity 6,974 — — — 271 7,245 8,225 2022 Q4 Quantity 13,106 423 156 — 786 14,470 15,077 2023 Q1 Quantity 7,472 5,846 — — 189 13,507 13,875 2023 Q2 Quantity 13,421 7,502 — — 306 21,229 21,904 2023 Q3 Quantity 14,637 7,933 — — 1 22,570 23,224 2023 Q4 Quantity 11,072 7,615 — — 134 18,821 18,926 2024 Q1 Quantity 12,740 7,361 — 109 110 20,320 22,032 2024 Q2 Quantity 13,158 11,860 1,064 65 1,063 27,210 27,736 2024 Q3 Quantity 16,663 10,202 473 1,400 1,196 29,934 31,858 2024 Q4 Quantity 12,114 7,126 1,575 3,353 1,126 25,294 26,288 2025 Q1 Quantity 25,023 7,498 — 1,785 732 35,038 36,158 Table continued. F.4 Table F.1 (Continued) High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Value — 2,789 — 3,062 2,317 8,169 5,852 2022 Q2 Value — 748 — 1,639 1,608 3,995 2,387 2022 Q3 Value — 1,564 — 20,807 5,530 27,902 22,372 2022 Q4 Value — 1,820 312 20,811 3,036 25,979 22,944 2023 Q1 Value — 3,210 — 13,251 1,384 17,845 16,461 2023 Q2 Value — 2,298 2,113 5,119 1,846 11,377 9,531 2023 Q3 Value — 3,472 5,333 7,435 1,809 18,049 16,240 2023 Q4 Value — 973 938 7,891 230 10,033 9,802 2024 Q1 Value — 6,427 2,333 3,962 3,979 16,702 12,723 2024 Q2 Value 210 15,326 5,411 3,944 1,077 25,968 24,681 2024 Q3 Value 2,760 15,608 7,529 10,134 1,500 37,530 33,271 2024 Q4 Value 234 7,226 3,594 18,602 2,717 32,372 29,422 2025 Q1 Value 1,961 8,964 3,262 18,248 452 32,886 30,474 Table continued. Table F.1 (Continued) High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Value 33,914 12,257 — 21,387 474 68,032 70,349 2022 Q2 Value 30,097 11,708 — 17,781 3,607 63,193 64,800 2022 Q3 Value 35,887 — — — 892 36,779 42,309 2022 Q4 Value 68,579 2,492 538 — 1,796 73,405 76,441 2023 Q1 Value 31,174 29,135 — — 578 60,886 62,271 2023 Q2 Value 60,216 31,191 — — 842 92,249 94,095 2023 Q3 Value 53,841 30,601 — — 4 84,447 86,255 2023 Q4 Value 36,715 25,364 — — 299 62,378 62,608 2024 Q1 Value 39,575 22,934 — 250 269 63,028 67,007 2024 Q2 Value 40,525 34,960 2,740 172 2,510 80,908 82,194 2024 Q3 Value 49,058 32,199 1,541 3,725 3,295 89,817 94,076 2024 Q4 Value 38,161 23,499 4,804 10,037 2,814 79,316 82,266 2025 Q1 Value 74,206 23,677 — 3,806 1,599 103,288 105,701 Table continued. F.5 Table F.1 (Continued) High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Unit values in dollars per short ton contained silicon Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Unit value — 5,188 — 2,647 3,250 3,393 3,453 2022 Q2 Unit value — 5,069 — 1,094 5,399 2,055 1,450 2022 Q3 Unit value — 4,232 — 9,530 5,642 7,897 8,763 2022 Q4 Unit value — 4,813 2,859 8,144 5,004 7,119 7,540 2023 Q1 Unit value — 5,071 — 6,696 3,768 5,990 6,302 2023 Q2 Unit value — 3,837 2,753 3,985 2,736 3,421 3,595 2023 Q3 Unit value — 3,351 2,433 3,898 2,765 3,118 3,162 2023 Q4 Unit value — 2,886 2,139 3,622 2,199 3,280 3,318 2024 Q1 Unit value — 3,284 2,190 3,189 2,323 2,794 2,983 2024 Q2 Unit value 2,004 3,137 2,193 3,026 2,558 2,828 2,851 2024 Q3 Unit value 2,162 3,155 2,191 2,779 2,319 2,690 2,766 2024 Q4 Unit value 2,230 3,340 2,358 3,334 3,058 3,155 3,175 2025 Q1 Unit value 2,175 2,997 2,040 3,015 2,071 2,796 2,863 Table continued. F.6 Table F.1 (Continued) High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Unit values in dollars per short ton contained silicon Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Unit value 2,859 2,200 — 4,934 2,004 3,092 3,097 2022 Q2 Unit value 3,920 5,773 — 5,375 3,865 4,531 4,549 2022 Q3 Unit value 5,146 — — — 3,297 5,076 5,144 2022 Q4 Unit value 5,233 5,898 3,458 — 2,285 5,073 5,070 2023 Q1 Unit value 4,172 4,984 — — 3,049 4,508 4,488 2023 Q2 Unit value 4,487 4,158 — — 2,749 4,345 4,296 2023 Q3 Unit value 3,678 3,858 — — 7,862 3,742 3,714 2023 Q4 Unit value 3,316 3,331 — — 2,228 3,314 3,308 2024 Q1 Unit value 3,106 3,116 — 2,284 2,456 3,102 3,041 2024 Q2 Unit value 3,080 2,948 2,576 2,631 2,361 2,973 2,963 2024 Q3 Unit value 2,944 3,156 3,260 2,660 2,756 3,000 2,953 2024 Q4 Unit value 3,150 3,297 3,049 2,993 2,500 3,136 3,129 2025 Q1 Unit value 2,966 3,158 — 2,132 2,184 2,948 2,923 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.1000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. F.7 Figure F.1 High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.1000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 Average unit value (dollars per STCS) Year / quarter Subject AO Subject AU Subject LA Subject NO Subject TH Nonsubject BR Nonsubject CA Nonsubject FR Nonsubject MY Nonsubject AOS F.8 Figure F.2 High purity (99.00 to 99.99 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.1000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. Note: Subject LESS is subject sources less Angola and Thailand. Nonsubject PLUS is nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 Average unit value (dollars per STCS) Year / quarter Subject Nonsubject Subject LESS Nonsubject PLUS F.9 Table F.2 Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Quantity — 2,407 — 1,381 1,625 5,413 3,788 2022 Q2 Quantity — 520 — 2,375 2,983 5,879 2,895 2022 Q3 Quantity — 97 216 1,909 304 2,527 2,222 2022 Q4 Quantity — 476 324 1,562 703 3,065 2,361 2023 Q1 Quantity — — 152 570 261 983 722 2023 Q2 Quantity — — 174 812 — 986 986 2023 Q3 Quantity — — — 913 — 913 913 2023 Q4 Quantity — — 212 691 106 1,009 903 2024 Q1 Quantity — 4 — 670 — 674 674 2024 Q2 Quantity — 69 — 591 17 677 660 2024 Q3 Quantity 288 211 — 527 — 1,025 737 2024 Q4 Quantity 55 — — 931 — 986 931 2025 Q1 Quantity 728 2 — 633 — 1,364 635 Table continued. Table F.2 (Continued) Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Quantity in short tons contained silicon Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Quantity 4,995 5,105 10 899 1,162 12,170 13,795 2022 Q2 Quantity 20,897 11,278 — 940 2,451 35,566 38,549 2022 Q3 Quantity 10,002 7,895 21 — 157 18,075 18,380 2022 Q4 Quantity 12,729 1,614 43 — 120 14,506 15,209 2023 Q1 Quantity 5,648 1,630 21 — 239 7,538 7,799 2023 Q2 Quantity 2,543 558 63 — 109 3,273 3,273 2023 Q3 Quantity 2,308 — 64 136 55 2,563 2,563 2023 Q4 Quantity 2,009 — 42 452 23 2,527 2,633 2024 Q1 Quantity 1,803 1 43 732 175 2,753 2,753 2024 Q2 Quantity 1,261 — 339 952 157 2,709 2,726 2024 Q3 Quantity 4,134 175 225 326 337 5,197 5,485 2024 Q4 Quantity 3,647 156 43 — 942 4,788 4,843 2025 Q1 Quantity 4,169 — 0 — 796 4,965 5,693 Table continued. F.10 Table F.2 (Continued) Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Value — 6,343 — 4,255 6,762 17,360 10,598 2022 Q2 Value — 2,388 — 11,333 7,865 21,585 13,721 2022 Q3 Value — 777 641 13,063 2,708 17,189 14,481 2022 Q4 Value — 3,266 1,005 10,745 2,744 17,761 15,017 2023 Q1 Value — — 441 2,953 1,230 4,624 3,394 2023 Q2 Value — — 504 2,805 — 3,309 3,309 2023 Q3 Value — — — 2,853 — 2,853 2,853 2023 Q4 Value — — 461 1,906 285 2,652 2,367 2024 Q1 Value — 14 — 1,475 — 1,489 1,489 2024 Q2 Value — 205 — 2,558 33 2,796 2,763 2024 Q3 Value 577 792 — 1,859 — 3,227 2,650 2024 Q4 Value 446 — — 2,522 — 2,968 2,522 2025 Q1 Value 1,370 6 — 1,747 — 3,124 1,754 Table continued. Table F.2 (Continued) Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Value in 1,000 dollars Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Value 9,753 21,628 35 3,311 1,957 36,685 43,447 2022 Q2 Value 28,503 59,671 — 5,392 4,368 97,933 105,798 2022 Q3 Value 72,582 63,477 72 — 849 136,981 139,689 2022 Q4 Value 92,169 10,104 174 — 708 103,155 105,899 2023 Q1 Value 30,826 9,830 75 — 917 41,647 42,877 2023 Q2 Value 12,951 2,345 227 — 549 16,072 16,072 2023 Q3 Value 7,008 — 236 320 181 7,745 7,745 2023 Q4 Value 5,451 — 143 1,084 147 6,824 7,109 2024 Q1 Value 4,152 27 147 1,735 468 6,529 6,529 2024 Q2 Value 3,270 — 848 2,583 657 7,359 7,391 2024 Q3 Value 11,877 300 634 997 959 14,767 15,344 2024 Q4 Value 10,397 444 151 — 2,567 13,559 14,006 2025 Q1 Value 11,972 — 3 — 2,095 14,069 15,439 Table continued. F.11 Table F.2 (Continued) Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Unit values in dollars per short ton contained silicon Period Measure Angola Australia Laos Norway Thailand Subject sources SUB less AO and TH 2022 Q1 Unit value — 2,635 — 3,080 4,162 3,207 2,798 2022 Q2 Unit value — 4,589 — 4,772 2,636 3,672 4,739 2022 Q3 Unit value — 8,006 2,966 6,843 8,894 6,803 6,517 2022 Q4 Unit value — 6,868 3,101 6,880 3,901 5,795 6,359 2023 Q1 Unit value — — 2,897 5,181 4,719 4,705 4,700 2023 Q2 Unit value — — 2,897 3,455 — 3,357 3,357 2023 Q3 Unit value — — — 3,125 — 3,125 3,125 2023 Q4 Unit value — — 2,178 2,757 2,693 2,629 2,621 2024 Q1 Unit value — 3,173 — 2,203 — 2,210 2,210 2024 Q2 Unit value — 2,982 — 4,328 1,918 4,130 4,187 2024 Q3 Unit value 2,003 3,759 — 3,530 — 3,148 3,595 2024 Q4 Unit value 8,110 — — 2,710 — 3,011 2,710 2025 Q1 Unit value 1,881 2,965 — 2,761 — 2,291 2,761 Table continued. F.12 Table F.2 (Continued) Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Unit values in dollars per short ton contained silicon Period Measure Brazil Canada France Malaysia All other sources Nonsubject sources NON plus AO and TH 2022 Q1 Unit value 1,952 4,237 3,527 3,685 1,685 3,014 3,149 2022 Q2 Unit value 1,364 5,291 — 5,734 1,782 2,754 2,744 2022 Q3 Unit value 7,257 8,040 3,401 — 5,404 7,578 7,600 2022 Q4 Unit value 7,241 6,260 4,037 — 5,913 7,111 6,963 2023 Q1 Unit value 5,458 6,029 3,602 — 3,835 5,525 5,498 2023 Q2 Unit value 5,093 4,202 3,599 — 5,046 4,911 4,911 2023 Q3 Unit value 3,036 — 3,662 2,358 3,311 3,021 3,021 2023 Q4 Unit value 2,713 — 3,369 2,398 6,335 2,701 2,700 2024 Q1 Unit value 2,303 28,179 3,446 2,371 2,677 2,372 2,372 2024 Q2 Unit value 2,593 — 2,499 2,713 4,198 2,716 2,711 2024 Q3 Unit value 2,873 1,715 2,813 3,061 2,847 2,842 2,798 2024 Q4 Unit value 2,851 2,847 3,539 — 2,725 2,832 2,892 2025 Q1 Unit value 2,872 — 56,369 — 2,632 2,834 2,712 Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. Note: Shares and ratios shown as "0.0" represent values greater than zero, but less than "0.05" percent. Zeroes, null values, and undefined calculations are suppressed and shown as “—“. F.13 Figure F.3 Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. Note: This figure removes two outliers, one for Canada in Q1 2024, and for France Q1 2025. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 Average unit value (dollars per STCS) Year / quarter Subject AO Subject AU Subject LA Subject NO Subject TH Nonsubject BR Nonsubject CA Nonsubject FR Nonsubject MY Nonsubject AOS F.14 Figure F.4 Other than high purity (<99.00 percent) silicon metal: Quarterly U.S. imports, by source and period Source: Compiled from official U.S. import statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau using HTS statistical reporting number 2804.69.5000, accessed on May 12, 2025. Imports are based on the general imports data series. Value data are based on CIF values. Note: Subject LESS is subject sources less Angola and Thailand. Nonsubject PLUS is nonsubject sources plus Angola and Thailand. 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 2022 2023 2024 2025 Average unit value (dollars per STCS) Year / quarter Subject Nonsubject Subject LESS Nonsubject PLUS ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── === D-Grids Spec Sheet === D-GRIDs references (i.e., for use with the D-GRIDs tool) for: Silicon metal from Angola (AO), Australia (AU), Laos (LA), Norway (NO), and Thailand (TH) Inv. Nos. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 Preliminary D-GRIDs spec sheet, p. 1 Question D-GRID number Columns Rows PRO Question II-3a (Overall machinery capacity) 127 3 5 PRO Question II-8 (Production, shipment, and inventory data) 184 3 12 PRO Question II-9 (US shipments by channel) 223 3 5 PRO Question II-10 (US shipments by product type) 239 1 4 PRO Question II-11 (Employment) 243 3 3 PRO Question II-13 (Captive production use) 254 3 4 PRO Question II-15 (Purchases) 276 3 8 PRO Question II-16 (Subject purchases by importer) see note 303 5 15 PRO Question III-9a (Profitability data: Total market) 460 3 16 PRO Question III-9b (Profitability data: Open market) 508 3 10 PRO Question III-9e (Depreciation expense) 557 3 1 PRO Question III-10a (Nonrecurring items) 561 3 7 PRO Question III-12a (Assets) 597 3 1 PRO Question III-13a (CapEx and R&D) 601 3 2 PRO Question IV-2b (Pricing products US) 648 6 12 Note: In relation to the tables on purchases of imports from subject sources by importer in the U.S. producers’ questionnaire (PRO II-16), the data begins on the 3rd column of data entry fields and any text information from the first two columns (importer of record, subject source) within MS Word has to be included in the D-GRIDS interaction with that data table (thus 5 columns not just the 3 relating to the numeric data) but the text information in the first column will not be overwritten when data are pushed into Word using the D-GRIDs tool. Question D-GRID number Columns Rows IMP Question I-8b (TIB) 81 1 2 IMP Question II-3a (Arranged imports) 95 4 6 IMP Question II-3b (Negligibility imports) 121 1 6 IMP Question II-5a (Imports AO) 128 3 5 IMP Question II-5b (US shipments by channel AO) 170 3 3 IMP Question II-5c (US shipments by product type AO) 186 1 4 IMP Question II-6a (Imports AU) 190 3 5 IMP Question II-6b (US shipments by channel AU) 232 3 3 IMP Question II-6c (US shipments by product type AU) 248 1 4 IMP Question II-7a (Imports LA) 252 3 5 IMP Question II-7b (US shipments by channel LA) 294 3 3 IMP Question II-7c (US shipments by product type LA) 310 1 4 IMP Question II-8a (Imports NO) 314 3 5 IMP Question II-8b (US shipments by channel NO) 356 3 3 D-GRIDs references (i.e., for use with the D-GRIDs tool) for: Silicon metal from Angola (AO), Australia (AU), Laos (LA), Norway (NO), and Thailand (TH) Inv. Nos. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 Preliminary D-GRIDs spec sheet, p. 2 Question D-GRID number Columns Rows IMP Question II-8c (US shipments by product type NO) 372 1 4 IMP Question II-9a (Imports TH) 376 3 5 IMP Question II-9b (US shipments by channel TH) 418 3 3 IMP Question II-9c (US shipments by product type TH) 434 1 4 IMP Question II-10a (Imports AOS) 438 3 5 IMP Question II-10b (US shipments by channel AOS) 480 3 3 IMP Question II-10c (US shipments by product type AOS) 496 1 4 IMP Question III-2b (Pricing products AO) 508 8 12 IMP Question III-2c (Pricing products AU) 608 8 12 IMP Question III-2d (Pricing products LA) 708 8 12 IMP Question III-2e (Pricing products NO) 808 8 12 IMP Question III-2f (Pricing products TH) 908 8 12 PUR Question 1 (purchases and imports) 18 3 14 FOR Question II-3a (Overall capacity) 105 3 5 FOR Question II-9 (Trade data) 155 5 8 FOR Question II-10 (Resales exported to the United States) 198 5 1 General note: Columns and Rows numbers relate to data entry fields only. D-GRIDs does not work with rows containing calculated fields. Legend PRO = U.S. producers' questionnaire IMP = U.S. importers' questionnaire PUR = U.S. purchasers' questionnaire FOR = Foreign producers' /exporters' questionnaire The D-GRIDs tool is a custom MS Excel application that allows USITC questionnaire respondents (and/or their APO counsel) to extract numeric data from the standard USITC questionnaire forms in MS Word as well as populate numeric data into the standard USITC questionnaire in MS Word. 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Investigation 701-TA-3825 is a U.S. International Trade Commission antidumping (AD) proceeding on Silicon Metal from Angola, Australia, Laos, Norway, and Thailand; Inv. No. 701-TA-760-763 and 731-TA-1743-1746 (Preliminary) from Norway, Laos, Australia, Thailand, Angola. The ITC determines whether U.S. industry is materially injured (or threatened) by imports under investigation; Commerce determines whether dumping or subsidization is occurring. Both findings are required for an AD/CVD order to be issued.
701-TA-3825 is in the preliminary phase, with status completed. Preliminary phase — the ITC's initial 45-day determination on whether there's a reasonable indication of injury. A negative preliminary terminates the investigation; an affirmative one moves it forward.
Not yet. 701-TA-3825 has not produced an AD/CVD order in Tandom's catalog. If both Commerce and the ITC issue affirmative final determinations, an order would issue and link to this investigation. Until then, no cash deposits apply.
Tandom guides relevant to AD/CVD investigations
Cash deposit cascade, separate rates, all-others, and PRC-wide rates. Worked example on case A-570-910 (galvanized welded steel pipe from China) with three exporter-specific rates.
Open resource
Scope text is authoritative; the HTS list is illustrative. Read scope, find past rulings, and file a 19 CFR 351.225 inquiry. Worked example on case A-570-106 (wooden cabinets from China).
Open resource
The USITC publishes investigation determinations and milestones on its Investigations Data Service (IDS) at ids.usitc.gov. Tandom's catalog re-syncs from IDS daily; new phases, votes, and determinations appear here within 24 hours of USITC publication.
A practical workflow for checking antidumping and countervailing duty exposure on a US entry. For brokers and ops teams who need the answer before filing.
Open resource